Lecture #3B Use of Water Environmental Engineering Dr.

Shawkat
 Fire demand is the amount of water needed for fire protection purposes.
(To be added to the total water consumption of city interested).
Q fire = 3.86 * √P (1-0.01 √P) Where:
Q : Discharge (flow) m3 / min
P : Population in Thousands
Note: Fire duration time = 4 – 10 hours
Example : Estimate the flow rate and volume required to provide adequate
protection to a 10 - story noncombustible building with and effective floor
area of 8,000 m2.
Solution:
The construction factor F= 0.8 (class 3 of noncombustible construction).
The effective floor area is of 8,000 m2
Ci = 220 * (0.8)* (8000)^0.5 = 16,000 L / min
Factors influencing the water use (affecting per capita demand)
1.Size of city (small vs Large): Per capita demand for big cities is generally
large compared to small towns as big cities have houses with sewer.
2. Climate Condition and Location ( warm vs cool)
3. Industrial development (presence of industries)
4. Habits of people and their economic status (standards of living)
5. Gardens and parking lots
6. Water quality: If the water is potable (drinkable), the consumption will
increase as people will not seek for private wells.
7. Water pressure in the distribution system.
8. Water cost ( Metering policy and charging method): Water is charged
either on meter reading bases or on certain fixed monthly rate).
9. Efficiency of administration of water supply system ( include Leaks, un-
authorized use, etc…).
Variation in water consumption rates:
 The average L / c / d consumption is obtained by dividing the quantity of
water supply during the year by 365 (the number of days in the year) and
number of persons served.
 For estimating the water consumption, R.D. Good rich has given a
convenient following formula:
P = 180 x t - 0.1 where: t is the time (days)
P: percentage of annual average
consumption for time (t).
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand:
Seasonally Variations: In general, the demand peaks are more in summer.
Daily Variations: It depends on the activities. People draw out more water
on the weekends and during the festival days. Accordingly, the demand will
increase.
Hourly Variations:
 Are very important as they have a wide range during household’s
working hours.
 At 6:00 am -10:00 am and 4:00 pm - 8:00 pm, the bulk (the most) of
daily requirement is taken. During other hours the demand is negligible.

Important Notes: Maximum hourly demand (means Peak demand)

o Average hourly demand = Max daily / 24
o Max hourly demand = 1.50 X average hourly demand
o Max weekly demand = 1.48 X average weekly demand
o Max daily demand = 1.80 X average daily demand
o Max hourly demand = 1.50 x Maximum daily demand / 24
o Max hourly demand = 1.50 x (1.8 x average daily demand) / 24
o Max hourly demand = 2.7 x average daily demand/24
 180 % * averages

Water consumption

100% Average rate

Mid night
10:00am 8:00pm
Example: Estimate the municipal water demands for a city of 200,000
persons with 250 L / c / d. ( L / c / d ) meaning average
Solution:
1. Estimate the average daily demand Q average
Q average daily = 200,000 * 250 / 1000 = 50,000 m3/day

2. Estimate the Max daily demand Q max daily

Q max daily = 1.8 * Q average daily
= 1.8 * 50,000 = 90,000 m3/day
3. Estimate the average hourly demand
Q Average hourly = Q max daily / 24
= 90,000 / 24 = 3750 m3/ hr
4. Estimate the max hourly demand Q max hourly
Q max hourly = 1.5 * Q Average hourly
= 1.5 * 3750 = 5625 m3/ hr
5. Estimate the fire demand Q fire

Q fire = 3.86 * Q fire = 3.86 * √P (1-0.01 √P)

Q fire = 3.86 * √200 (1-0.01 √200)
= 46.869 m3/ min
 For 10 hours duration of daily rate:

Q fire = 46.869 m3/ min x 60 min / hr x 10 hr / day

= 28122 m3 / day