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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 22: Sampling rate conversion of video signals, Deinterlacing
 
 
 The Lecture Contains:
 
 
 
  Sampling rate conversion of video signals
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Objectives_template

  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 22: Sampling rate conversion of video signals, Deinterlacing
  
  Sampling rate conversion of video signals
 
Some typical examples of sampling rate conversion in video systems are:
 
  1. Conversion of an interlaced signal with sampling rate 50 fields/sec and 625 lines/picture-
  height (PAL signal) to an interlaced signal with 60 fields/sec and 525 lines/picture-height
  (NTSC signal). This is often required to display a PAL signal on an NTSC TV system.
  2. Frame or field rate up conversion to increase the temporal sampling rate in progressive and
  interlaced video respectively. A typical example is conversion of a motion picture on film
  source to NTSC video. This requires conversion from 24 fps to 60 fields/sec. This is referred
  to as the “3 to 2 pull down” conversion.
  3. De-interlacing refers to conversion from interlaced to progressive video. They are generally
  employed in HDTV receivers to provide better visual quality. Figures below illustrate the
different up-conversion problems.

(Figure)
(a) Frame rate up-conversion (b) Field rate up-conversion (c) de-interlacing
 
 

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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 22: Sampling rate conversion of video signals, Deinterlacing
  
  The sampling rate conversion problem is also referred to as standard conversion problem. This is so
  because it enables exchange of information among various digital video systems employing different
 
standards to ensure their inter operability.
 
The general procedure for solving the sampling rate conversion problem is as follows:
 
 
1. Obtain the equivalent sampling lattices of the input and output signals and an intermediate
 
lattice that covers the samples in both the input and output signals;
 
2. Based on the Vornoi cells of the three lattices, determine the desired filter frequency
 
response;
 
  3. Design a filter that approximates the desired response;
 
In practice, one cannot afford to use a filter with many coefficients especially in the temporal
direction because the data rate of video signal is high. To reduce the computational time and
complexity, one can decompose a spatio-temporal conversion problem into a spatial conversion
followed by temporal conversion or vice versa.
 
Deinterlacing:
It refers to up-conversion from an interlaced to a progressive sampling lattice at the same temporal
rate. It can be viewed as filling up the skipped lines in each field. This is shown in figure (2) below

(Figure 7)
 

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  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 22: Sampling rate conversion of video signals, Deinterlacing
  
  We consider an interlaced NTSC signal with field rate fields/sec, and line rate
 
lines/picture-height. The sampling intervals are and picutre-height.
 
  The corresponding sampling lattice and its reciprocal are shown in figure (3). The sampling lattice for
  deinterlaced signal is a square shown in figure (4).
  The axes and are scaled such that they are represented by the same length. Similarly (or
  ) and (or ) are assigned the same length in frequency domain.
 
  As before, the generating matrices of the two lattices and their reciprocals are given by
 
 
 

It is observed that . This implies it is an up-conversion problem and the ideal interpolation
filter is,

(Figure 8)

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Objectives_template

  Module 4: Video Sampling Rate Conversion

  Lecture 22: Sampling rate conversion of video signals, Deinterlacing
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

(Figure 9)
Open circles represent original samples
  Filled circles represent the samples to interpolate
The magnitude of the frequency response is a low pass filter with a diamond shaped
pass-band. This filter is non separable, that is it cannot be decomposed into a product of a temporal
and vertical filter. As a result one needs to use 2-D filter design methods to obtain this response. In
some cases, the problem is simplified by designing a separable low-pass filter with a square-shaped
pass-band, and then rotate the resulting filter.
 
 

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