Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Measurement
Standards
Shakoor@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
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Standards
• Definition:
• The word Standard means something that is set up & established
by authorities as a rule for the measurements of quantity, weight,
value etc.
• Types of Standards:
1. Line Standard
2. End Standard
3. Wavelength Standard
• Line Standard:
• According to line Standard the yard or meter is defined as the
distance b/w inscribed lines on a bar of metal under certain
condition of temperature and support.
• This is legally authorized & an act of parliament.
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• End Standard:
• The need of End standard arises as the use of line standard was
difficult at various places in workshops.
• End standards can be made to a high degree of accuracy.
a) End Bar:
• It is made of steel having cylindrical cross sections.
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End Bar
• Slip Gauges:
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• Wavelength Standard:
Subdivision of Standards
1. Primary Standards
2. Secondary Standards
3. Tertiary Standards
4. Working Standards
• Reference Standards
• Calibration Standards
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Calibration
• It is a comparison of Instrument performance to standards of
Known accuracy.
• Calibrations directly link customers measurement equipment
to national & international standards.
• According to ISO, Calibration is the quantitative determination
of errors of measuring instruments & adjusting them to a
minimum.
• In other words, calibration means to find out whether the
instrument gives correct reading or not.
• It also includes minor adjustments to the instrument.
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Status of Calibration
1. Active
4. Rework
5. Reject
6. Write-off
2. Determination of Error
4. Minor Changes
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Assignments
• Case Study:
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Linear Metrology
Linear Metrology
• It is defined as the science of linear measurement, for the
determination of the distance b/w two points.
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CALIPERS
• A caliper is used to measure the distance b/w two points.
• It consist of two legs hinged at the top, wit the ends of the
legs spanning the part to be measured.
• Calipers should be held gently near the joint & square to the
work by applying light gauging pressure to avoid disturbance
during setting for accurate measurement.
Types of Calipers
1. Inside Calipers:
• It has Made with straight legs which are bends outwards.
• Used for measuring inside diameter.
• Opening can be checked by rule or micrometer.
2. Outside Calipers:
• It has two legs which are bends inwards.
• Mainly used for measuring outside calipers.
3. Spring Calipers:
• It is the improved variety of ordinary
friction-joint caliper.
• the two leg carry a curved spring at the top
fitted in notches used to force the spring apart.
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8. Sliding Calipers:
• It use a precise slide movement for inside, outside, depth or step
measurements.
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Vernire Caliper
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Example
Main scale reading =35mm
The vernier division coinciding with the main scale is the 20th division.
Value=20 multiplied by 0.02=0.40mm.
Total reading is 35mm+0.40= 35.40mm
35.40 mm
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Micrometer
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