The dynamo Zénobe Gramme

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zenobe-Theophile-Gramme

Zénobe-Théophile Gramme, (born April 4, 1826, Jehay-Bodegnée, Belg.—died Jan. 20,

1901, Bois-Colombes, France), Belgian-born electrical engineer who invented (1869)
the Gramme dynamo, a continuous-current electrical generator that gave a major
impetus to the development of electric power.

https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-
magnetism/museum/gramme-dynamo

enobe Theophile Gramme (1826 – 1901) invented the first industrial generator, or
dynamo. A deceptively simple-looking machine, it consisted of 30 coils wrapped
around a spinning ring of iron.

Although not the first electric motor, it was the first to be have applications in
manufacturing and farming.

A largely self-taught inventor, Gramme also had a keen sense of business. Together
with French engineer Hippolyte Fontaine, he opened a factory that produced the
Gramme dynamo as well as the Gramme ring and armature.

Before Gramme's invention, electric motors were little more than toys and lab
oddities. His generator ushered in the commercial use of the electric motor and
stimulated advances in electricity. Because of his creative use of circular
armature and numerous overlapped coils, his design remains the basis of many of
today's direct-current electric motors.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Solvay

https://www.google.com/search?q=sodium+carbonate+form&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj--
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Ernest Solvay, (born April 16, 1838, Rebecqu-Rognon, near Brussels, Belg.—died May
26, 1922, Brussels), Belgian industrial chemist, best known for his development of
a commercially viable ammonia-soda process for producing soda ash (sodium
carbonate), widely used in the manufacture of such products as glass and soap.

After attending local schools, Solvay entered his father’s salt-making business. At
the age of 21 he began working with an uncle at a gasworks near Brussels, and while
there he began to develop the conversion method for which he is known.

Although the ammonia-soda process had been understood since 1811, a suitable and
economical means of large-scale commercial production had evaded industrial
chemists. Solvay, who was unaware that the reaction itself had been known for 50
years, solved the practical problems of large-scale production by his invention of
the Solvay carbonating tower, in which an ammonia-salt solution could be mixed with
carbon dioxide. In 1861 he and his brother Alfred founded their own company and in
1863 had a factory built. Production started in 1865, and by 1890 Solvay had
established companies in several foreign countries. Solvay’s method was gradually
adopted throughout much of Europe and elsewhere and by the late 19th century had
supplanted the Leblanc process, which had been chiefly used for converting common
salt into sodium carbonate since the 1820s.