ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

BY: BIRHANU T. ( M.Sc. in EE)

DDIT, 2013E.C

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Section Break
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
THEIR EFFECTS
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 SOLID WASTE
 LANDFILLING ENGINEERING
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT ( EIA)
 INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 CHAPTER- ONE
Contents
E N V I R O N M E N TA L
PROBLEMS AND
THEIR EFFECTS 01 Human and Environmental

02 Major Environmental problems

and their impacts

03 Aspects of Environmental
policies, legislation and protocols

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Lecture Cycle

Definition of Environment Human and Environment Principles of Environmental

Relation between them integration
 Physical Environment
Drivers for Environmental change  Environmental Movements
 Biological Environment
Environmental problems  Regulations, treaties, protocols
 Social Environment
and agreements
 Tools and instruments
01 02 03

06
Summary and
Evaluation
04 05
 Main points
Environmental protection laws Safe Environment  Quiz
 National Environmental laws Role of EE  Exercise
 International Environmental laws Sustainable Development
Built green Environment

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

. Biotic environment to the biosphere or
defined as the sum total of
water, air and land and the ecosphere (also called living
environment) and It consists of
inter-relationships that exist
 plants,
among them and with the animals (including human
human beings, other living BIOLOGICAL beings) and micro-organisms
SOCIAL
organisms and materials. ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Abiotic environment refers to the SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
earth/atmosphere system and It The social environment refers
consists of physical factors to the individuals lives in
 Land (minerals, toxic elements, certain area.
nutrients),
 sky (sink of various things, noise)
and
 air (useful and other gases),. By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
ENVIRONMENT

All three of these can be divided into ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ level
environments
All three environments are interlinked and are affected heavily by
economic activities.

Environmental problems often occur because society fails to

appreciate the interrelationships between the three environments
Global environment comprises the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere in which life sustaining resources of the earth are
contained
.
The atmosphere, a mixture of gases extending outward from the
surface of the earth, evolved from the elements of the earth that
were gasified during its formation and metamorphosis.
The hydrosphere consists of oceans, lakes, streams, and
shallow groundwater bodies that interflow with surface water.
 The lithosphere is the soil mantle that wraps the core of the
earth.
The biosphere, a thin shell that encapsulates the earth, is made
of the atmosphere and lithosphere adjacent to the surface of the
earth, together with the hydrosphere.
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Definition
Keep
standards and
regulations
Environmental Engineering

- is the application of science and Engineering techniques and

principles to:-
protect and utilize natural resource
Control environmental pollution
Improve environmental quality
Keep the sustainability of environment
For sustainable development & healthy and comfortable habitation
of humans.
- To the environmental engineer, the word environment may take
on a wide definition and requires a global perception. It should not
be a narrow definition dealing only with liquid, gaseous or solid
materials within a treatment plant reactor, but it should go beyond
that.
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 The Origins of Environmental Engineering
• Environmental engineering is a relatively new profession with a long and honorable
history.

• The descriptive title of “environmental engineer” was not used until the 1960s, when
academic programs in engineering and public health schools broadened their scope and
required a more accurate title to describe their curricula and their graduates.

• Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to

manage and improve the environment.
 Environmental engineering is one of the most popular, complex and fast growing
disciplines in engineering. The scope of environment includes issues from
 public health,
 aesthetics, and impact of all development activities,
 pollution control legislation,
 standards, regulations,
 guidelines and their enforcement.
 Traditionally the application of engineering principles for the protection and
enhancement of the quality of environment and protection of public health was called
as sanitary engineering or public health engineering. Around 1968 this was changed to
environmental engineering.
 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines green engineering as “the
design, commercialization, and use of processes and products [that] are feasible and
economical while minimizing
1) generation of pollution at the source and
2) risk to human health and the environment.”
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
Branch of
Environmental  Environmental chemistry
 Micro biology
 Drinking water treatment,
Engineering Distribution and monitoring
 Sewage and Industrial Waste Water
.
Treatment and disposal
 Water pollution control
 Storm water Drainage and Control
 Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
 Air and Noise Pollution and Control
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Environmental Quality Modeling
and Monitoring
 Envirometrics etc…

