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A simulation model for Nakagami-m fading channels, m<1

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 A simulation model for Nakagami-m fading channels,
Title m<1

Author(s) Yip, KW; Ng, TS

IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2000, v. 48 n. 2,

Citation p. 214-221

Issue Date 2000

URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/42844

©2000 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted.

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214
A Simulation Model for Nakagami-m
Fading Channels, m < 1
Kun-Wah Yip, Member, IEEE, and Tung-Sang Ng, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper proposes a mathematical model for simu-
m m
lating a Nakagami- fading channel, < 1. It is shown that the m
fading process can be expressed as a product of a square-root-beta
process and a complex Gaussian process. Extension of the proposed
model to simulate correlated diversity channels is also given. Nu-
merical results demonstrate that statistical properties of the sam-
ples generated from the proposed model are close to the required
ones.
Index Terms—Fading channels, HF channels, simulation, sto-
chastic processes.
I. INTRODUCTION
R AYLEIGH distribution has been shown to be appropriate
for modeling the short-term fading statistics of a high-fre-
quency (HF) ionospheric channel [1]. However, it is possible
that the fading becomes more severe than Rayleigh fading as a
result of high variability of the HF channel. The phenomenon
of fading more severe than Rayleigh fading was observed by
Nakagami [2] in a series of channel measurements for some
long-distance HF communication links. His measurement re-
sults indicate that the distribution with the fading parameter
in the range is useful for modeling the fading
characteristic of an HF channel when the fading is more severe
than Rayleigh fading. Note that the Rayleigh distribution is a
special case of the distribution when . nusoids. However, selection of amplitude values for sinusoids
In the design of an HF communication link, the system de-
signer may want to ensure that the performance of the commu-
nication link is satisfactory not only in a Rayleigh fading en-
vironment but also in an environment characterized by fading
more severe than Rayleigh fading. The need for a robust com-
munication link arises when reliability is a concern, such as in
tactical command, control, and communication systems. To per-
form computer or hardware simulation of an HF communication
link operating over an fading channel for , one is re-
quired to generate a complex random process that fits a given
Doppler power spectrum where the amplitude follows an dis-
tribution with . Although there are a number of known
techniques and simulation systems that can be used to generate
a complex Gaussian process for simulating a Rayleigh fading
Paper approved by N. C. Beaulieu, the Editor for Wireless Communication
Theory of the IEEE Communications Society. Manuscript received May 4,
1998; revised December 30, 1998 and June 7, 1999. This work was supported
in part by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, the University Research
Committee, and the CRCG of The University of Hong Kong. This paper was
presented in part at GLOBECOM, Sydney, Australia, November 8–12, 1998.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (e-mail: kwyip@hkueee.hku.hk;
tsng@hkueee.hku.hk).
Publisher Item Identifier S 0090-6778(00)01582-8.
0090–6778/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2000
channel (e.g., [3]–[8]), techniques for simulating an fading
channel for are relatively few [8], [9].
In Section II-A, we propose a mathematical model that en-
ables one to generate a complex random process for simulating
an fading channel, . Emphasis is given to appli-
cations of the proposed model for HF communications. Since
the original fading channel model [2] does not provide a
phase characterization, we assume that the channel phase shift is
uniformly distributed over . This assumption seems rea-
sonable for an fading channel where the channel fading is
more severe than Rayleigh fading. It is shown that the complex
random process used for simulating an fading channel,
, can be expressed as a product of a complex Gaussian process
and a square-root-beta process. The square-root-beta process
can be realized by a nonlinear transformation of a Gaussian
process. Since a number of computationally efficient techniques
have been developed for generating Gaussian processes, an ad-
vantage of using the proposed model for simulation is that these
efficient techniques can be utilized. In Section II-B, we extend
the proposed model for simulation of correlated diversity chan-
nels.
Advantages of the proposed model over earlier ones are de-
tailed as follows. Pätzold et al. [8] have developed a method for
realizing a general fading process by using Rice's sum of si-
is rather complex except in the special case of , that is,
if the channel is a Rayleigh fading channel. In this special case,
the simulated waveform is a complex Gaussian process and am-
plitude values are easily determined. Using the proposed model
for simulating an fading channel, , one can avoid the
difficult task of determining amplitude values for sinusoids. Fur-
thermore, the proposed model requires the generation of a com-
plex Gaussian process; simulation using the proposed model can
therefore take advantage of the efficient technique developed in
[8] for the generation of this process. In [9], a first-order hidden
Markov model is used to model a Nakagami- fading process.
Although not indicated in [9], this model can be used to gen-
erate a fading process that simulates the behavior of the ampli-
tude, say , of an fading channel. After generating another
random process that simulates the phase, say , one may gen-
erate a complex random process that simulates
an fading channel. The difficulty in the implementation of
this approach is to determine autocorrelation functions of
and based on a knowledge of the autocorrelation function
of , which is usually given in practice. The proposed model
bypasses generating and separately, so that the diffi-
cult task of determining their autocorrelation functions is not
required. We should also mention that based on the theoretical
YIP AND NG: A SIMULATION MODEL FOR NAKAGAMI- FADING CHANNELS 215

