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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 24: Practical upconversion methods and field frame rate conversions
 
 
 The Lecture Contains:
 
  Practical Up-Conversion Methods
 
  Intraframe Filtering
 
Frame/Field Rate Conversion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 24: Practical upconversion methods and field frame rate conversions
  
  Practical Up-Conversion Methods
 
Standards conversion problems of common interest include frame/field rte up-conversion and de-
 
  interlacing.
  Examples of frame rate conversion include conversion from a digitized motion picture recorded with
  a temporal rate of 24 frames/sec to NTSC format, which requires 60 fields/sec.
  Conversion from NTSC to PAL format requires field (scan) rate conversion from 60 to 50 fields/s.
  Field rate doubling and de-interlacing are generally employed in improved-definition TV receivers to
  provide better visual quality.
  Frame rate up-conversion refers to the case where the input and output sequences are both
  progressive.
 
Suppose we represent a sequence of input frames as

Then the output sequence in the case of up-conversion by an integer factor L is given by

where denotes the time instances where new frames are inserted.
Field rate, or scan rate, up-conversion, where both the input and output sequences are interlaced,

  by an arbitrary factor is complicated by the fact that the ordering of even and odd fields must be
preserved.
If we let

denote a sequence of input fields, where and are the odd and even fields, respectively,
then the output sequence

corresponds to the special case of doubling the scan rate.

 
 

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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 24: Practical upconversion methods and field frame rate conversions
  
  Note in this case that an even number of fields must be inserted between two existing fields to
  preserve the ordering of the fields. Conversion by an arbitrary factor can generally be modelled by
 
de-interlacing each field, then frame rate conversion to the desired temporal rate, followed by
 
interlacing.
 
  
  De-interlacing as discussed above refers to up-conversion from an interlaced to a progressive
  sampling lattice at the same temporal rate. It is often necessary to view interlaced video on
  progressively scanned display devices. In addition, proper de-interlacing reduces line flicker and
  improves the vertical resolution of the displayed images.
 
  Both frame/field rate up-conversion and de-interlacing are based on the same principles of sampling
structure conversion. Indeed, the only difference between frame/field rate up-conversion and de-
interlacing is the structure of the input and output lattices.

Standards up-conversion algorithms can be classified, in the order of increasing complexity, as

intrafield, motion-adaptive, and motion-compensated filtering techniques. Although the motion-
  compensated approach is optimal, provided that a motion model is given and the trajectory can be
accurately estimated, it is highly sensitive to errors. This fact, along with the cost of hardware
implementation, have led to the development of suboptimal but more robust algorithms which do not
require explicit estimation of the motion information. We first discuss some of these algorithms in the
following.
 
 

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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 24: Practical upconversion methods and field frame rate conversions
  
  Intraframe Filtering
 
Intraframe filtering refers to algorithms that need no more than a single frame-store. Frame/field
 
repetition algorithms for frame/field rate conversion and spatial interpolation methods for de-
 
  interlacing are examples of intraframe filtering.
  
  Frame/Field Rate Conversion
  The most obvious and simple way to increase the frame or the field rate is to repeat the existing
  information. Common examples of frame/field repetition are the “3 to 2 pull-down” method used for
  conversion of a motion picture source to NTSC video, and doubling of the field rate, which has been
 
adopted by several TV manufacturers in Europe for commercial 100-Hz receivers.
 
In the “3 to 2 pull-down” method, each odd frame of the digitized motion picture is repeated three
times and each even frame is repeated twice, yielding a 60 Hz field rate. That is, the output is a
sequence of fields given by

In order to characterize the 3:2 pull-down method in the temporal frequency domain, we describe it
through the steps illustrated in Figure 13. They are:
i. Insert four zero frames in between every existing frame,
  ii. Apply a zero-order hold filter whose impulse response is depicted, and
iii. Downsample the resulting sequence of frames by two.

The 3:2 pull down method introduces temporal aliasing because the zero-order hold filter is a poor
low-pass filter. The jerky motion rendition due to this aliasing is hardly visible at the spatio-temporal
resolution provided by current NTSC receivers. However, with bigger displays and high-resolution
video formats, there is need for more sophisticated frame/field rate conversion algorithms.
 
 

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