COMMERCIAL ENERGY

BALANCE TABLES AND 3

CONVERSION FACTORS

The energy balance tables prepared by TERI

Table 1  Main conversions used in the petroleum industry
provide an account of the different kinds of
Item Conversion factor
commercial energy sources. Columns represent
various energy sources and rows represent the Crude oil 1 tonne = 7.33 barrels
origin and utilization of these sources. All figures = 1.165 m3 (kilolitres)
are represented in a common unit, million tonnes 1 barrel = 0.136 tonnes
of oil equivalent (MTOE). Original units have been
= 0.159 m3 (kilolitres)
converted into MTOE units based on the calorific
values of the respective energy sources (main 1 m3 = 0.858 tonnes
conversion factors are given in Tables 1 and 2). = 6.289 barrels
1 MT = 1.111 BCM natural gas
Columns = 39.2 BCF natural gas
= 0.805 MT (LNG)

Columns 2 to 7: Sources of primary energy = 40.4 trillion Btu

Natural gas 1 BCM = 35.3 BCF natural gas
Sources of primary energy can be referred to as
(commercially traded) resources that occur “as = 0.90 MT crude oil
is” in nature and are used to produce energy from = 0.73 MT LNG
coal, water in motion (hydroelectricity), uranium = 36 trillion Btu
(nuclear energy), wind, biomass, natural gas, crude
= 6.29 million barrels of oil equivalent
oil, solar radiation, geothermal resources, and so on.
Coal and lignite, hydropower, nuclear resources, LNG 1 MT = 1.38 BCM natural gas
renewable energy sources, natural gas, and crude = 48.7 BCF natural gas
oil are the main sources of primary energy. = 1.23 MT crude oil
= 52 trillion Btu
Column 2: Coal and lignite = 8.68 million barrels of oil equivalent
The values in this column pertain to coking coal, CNG 1 kg = 1.244 standard cubic metres natural gas
non-coking coal, and lignite. In India, coking coal = 1.391 litres of petrol
is categorized based on ash content and non-
= 1.399 litres of HSD oil
coking coal is categorized based on useful heat
Btu – British thermal units; BCF – billion cubic feet; BCM – billion cubic metre;
values (UHVs). The categorization of different
CNG – compressed natural gas; HSD – high-speed diesel; LNG – liquefied natural
grades of coking and non-coking coal is given in gas; MT – million tonnes
Tables 3 and 4. Source  MoPNG (2009)
Commercial energy balance tables and conversion factors

Table 2  Heat units and others expressed Table 4  Categorization of non-coking coal grades
Items Conversion (MTOE) Non-coking coal grade Useful heat value (kcal/kg)