work of Braun and Dersch [10], Dersch and Rüegg [11] have parts. Multiplying both sides of (3) by gives .
developed a model for simulating Nakagami- fading channels This expression implies that can be represented by
for urban mobile communications. The model is, however, lim-
ited only for the case . (5)
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section where i) is a WSS nonnegative random process and
III, details on the implementation of the proposed simulation follows a standard beta distribution with parameters and
model are given. Numerical examples illustrating the use of the , and ii) , being independent of , is a zero-mean WSS
proposed model follow in Section IV. Finally, conclusions are complex Gaussian process with uncorrelated real and imaginary
drawn in Section V. parts and with an autocorrelation function

II. SIMULATION MODEL (6)

A. Theoretical Development satisfying . Notice that and are
Let be a wide-sense stationary (WSS) com- related by
plex random process that is characterized by the autocorrelation
(7)
function
where
(1)
(8)
and satisfies the following properties.
and that . The representation of by (5) is
1) is Nakagami- distributed with the second
the desired simulation model. One can generate by gen-
moment and the fading parameter
erating a complex Gaussian process and an appropriate
limited in the range
square-root-beta random process , followed by substituting
.
and into (5). The complex Gaussian process
2) is uniformly distributed over .
can be generated by an established technique, e.g., [8]. The
3) and are mutually independent.
non-Gaussian process can be generated by a nonlinear
The probability density function (pdf) of for an arbitrary transformation of a Gaussian process [13]. Appendix B shows
time is given by [2] that

(9)

where i) is a zero-mean unit-variance Gaussian process

(2) with an autocorrelation function

where is the gamma function and is in the range (10)

. Our task is to develop a simulation model that can
and ii) and are defined by (23) and (24), respectively, and
be used to realize . In the development of this model, the
is the inverse of . The relationship between and
following lemma is required.
is given by (26a) and (26b).
Lemma 1: Let be an distributed random variable with
the second moment and the fading parameter B. Extension for Simulation of Correlated Diversity Channels
. Let be a Rayleigh distributed random variable with
Antenna diversity is a well-known technique in HF commu-
. If and satisfy the functional relationship
nications for combating adverse effects due to fading. So far
our discussion has been concentrated on simulating an fading
(3)
channel by generating a complex random process . This ap-
proach is useful for simulating a communication system with
where is a nonnegative random variable independent of ,
then has a standard beta distribution with parameters and antenna diversity only if the diversity branches are indepen-
. The pdf of is given by [12] dently faded. When the antenna spacing is inadequate, nonin-
dependent fading among diversity branches occurs so that the
fading channels used for modeling the diversity channels are
correlated. It gives rise to the need for simulating correlated di-
otherwise versity channels. In what follows, we demonstrate how to sim-
(4) ulate correlated fading channels for by a simple ex-
tension of the proposed simulation model.
where is a beta function. Let be the order of diversity. We assume that the diver-
The proof is given in Appendix A. Let be a random variable sity channels have the same fading parameter , second mo-
uniformly distributed over and independent of ment , and autocorrelation function . This assump-
and . It follows that is a zero-mean complex tion is appropriate for a communication system using antenna
Gaussian random variable with uncorrelated real and imaginary diversity. In the implementation of simulation, one is given a
216 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2000

knowledge of the correlation matrix that charac- ated by a known method. Let and
terizes the correlation among the diversity channels, where . Then
and is real symmetric. To simulate
correlated channels, it is required to generate correlated com- (15)
plex processes , each of which has the prop-
where is a factor of such that .
erties of specified in Section II-A. Note that
To generate , the matrix must exist, which re-
quires that is nonnegative definite. That is, for any
(11) with at least one of which is nonzero, the
condition needs to be satisfied.
and that is nonnegative definite ([14], p. 295). Applying the Substituting (13) into this requirement yields
proposed model (5) to the situation under consideration, we
have (16)