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT
Anthropogenic impact
 Agricultural practice
 Deforestation
 Urbanization Human
 livestock production impacts
 energy industry

Natural environment Natural

 Erosion impact HUMAN
 Flooding
 Radiation

 Human society and the Relation

environment interact with
each other
Two
C E R T I F I C AT E
 Natural Environment Environments
 Built Environment

 Implementation of Sustainable
Solution
utilization of resource
 Scientific and Engineering
Mitigation By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 Major Environmental problems and their impacts
• pollution
• global climate change
• land degradation Expected Impacts
 Positive
• Negative impacts of urbanization  Negative
Or
• Generation of solid waste  Direct
• Deforestation  indirect

• Melting of ice i.e. increase in temperature

• Construction of development projects
• Construction of industries
• Irrigation
• Fire i.e. man made or natural etc.
Surface Water Pollution Marine Water Pollution

Ground Water Pollution

As engineer while you
planning, design and
construct think of:
 Location where to execute
 Refine how to mitigate
 Refer standards of noise
pollution
 Select better technology
 Short and long term
impacts
 Types of pollutants
primary pollutants
 are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon
monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories,
Secondary pollutants
 are not emitted directly.
 Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react.
E.g. Ozone & NH3 from natural processes.
 Pollutants and their source
Sr. No Gas Source

1 Co Automobile exhaust, wood stoves, incinerators, chemical and

metallurgical, industrial.

2 So2 Coal burning, high Sulphur oil, diesel fuel, steel mills,
refineries, pulp and paper mills.

3 Nox Automobile, combustion of fossil fuel in automobile or industry

4 Pb Automobile engines, lead batteries, lead contaminated waste

oil.

5 Cd Present in urban atmosphere and cigarette smoke.

 Cont.
Drivers for Environmental Change
The main drivers for environmental change are connected with population growth and
economic development, mainly through the pressures these exert with regards to: -
 Energy i.e. deforestation
 Transport i.e. road facilities
 Urbanization and industrialization
 Agriculture
 Construction of mega projects
 Migration or demographic transition

In order to reduce the environmental impacts of the increased production of goods and services,
 technology plays an important role, in particular for increasing efficiencies especially
 environmental engineers and other disciplines plays a great role in keeping the
environment from damages.

Direct drivers Environmental Indirect drivers

Those are primary factors change Those may considered us
that directly causes impacts secondary or tertiary factors
or problems on the that changes the natural
environment directly
environment
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 How land degradation
 Should be rehabilitate
 What man made or natural solution is
required
 Identify technology required for
remedial

Relate this problem with

 Bearing capacity of structures
 Failure of structure
 Identify how to maintain and provide engineering solution etc.
Environmental  The growing populations, economic development
and the lack of sufficient technological

problems advancements radically altered the relationship

between the environment and society. Those are:-
.

 Land resources
 Resource extraction and depletion
 Urbanization, infrastructure development and
waste disposal
 Forestry and agriculture
 Wildlife
 loss of wilderness
 destruction of habitats
 Biodiversity or biological diversity loss
 Availability and Quality of water
 Drought, famine and desertification
 Air and Rain quality
 Ozone depletion and global Warming
 Noise pollution

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 PRINCIPLES OF use Given the dependence of humans on the earth as their
life-supporting system, the importance of integrating
ENVIRONMENTAL 3E the environment into human activities and decision-
making has become widely acknowledged. .
INTEGRATION 01. Environmental movements
 Concerns for the environment should be raised by
 individuals and groups of concerned people with
scientific, social and political agendas,
 generating the basis for environmental movements.
 Events like sport, seminars, awareness creation
sss
sss 02. Environmental Regulations, Treaties, Protocols and Agreements
 that have been developed worldwide to support the consideration of
sss the environment in development
sS  Kyoto Protocol
 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
SS  international conventions on environment
Ss  Regulations and guidelines set nationally or internationally
 Conferences issuing on environment or climate

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

03.Environmental Integration through Different Tools and Instruments
Option A: Environmental planning
Option B: Policy Making
Option C:Management
Option D: Assessment
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
Environmental planning
01 to ensure all planning activities are preserving or
enhancing environmental values or resources
encouraging
02 Environmental policies
defining a framework for action and for the
setting of environmental objectives and targets
Environmental management
03 involves the management of all components of the
bio-physical environment in order of conserving
the environment for human development.
Environmental assessment
04 Consisting of:-
EIA
SEA
SA
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
LAWS 0%
Pollution
 After knowing something about the various elements of environment, their dynamic
interrelationship and the adverse effects of environmental pollution, one should work in the
direction of adopting the pollution control strategies.

