Cellular Respiration

How Cells Harvest

Chemical Energy – Cellular
Respiration
What types of organisms
undergo cellular respiration?
 While only autotrophs undergo
photosynthesis both Heterotrophs
AND

Autotrophs
Undergo cellular respiration.
 What types of molecules
are broken down?
 Any food (organic)
molecule, or nutrient,
including carbohydrates,
fats/lipids, and proteins
can be processed and
broken down as a source
of energy to produce ATP.
What will the ATP be used for?
 ATP will release energy for cellular
metabolic processes.
 Examples:
1) Active transport of molecules across the cell
membrane.
2) Protein synthesis
3) Muscle contractions
Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
 Notice that the cellular respiration
equation is the breakdown of those
molecules made through photosynthesis
and that it also uses the waste products
of photosynthesis.
 Notice that photosynthesis uses those
products made by cellular respiration.
 This is representative of a cycle.
Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 + 602  6CO2 + 6H20

• A catabolic pathway

• Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic compounds.

• Involves three stages:

• Glycolysis
**Preparatory Reaction
• Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid cycle
• Oxidative Phosphorylation in Electron Transport Chain
The Cellular Respiration
Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
(ATP)
Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water
 Overall, cellular respiration is a process
that is aerobic. Aerobic means that it
requires the presence of oxygen.
 Some steps within the process of cellular
respiration do not require the presence
of oxygen and are therefore anaerobic.
What Is ATP?
• Adenosine Triphosphate

• Energy used by all Cells

• Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

Chemical Structure of ATP
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?
 By breaking the high- energy bonds
between the last two phosphates in
ATP
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration breaks down into these
major steps.
1. Glycolysis (anaerobic)

2. Krebs Cycle (aerobic)

3. Oxidative phosphorylation in ETC

(aerobic)
Energy Carriers Found in
Cellular Respiration
 ATP – adenosine triphosphate
 NADH – nicotinamide dinucleotide

 FADH2 – flavin adenine dinucleotide

**NADH & FADH are high energy electron
carriers used to transport electrons generated in
glycolysis & Krebs cycle to Electron Transport
Chain
NAD + & FAD +
 oxidizing coenzymes that accept
electrons and protons from other
molecules, creating the reduced form
NADH & FADH.
 In the reverse reaction, NADH & FADH
act as a reducing agents that donate
electrons and protons when it’s oxidized
back into NAD+ & FAD+
NADH and FADH2
 NAD+ traps electrons
from glucose to make
NADH (energy stored)

 Similarly, FAD+ stores

energy as FADH2
Where Does Cellular Respiration
Take Place?

 It
actually takes place in two
parts of the cell:
• Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
• Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the
Mitochondria
Review of Mitochondria
Structure
 Smooth outer
Membrane
 Folded inner
membrane
 Folds called
Cristae
 Space inside
cristae called the
Matrix
Glycolysis
1. Means “splitting of sugar”

2. Occurs in the cytosol of the cell

3. Partially oxidizes glucose (6C) into two pyruvate

(3C) molecules.

4. Occurs whether or not oxygen is present.

5. An exergonic process, (meaning energy is released)
most of the energy harnessed is conserved in the high-
energy electrons of NADH and in the phosphate bonds of
ATP
What are the products of
glycolysis?
 When a molecule of glucose is split,
pyruvic acid, NADH, and ATP are
produced.
 Glycolysis makes 4 molecules of ATP but
it takes 2 molecules of ATP for the
reaction to occur. Therefore Glycolysis
yields a net of 2 ATP molecules.
Preparatory Reaction
 A carboxyl group is removed from the
pyruvate in a process called
DECARBOXYLATION and releases a
molecule of carbon dioxide CO2, leaving
behind a two-carbon molecule.
 The two-carbon molecule is oxidized,
and the electrons lost in the oxidation
are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH.
Preparatory Reaction
 The oxidized two-carbon molecule is
attached to Coenzyme A (CoA) an
organic molecule derived from vitamin
B5.
 This now forms Acetyl CoA, a carrier
molecule, that carries the acetyl group
to the citric acid or KREBS cycle.
Formation of Acetyl CoA
What moves on to the next
Stage?
 acetyl CoA and these molecules will
move on to the Krebs Cycle.

 acetyl coA Krebs Cycle

 NADH ETC (later)
 ATP Usable Energy
After Glycolysis What Happens?
Glycolysis
If O2 is not present If O2 is present

Fermentation Krebs Cycle

Aerobic Respiration
Formation of Acetyl CoA
 Krebs Cycle
 Sometimes referred to as the Citric Acid cycle
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 8 step pathway requiring 8 different enzymes
 Turns twice per glucose molecule
 Produces two ATP
 Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
KREBS CYCLE
1. acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon
acceptor molecule, oxaloacetate, to form a six-
carbon molecule called citrate
Enzyme: citrate synthase
**After a quick rearrangement, this six-carbon
molecule releases two of its carbons as carbon
dioxide molecules (CO2) in a pair of similar
reactions, producing a molecule of NADH each
time
KREBS CYCLE
2. Water molecule is removed and another
water molecule is added to generate a
structural isomer of citrate called isocitrate
Enzyme: aconitase
KREBS CYCLE
3. isocitrate is oxidized by NAD+ and
decarboxylates (releases a molecule of
carbon dioxide) to form a five-carbon
molecule Alpha-ketoglutarate
Enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
**During this step, NAD+ is reduced to
form NADH.
KREBS CYCLE
4. α-ketoglutarate is oxidized, reducing
NAD+ to NADH and decarboxylates
(releases a molecule of carbon dioxide) to
form a four-carbon molecule.
Enzyme: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
** The remaining four-carbon molecule
picks up Coenzyme A, forming the
unstable compound succinyl CoA.
KREBS CYCLE
5. The CoA of succinyl CoA is displaced
by a hydrogen phosphate ion to form a
four-carbon molecule succinate.
Enzyme: succinyl-CoA synthetase
**succinyl phosphate remains bound in the
enzyme and is not released
**It transfers its phosphoric acid residue on
GDP, reducing it to GTP.
KREBS CYCLE
 GTP and ATP can be converted into
each other by the enzyme nucleoside
diphosphate kinase

 GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP. This enzyme

transfers the phosphate group from GTP
to ADP.
KREBS CYCLE
6. In step six, succinate is oxidized by
FAD+, forming another four-carbon
molecule called fumarate and FADH2
Enzyme: succinate dehydrogenase
**The enzyme that carries out this step is
embedded in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion, so FADH2 can transfer its
electrons directly into the electron transport
chain (ETC).
KREBS CYCLE
7. Hydration process occurs or water is
added to the four-carbon molecule
fumarate, converting it into another four-
carbon molecule called malate.
Enzyme: fumarase
KREBS CYCLE
8. Malate is oxidized by NAD+ forming a
four-carbon acceptor molecule
oxaloacetate which will restart the cycle.
Enzyme: malate dehydrogenase
Krebs Cycle Summary
 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces
3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2

 Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the

Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2,
4CO2, and 2ATP
Krebs Cycle Summary
 The citric acid cycle does not produce
much ATP directly.
 However, it can make a lot of ATP indirectly
by way of the NADH and FADH2.
 These electron carriers will connect with the
last portion of cellular respiration, depositing
their electrons into the electron transport
chain to drive synthesis of ATP molecules
through oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
1. Located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.

2. made up of two closely connected

components: the electron transport chain and
chemiosmosis.

3. Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of the ATP in

the body.
Electron Transport Chain
 a series of proteins and organic
molecules found in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria
 Electrons are passed from one member
of the transport chain to another in a
series of redox reactions.
 Energy released is used to form an
electrochemical gradient.
Chemiosmosis
 This process, in which energy stored
from a proton gradient is used to make
ATP.
 Accounts for over 80% of ATP made
during glucose breakdown in cellular
respiration.
Complex I
 NADH approaches Complex I, giving up
its electron (oxidized) becoming NAD+
 Complex I accepts the electron and
becomes highly energized, pumping the
protons from mitochondrial matrix into
the intermembrane space, creating a
proton gradient.
 Complex I passes its electron to CoQ.
Complex II
 FADH2 approaches Complex II, giving
up its electron (oxidized) becoming FAD
 Complex II then passes its electron to
CoQ

**NADH only works with Complex I and

FADH2 only works with Complex II.
**CoQ is the common electron acceptor for
Complex I and II
 Complex III
 CoQ passes both electrons to Complex III
 Complex III becomes highly energized, creating
enough energy potential to pump protons from
mitochondrial matrix and into the
intermembrane space.
 There is now a much greater positive charge in
the intermembrane space than the
mitochondrial matrix.
 Complex III passes its electron to CytC.
 Complex IV
 CytC passes the electrons to Complex IV
 Complex IV becomes highly energized,
pumping protons from mitochondrial matrix and
into the intermembrane space.
 The proton gradient continues to form.
 Complex IV passes the electrons to the final
acceptor – OXYGEN.
 Splitting of oxygen to form
water
 Oxygen accepts the electron and is split
into 2 oxygen ions
 H+ protons are added creating two water
molecules.
 Ends the Electron Transport Chain
ATP Synthase
 A protein in the inner membrane in the mitochondria.

 Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.

 For every H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase, one ATP
can be formed from ADP
 Chemiosmosis
 The pumping of ions of Complexes I, III and IV
creates an electrochemical gradient.
 H+ ions tend to move down their
concentration gradient through the ATP
synthase complex.
 As ATP synthase turns, it catalyzes the addition
of a phosphate to ADP, capturing energy from
the proton gradient as ATP.
 In some cases---
 The energy stored in the proton gradient is
not used to synthesize ATP but is released
as HEAT.
 Some types of cells deliberately use the
proton gradient for heat generation rather
than ATP synthesis.
 This is a type of important adaptation for
animals that need to keep warm.
Cellular Respiration in Summary
How many ATP molecules?

 The 38 ATP figure assumes that

every single proton pumped in the
electron transport chain as a result
of electrons harvested from
glucose goes towards synthesizing
ATP.
How many ATP molecules?
 The 30-32 ATP figure accounts for the
fact that, in a real cell, not all of the
energy of the proton gradient can go
towards making ATP.
 Instead, some of it must be used to
transport molecules into and out of the
mitochondrial matrix.
Why only 30-32 ATP?
 The 30-32 ATP figure accounts for
transport of ATP and ADP, which uses up
energy from the proton gradient
(meaning that there is less energy left to
drive ATP synthesis
Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
 Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle
cells (makes muscles tired)
 Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
(produces ethanol)
 Nets only 2 ATP
End of Presentation

Mrs. Jermaine D. San Agusitn

General Biology 1