(12) It is known that (16) can be satisfied if is less than

the smallest eigenvalue of [14, Ch. 11.10]. As a practical ex-
where i) is a WSS nonnegative random process and ample, consider a dual-diversity system . The smallest
has a standard beta distribution with parameters and , eigenvalue is , so that (16) is satisfied if .
and ii) , being independent of , is a zero-mean WSS It can be shown that the minimum value of over the range
complex Gaussian process with uncorrelated real and imaginary is 0.8106. As the correlation between diversity
parts and with a variance given by . We assume that i) any channels seldom exceeds 0.8106 for practical cases of interest,
pair of and are independent, and (16) is usually satisfied. For diversity channels with
ii) and are mutually independent. Assump- greater than the smallest eigenvalue of 's can be gener-
tion i) is made because it makes implementation easier and does ated by allowing 's to be correlated.
not affect resultant statistical properties of 's. Assumption
ii) leads to conditions that are usually satisfied in practice [see III. IMPLEMENTATION FOR SIMULATION
comments after (16)]. Substituting (12) into (11) yields
It is desired to realize a complex random process in order
to simulate an fading channel, , with a given Doppler
(13) power spectrum . The power spectrum is related to
by
where
(17)

Since Doppler power spectra of HF channels that are of prac-

tical interest are band-limited, we consider only the case of gen-
and erating a band-limited process . Let be the frequency
such that is zero or negligible for . To realize
, one can generate a sequence of equidistant discrete-time
samples and fol-
lowed by interpolation to obtain the value of for an arbi-
trary time , where is the oversampling factor. A value of
(14) is usually sufficient to generate without appreciable
loss of accuracy [4]. After the value of is determined, the rest
With a knowledge of , one can determine by (13). Since of the procedure except interpolation directly follows from an
autocorrelation functions of are assumed the same for all application of the proposed simulation model.
's and are given by , for convenience in the implemen- The procedure is given as follows.
tation, we assume that autocorrelation functions of 's and 1) Compute , by (17),
's are given by and , respectively, both where is a a sufficiently large integer. This sequence
of which are independent of . Note that and of is used in generating 's so that a
are related by (7). After is determined, one can greater value of improves the accuracy of the auto-
generate each of , by a nonlinear transfor- correlation property of the generated 's, although
mation of a Gaussian process as shown in Appendix B. Gen- more computation is required.
eration of can be accomplished 2) Select an appropriate . Since (7) implies that
by the following method. Let , be mutu- is given by the convolution between the power spectrum
ally independent zero-mean complex Gaussian processes, each of and that of , and since is band-limited
of which has an autocorrelation function and uncor- to , it follows that and are band-limited
related real and imaginary parts. Each of 's can be gener- to at most . As is generated from by (9),
YIP AND NG: A SIMULATION MODEL FOR NAKAGAMI- FADING CHANNELS 217

TABLE I
R (1t)=R (0) VALUES AGAINST (1t) FOR 0:5  m < 1. NOTE THAT R (0) = m

is most often band-limited to at most . It is rec- it is recommended that may be modified by the
ommended that a convenient choice of is selected, following steps.
where a) Set wherever computed by (20)
is negative.
(18) b) Set for .
c) Scale the resultant such that
vanishes or is negligible for . .
3) Compute from by (26a) and (26b) Although autocorrelation properties of the generated
or with the aid of Table I, which lists the deviate from the desired ones as a result of this modifica-
values against . Then compute by (7). tion, numerical results of Section IV demonstrate that this
To ensure that can be realized, is required deviation is small. The modified is used to com-
to satisfy that and for all pute new values of .
, where 4) Based on the selected or , generate Gaussian-
distributed samples by a known method. A com-
(19) putationally efficient method is preferred. Then generate
from the generated by (9). In (9), although
is the power spectrum of . If the selected a closed-form expression of is available only
cannot yield 's that satisfy for (see Appendix B), for other values of , nu-
, another choice of merical routines are easily implemented for computation
should be made, and Step 2) should be repeated. How- of this function.
ever, selection of that satisfies for all 5) Generate complex-Gaussian distributed samples
is rather difficult. Appendix C shows that can be based on the modified or the new values of
computed by (20), shown at the bottom of the page. For . Again, an efficient technique is preferred.
a given , it is possible that the computed 6) Compute by (5).
is negative for some , although the contribution of this To simulate correlated diversity channels, one is required
negative part to the total is usually not significant. to generate where each of
In addition, computed by (20) is not limited for has a Doppler power spectrum given
. Instead of carrying out the difficult task to by (17). A sequence of equidistant discrete-time samples
find a particular that makes for all , and is first