 In this era, it can be obtained only by

 imposing rules,
 regulations,
 acts,
 penalties and such other measures.

 There are so many regulations to be fulfilled by the individuals, entrepreneurs, industrialists,

producers, consumers, society, nations and internationals.
 The basic laws to protect the environments are:-

 National Environmental laws

 International Environmental Laws
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 What is International Environmental Law?

International Environmental law is thus used

simply as a convenient way to encompass the
entire corpus of international law, public and
private, relevant to environmental issues or
problems, in the same way as the use of the terms
A law of the sea, Human Right law, and International
Economic Law is widely accepted.

D purpose The law is intended to have the same

implication and implementation or
B utilization of natural resources to keep
C
the environment from damages
through out the world

International National Regional

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Causes of climate change
• Natural processes
 Volcanoes
 Changes in the sun
• Human activities
 any activity that releases “greenhouse gases” into the atmosphere
 Construction of infrastructure i.e. forest of building in city
 Nuclear projects
 Construction of huge projects like dams, hydroelectric power, roads etc.
Cont..
 What is National Environmental Law?
In the context of the Ethiopian legal system, includes the provisions
concerning the environment in the 1995 FDRE constitution, different
environmental treaties ratified by the House of Representatives according to
Art. 9 (4) of our constitution and all laws (federal and regional) concerned
with the environment (Forestry, Land, Water use and other sectoral laws).

purpose  Any one who will construct any development protect will
consider the regulation or standards set
 Used for industries
 Water purification factors for example follow the water
standard set under the laws etc..

Some  Forestry
contents  Land
 Water
of the law,  Food
deals with  Projects
 Mining
 Wildlife
 Biodiversity
 Landfilling
 Hazardous chemical production and movement
 Waste management etc. By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
Home Exercise

1. Read about the national ( Ethiopian) and international Environmental laws and identify the articles ?
2. What is the significance of Environmental laws in keeping the environment from damage?
3. Suppose if one project is constructed with and without guidance of environment law or policy, what will
be the positive and negative outcomes on the environment?
4. Enlist the contribution of environmental engineering in other fields of engineering like in structural,
transportation, chemical, sanitary , construction etc. for each of them?

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Factors that Gave Rise to Environmental Law
Many environmentalists agree that the following factors gave rise to the emergence of
environmental law:
01 02 03 04
The existence of an the question of the The transboundary International and
extensive range of relationship between of hazardous national level
environmental the protection of the chemicals projects needs to
problems. These environment and the
movement and consider the
include: need for economic
development i.e. nuclear energy of environment etc.
1. atmospheric
pollution
radioactive
1.The correct chemicals 1.GERD
2.Marien pollution balance between
development and
3.Global warming
environmental
and ozone depletion
protection
4. Danger of nuclear
and other extra- 2.
hazardous
substances

5. threatened
wildlife species By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 Cont..

First Third
it provides mechanisms and procedures reinstatement of or compensation for
for negotiating the necessary rules and environmental damage is a more
standards, settling disputes, and limited but still important function.
supervising implementation and
compliance with treaties and customary
rules. i.e. platform
The Role of
International and
National Laws in
the Protection of
Second
the Environment
Fourth
it is concerned with regulating environmental it benefits or keeps accountable
problems, setting common standards and individuals.
objectives for prevention or mitigation of
harm
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
 ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING IS A
MULTIDISCIPLINERY
SCIENCE

Reading Assignment: find out the relation ship between EE with other disciplines and its
contribution in creating sustainable environment.
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
The common disciplines works in
environment are:
Chemistry
Biology
Physics
Engineering
Social sciences
 SAFE ENVIRONMENT