Heat units Grade A 6 200 and above

10 million million Btu 0.25 Grade B 5 600 to 6 200

100 million therms 0.25 Grade C 4 940 to 5 600

Grade D 4 200 to 4 920
10 000 teracalories 1.00
Grade E 3 360 to 4 200
Solid fuels
Grade F 2 400 to 3 360
1 MT of coal 0.67 (international)#
Grade G 1 300 to 2 400
0.34 (domestic weighted average)*
Source  CCO (2008)
1 MT of lignite 0.33
Natural gas
Table 5  Standard useful heat values
1 BCM 0.90 Item Useful heat value (kcal/kg)
Town gas Lignite 3 000
1 BCM 0.42 Coking coal (imported) 6 500
Electricity Non-coking coal (imported) 6 500
12 000 million kWh 0.86 Coal (exported) 6 000
Btu – British thermal units; kWh – kilowatt-hour; MT – million tonnes;
MTOE – million tonnes of oil equivalent
#
BP Statistical Review of World Energy
Columns 3 to 5: Hydropower, nuclear power, and
* Calculations used for this energy balance renewable energy sources
Note  According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 1 MT of oil produces
4400 million units (kWh) of electricity in a modern power station. Data for hydropower and energy from renewable
Source  MoPNG (2009) sources pertain to both utilities and captive power
plants. Nuclear power is presently generated only
Table 3  Categorization of coking coal grades in utilities.
Some of the standard conversion factors used
Coking coal grade Ash content (%)
for transforming energy units into a common unit
Steel Grade I Less than 15 are as follows.
Steel Grade II Between 15 and 18 1 gigawatt-hour (GWh) = 0.0036 petajoules
Washery Grade I Between 18 and 21 (PJ)
1 MTOE = 41.868 PJ
Washery Grade II Between 21 and 24
1 kWh electricity = 860 kcal
Washery Grade III Between 24 and 28
Washery Grade IV Between 28 and 35 Column 6: Natural gas
Ash + moisture content (%) Although the calorific value of natural gas in India
Semi-coking Grade I Less than 19 ranges from 8000 kcal/m3 to 9480 kcal/m3, we have
assumed a calorific value of 9000 kcal/m3 for the
Semi-coking Grade II Between 19 and 24
study related to energy balances.
Source  CCO (2008)

Column 7: Crude oil

Calorific values for domestic coking coal and
non-coking coal have been worked out based on 1 MT of crude oil = 1 MTOE
the weighted average of the UHVs, weights being
the production figures. The UHVs considered for
Columns 8 to 16: Sources of secondary energy
lignite, imported coking coal, imported non-coking These include the various products obtained
coal, and coal for export are provided in Table 5. from the refining of crude oil, such as liquefied

30 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14

 Commercial energy balance tables and conversion factors

petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, motor gasoline,

Table 7  Conversion factors of petroleum products
aviation turbine fuel (ATF), kerosene, high-speed
Product TOE/tonne Barrel/tonne
diesel (HSD), light diesel oil, fuel oil,1 and other
petroleum products. The calorific values of different Refinery gas 1.15 8.00
petroleum products are given in Table 6. Ethane 1.13 16.85
LPG 1.13 11.60
Column 17: Total petroleum products
Aviation gasoline 1.07 8.90
The figures for total petroleum products are the Motor gasoline 1.07 8.53
sum totals of the figures for the various energy
Jet gasoline 1.07 7.93
sources produced as a result of refining crude oil.
The conversion factors for the main petroleum Jet kerosene 1.07 7.93
products are given in Table 7. Since these conversion Other kerosene 1.05 7.74
factors are approximations and the actual factors Naphtha 1.08 8.50
depend on the densities of various products, the
Gas/diesel oil 1.04 7.46
conversion factor for “other petroleum products”
has been adjusted to equate the crude throughput Heavy fuel oil 0.96 6.66
(less refinery fuel) with the total production of Petroleum coke 0.74 5.50
petroleum products. White spirit 0.96 7.00
Lubricants 0.96 7.09
Column 18: Thermal power
Bitumen 0.96 6.08
Thermal power includes power generated from Paraffin waxes 0.96 7.00
(1) coal and lignite, (2) natural gas, and
Non-specified products 0.96 7.00
(3) petroleum products.
LPG – liquefied petroleum gas; TOE – tonnes of oil equivalent
Source  MoPNG (2009)
Column 19: Total power
Total power includes (1) thermal power,
(2) hydropower, (3) nuclear power, and (4) power Rows
from renewable energy sources.
Rows 3 to 5: Production, import, and export
Column 20: Total energy
These rows refer to the indigenous production,
This column is the summation of all forms of import, and export of a particular source of energy.
energy outlined earlier.
Row 6: Stock changes
Table 6  Calorific values of different petroleum products
A stock build is shown as a negative number and a
Petroleum product Calorific value (kcal/kg)
stock draw as a positive number.
LPG 11 300
Naphtha 10 750 Row 7: Availability
Kerosene 10 450 Availability of primary sources of energy has been
ATF 10 650 worked out by adding imports and stock changes to
production and subtracting exports from it.
Fuel oil 9 850
Motor gasoline 10 700
Row 8: Petroleum refining
HSD 10 350
This row accounts for the generation of secondary
ATF – aviation turbine fuel; HSD – high-speed diesel; LPG – liquefied petroleum gas
fuels as a result of crude oil refining.
Source  MoPNG (2009)