(20)
otherwise
218 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2000

generated, followed by interpolation to obtain the value of sinusoids method. Parameters of the sum of sinusoids method
for an arbitrary time . The procedure for generating used in generating and were computed based
follows from the one for generating described above, on the procedure of [8].1 The value of was computed
except that an additional step is required to compute from and by (5). After 's were gener-
from the generated by (15). In applying (15), different ated, , were computed by
factorization methods can be used. However, Cholesky fac- piecewise-constant interpolation. A total of samples,
torization is preferred. It gives a lower triangular matrix so i.e., , where ,
that some of the steps in multiplication and addition can be were finally obtained.
eliminated in simulation. This reduces the computation cost. Fig. 1(a) and (b) plot the cumulative distribution functions
(cdf’s) of the amplitude and phase, respectively, computed from
IV. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES the generated samples. The cdf of the dis-
tribution with and , and that of the uniform dis-
A. Example 1 tribution for the range , are also plotted for comparison
A realization of was generated based on the procedure purposes. It is apparent that the distributions of the generated
given in Section III. For illustration purposes, we assumed that samples fit closely to the desired ones. Fig. 1(c) plots the auto-
and . A double-Gaussian spectrum was correlation function computed from the generated samples and
used the one for the double-Gaussian spectrum. It is shown that the
generated autocorrelation function is close to the desired one.
The result indicates that despite the need to truncate the original
, the loss of accuracy in the autocorrelation property of
the generated samples is small.

B. Example 2
(21) In this example, we consider simulating a dual-branch
diversity channel with correlated fading by generating
where and we arbitrarily selected using (12). It is assumed that the correlation be-
. This value of was chosen in order to ensure that tween the two branches is and that the
is negligible for , so that the Doppler power fading parameter is . These two values are arbitrarily
spectrum under consideration can be considered band-limited. selected for illustration purpose. Furthermore, we assume that
The double-Gaussian spectrum was selected because it is ap- and is given by (21) with .
propriate for modeling Doppler power spectra of HF channels We generated 10 samples of by generating
[1]. Although a symmetric spectrum is used here for simplicity, and where and
realistic spectra for HF channels are usually asymmetric [1]. . Generation of each of the indepen-
An oversampling ratio of was employed. dent time series and followed the same
We first computed , where procedure as in generating in Example 1. The same
was arbitrarily chosen. For the sake of convenience, , given by (22) was used in generating and
we selected . As a result of this particular choice of ,
0.20% of the original needed to be truncated. The
was generated by (15). Generation of each of
the time series and also followed the
procedure of generating in Example 1. The time
(22) series was obtained by substituting the generated
and into (12). After the time series
where was used so that is negligible for was generated, , were
. Based on the selected and values of computed by piecewise-constant interpolation. A total of
, we computed and . Then samples of , were obtained.
was computed from values by (20). For Fig. 2(a)–(c) plot the cdf’s of amplitude, phase, and auto-
and at frequencies where computed values were nega- correlation functions, respectively, computed from each set of
tive, we set . The resultant was scaled so generated samples . The desired
that . It was found that 3.26% of cdf’s and autocorrelation functions are also plotted. It is ap-
the original were truncated. A total of 10 discrete-time parent that computed autocorrelation functions and cdf’s are
samples were generated by the following procedure. The
Gaussian-distributed time series was generated by an ef-
ficient technique based on Rice's sum of sinusoids [8]. The time 1One of the reviewers pointed out that statistical properties of fy (nT )g and
series was generated from the time series by the fw(nT )g generated by the sum of sinusoids method can be verified analyti-
nonlinear transformation given by (9). The complex Gaussian cally by the closed-form expressions of [8], so that the autocorrelation and phase
distribution of the generated fz (nT )g can be verified before z (nT )'s are actu-
time series was generated by separately generating the ally generated. This advantage enables more rapid verification of the simulation
in-phase and quadrature-phase components based on the sum of accuracy for the selected set of parameters.
YIP AND NG: A SIMULATION MODEL FOR NAKAGAMI- FADING CHANNELS 219

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 1. Statistics computed from the generated samples of z (t) in Example 1: (a) cdf of amplitude, (b) cdf of phase, and (c) autocorrelation function. The desired
cdf’s and autocorrelation function are also plotted.

close to the desired ones. We also computed the correlation ma- generating a complex Gaussian process and a square-root-beta
trix from the generated time series and random process. Application of the proposed model to simulate
and found that correlated fading channels has also been demonstrated. In
numerical examples, it has been shown that statistical properties
of the samples generated from the use of the proposed model are
close to the required ones.