Safe environment is referred

as a condition at which the
natural environment is not
changed due to different
factor and gives or offers Definition Content Here Content Here

usual service to the world. You can simply impress your

audience and add a unique zing
and appeal to your Presentations.
Content Here
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique zing
What make the and appeal to your Presentations.
Content Here
environment safe?
Free of contamination or pollution Content Here
Life runs as usual You can simply impress your
Not pleasant audience and add a unique zing
Aesthetically beautiful and appeal to your Presentations.
The natural resources are utilized
properly
No environmental degradation
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
Construction industry
 How to reduce impact on environment?
 Identify mechanisms to control impacts during and after
execution.
 Role of Environmental Engineering
problem 01 Causes
Any Construction or project and  excessive consumption of
resources
activities has been responsible  pollution in the surrounding
for causing many environmental
environment
problems  May be deforestation
 Water pollution etc.
Solutions
 research on green building design
 use building materials in efficient way
to minimize environmental impact
Avoid defragmentation of ecosystem
during construction etc.

Role 01 Role 02 Role 03 Role 04 Role 05

helps the project
proponent and coordinating and find the Coordinating and Counselling
authorities to choose a to provide the managing
project that is
optimum clients and
interface between different
environmentally and balance in environmental employers
the stakeholders
economically sound with
by suggesting the
engineering projects and looking to
minimum impact on the solution Analyzing the amend
receiving environment. most sustainable negative effect of
solution with using damage
human activity on
minimum impact resources . the environment: made to the
on environment. environment:

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 HOME ASSIGNMENT 01

In this figure there is dam ,list the problems

01 associated with dam construction. i.e. the
positive and negative side of such projects on
the environment.

02 Write down the major roles of

EE in the overall construction
of dam projects.

Submission date Next week

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 HOME ASSIGNMENT 02

In this figure there is highway or express

01 road ,list the problems associated with road
construction i.e. the positive and negative side
of such projects on the environment.

Write down the major roles of

02 EE in the overall construction
of road projects.

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Sustainable Development

Sustainable development
implies sustainable engineering,
which is the process of planning,
designing, manufacturing,
constructing, operating and
repairing a built environment with
Minimize optimum use of energy&
Maximize impact resources with minimum impact
on environment
Minimize utility
Maximize resource
wealth Goal
Alternative D
Alternative C
Alternative B
Alternative A

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

Examples of projects
Eco friend projects
 Sustainable development
Sustainable development is the idea that human societies
‘must live and meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs’.
 Cont.

Issue 04
Sustainable city (eco-city)

Issue 03
Resource management

Issue 02
Renewable energy

Issue 01
Green engineering

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Green built Environment

01 Structural efficiency 03 Material efficiency

aims to use local eco-friendly
This has largest impact on cost material, reuse of material,
and performance and aims to recyclable material and materials
minimize the environment impact which have less carbon footprint
on all life cycles. and have less global warming
Fundamental potential
02 Energy efficiency principles
aims to provide natural light & 04 Waste efficiency
ventilation and energy efficient works on the principle of reduce,
appliances minimizing use of energy reuse and recycle of resources
and carbon foot print specially the water which is most
important commodity in world
context..

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 summary

To keep the environment Applythe

thefollowing
following
Apply
from
All types of Pollution Use advanced technology and govern the standards set

Impacts from projects Conduct EIA before construction

Environmental Degradation Apply protective actions based on engineering approach's

Construction problems Use advanced and zero emission technology

and waste minimization
global warming Keep the ozone layer from damage and reduce
greenhouse gas generation
Generally from any impact Provide sustainable engineering and
sustainable environment

By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)

 Question # 1
1.Enlist the major
environmental issues in
the universe and interpret
its effect on the context of
Ethiopia.
2. What are the anthropogenic
activities that disturb the
environment and discuss the
ways in which the problems
are mitigated in engineering
approach’s.
3. In DD city, as we know
there is environmental issues,
so list them and put your
recommendation to overcome
the problem.
Assignment # 2
1.Select one small area
from DDU greenery area, Home
use waste materials as a
raw material for the
construction of fences and
Task
plant necessary plantation
to keep your environment
attractive and free from
any contamination as you
are student of civil
engineering who tooks the
course EE.
Note: from this assess the
existing environment
before and after you done
it then interpret it.
By: BIRHANU T. (M.Sc. In EE)
QUESTION?