1
Fuel oil includes furnace oil and low sulphur heavy stock (LSHS)/hot heavy stock (HHS).

TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 31

Commercial energy balance tables and conversion factors
Row 9: Own use
Any fuel used for its own production/extraction is
reflected in this row.
Row 10: LPG extraction
This row refers to the extraction of LPG from
natural gas. The same value occurs in both the
columns—natural gas and LPG.
Row 11: Power generation
This row refers to the amount of power generated
from each fuel.
Row 12: Conversion loss in power generation
Conversion loss in power generation has been
calculated on the basis of the efficiency of inputs
(that is, electricity generated per unit of input) in
different types of power stations.
Row 13: Auxiliary consumption in power stations
The percentage of auxiliary consumption in
different types of power stations has been applied
to power generation less conversion loss in power
stations in each case.
Row 14: Transmission and distribution losses
This row refers to the transmission and distribution
(T&D) losses in power stations (utilities only).
Row 15: Flaring of natural gas
This row accounts for the amount of natural gas
that escapes and flares up during the process
of extraction.
2
In the absence of disaggregated sectoral data, sales of naphtha by private parties have been distributed between power generation and petrochemicals as per the
weighted average of direct sales of naphtha to power plants and petrochemicals sector in respective years.
32 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14
Row 16: Coal washery rejects
Raw coal feed to washeries is converted into washed
coal and middlings, which are sent to either power
plants or industries. However, a certain amount of
coal comes out as rejects, which are not useable.
Row 17: Conversion
Conversion is defined differently for different fuels.
In the case of coal, conversion implies the amount
of coal used for power generation. Conversion of
natural gas includes the utilization for its own use,
for LPG extraction, and for power generation as
well as its flaring. Conversion in the case of crude
oil is the amount of crude oil sent for petroleum
refining (which is the same as its availability). The
conversion value for sources of secondary energy
equals their production (from crude oil or natural
gas) minus their use in power generation. In the case
of thermal power and total power, conversion refers
to losses in power generation, that is, conversion
loss, auxiliary consumption, and T&D losses.
Conversion of total energy also includes flaring of
natural gas and coal washery rejects.
Row 18: Net availability
This row refers to the amount of each energy source
available (after consumption in power plants, own
use, losses, and so on) for consumption across
various economic activities.
Rows 19 to 26: Consumption
These rows display the total consumption
of each energy source and its break-up by
sector (that is, agriculture, industry, transport,
residential, commercial, other energy uses, and
non-energy uses).2
 Commercial energy balance tables and conversion factors
References
CCO (Coal Controller’s Organization). 2008. Coal Directory of India
2006/07. Kolkata: CCO
CCO (Coal Controller’s Organization). 2009. Coal Directory of India
2007/08. Kolkata: CCO
CCO (Coal Controller’s Organization). 2010. Coal Directory of India
2008/09 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO
CCO (Coal Controller’s Organization). 2011. Coal Directory of India
2009/10 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO
CCO (Coal Controller’s Organization). 2012. Coal Directory of India
2010/11 (Part-I: Coal Statistics). Kolkata: CCO
CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2008. All India Electricity Statistics:
general review 2008. New Delhi: CEA.
CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2009. All India Electricity Statistics:
general review 2009. New Delhi: CEA
CEA (Central Electricity Authority). 2010. All India Electricity Statistics:
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TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 33
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Government of India
MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2009. Indian
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MoPNG, Government of India
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MoPNG, Government of India
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MoPNG, Government of India
MoPNG (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). 2012. Indian
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Government of India