In comparison with the desired correlation matrix APPENDIX A

and , it is apparent that the com- PROOF OF LEMMA 1
puted correlation matrix is close to .
Let and . The proof can be accomplished by
taking Mellin transform on both sides of and noting
V. CONCLUSION that the Mellin transform of is the product of the Mellin
transform of and that of . An alternative proof can also be
We have proposed a simulation model for fading channels, obtained by using the fact that and are gamma random
. The model reveals that an fading channel, , variables and that a beta random variable can be expressed as a
having a given Doppler power spectrum can be simulated by ratio of two gamma random variables [12, Ch. 25.2].
220 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2000

(a) (b)

(c)

Fig. 2. Statistics computed from the generated samples of z (t) and z (t) in Example 2: (a) cdf’s of amplitude, (b) cdf’s of phase, and (c) cdf’s of autocorrelation
functions. The desired cdf’s and autocorrelation function are also plotted.

APPENDIX B unit-variance Gaussian random process with an autocorrelation

REALIZATION OF function . It is known that can
Let be the cdf of a square-root-beta random variable be generated by the nonlinear transformation [13, Ch. 3.1.1]
with parameters and , and let be the cdf of a (25)
standard normal random variable. It follows that
where . In addition, and are
(23) related by ([13, eq. (3.7)]
and

(24)

respectively, where
is the incomplete beta function. Note that in the special case of (26a)
for . It is easy to In special cases of , it is easy to show that
show that is a strictly increasing function for
and is bounded by . If we specify that ,
the inverse of , gives a value within for ,
then exists and is unique. Let be a WSS zero-mean (26b)
YIP AND NG: A SIMULATION MODEL FOR NAKAGAMI- FADING CHANNELS 221

Numerical integration of (26a) is made easy by using the trans- [3] P. Hoeher, “A statistical discrete-time model for the WSSUS multipath
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[4] P. M. Crespo and J. Jiménez, “Computer simulation of radio channels
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[5] K. W. Yip and T. S. Ng, “Efficient simulation of digital transmission over
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[6] K. W. Yip and T. S. Ng, “Karhunen-Loève expansion of the WSSUS
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so that

Kun-Wah Yip (M'96) received the B.Eng. (with

where * denotes convolution. In general, there are many
that yield the same . Since we are desired to generate
only at equally -spaced time instants, by the sampling
theorem it is only necessary to consider a that is band-
limited for . In this special case
honors) and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from The University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, in
(28) 1991, and The University of Hong Kong in 1995,
respectively.
From 1995 to 1998, he was a Research Associate
and then a Postdoctoral Fellow at The University of
's Hong Kong, where he is currently a Research As-
sistant Professor. His research interest is on spread-
spectrum communications, multicarrier signal trans-
mission, efficient simulation techniques, and theory
and techniques for communications over frequency-selective fading channels.

(29) Tung-Sang Ng (S'74–M'78–SM'90) received the

otherwise
Taking the Fourier transform of (27), and noting that
and only a finite number of
are available, we get (20).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for
various useful comments and suggestions.
REFERENCES
[1] C. C. Watterson, J. R. Juroshek, and W. D. Bensema, “Experimental
confirmation of an HF channel model,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.
COM-18, pp. 792–803, Dec. 1970.
m
[2] M. Nakagami, “The -distribution—A general formula of intensity dis-
tribution of rapid fading,” in Statistical Methods of Radio Wave Propa-
gation, W. C. Hoffman, Ed. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon, 1960, pp. 3–36.
B.Sc.(Eng.) degree from the University of Hong
Kong in 1972, and the M.Eng.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Newcastle, Australia, in 1974
's and 1977, respectively, all in electrical engineering.
After graduation, he worked for BHP Steel
International and The University of Wollongong,
Australia, for 14 years. He returned to Hong Kong
in 1991, taking the position of Professor and Chair
of Electronic Engineering. He has published over
170 international journal and conference papers.
He is currently a Regional Editor of the International Journal—Engineering
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Pergamon Press). His current research
interests include mobile communication systems, spread-spectrum techniques,
CDMA, and digital signal processing.
Dr. Ng is a Fellow of the IEE, HKIE, and IEAust. He is also an Executive
Committee Member and a Board Member of the IEE Informatics Divisional
Board. He was the General Chair of the ISCAS’97and is currently the Vice
President for Region 10 of the IEEE CAS Society. He was awarded the Hon-
orary Doctor of Engineering Degree by the University of Newcastle, in August
1997, for his services to higher education generally and to engineering educa-
tion specifically.

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