B.
  Temperance-  An ability to moderate or avoid something.
Ethics and Values
I. DEFINITIONS
Ethics- A normative science of the conduct of human being
living in a society. They are rules of conduct.
Police Ethics- A practical science  that treats the principles of
human morality and duty as applied to law enforcement.
Virtue- A habit that inclines person to act in a way that
harmonizes with his nature.
Moral Virtue- It concerns those actions pertaining to one’s
duties towards his neighbors and himself.
Conscience- It is a voice of reason bending oneself to
something right or avoids something wrong.
Command- It is an authority a person lawfully exercises over
subordinates by virtue of his rank or assignment or position.
Responsibility- The obligation to perform duties and functions
and to the consequences of activities under one’s command.
Command Responsibility- The doctrine the impose
commensurate accountability to the one who is vested with
authority to exercise management leadership functions.
Maximum Tolerance- A conceptual policy laid down for
observance of all law enforcement personnel to exercise utmost
restraint and self-control in the performance of their official
1.
functions.
II. FOUR (4) CARDINAL VIRTUES THAT SERVE AS 
THE BASESOF FORMULATING STANDARD
BEHAVIOR OF A POLICE OFFICER
A.   Prudence- ability to govern and discipline oneself be
means of reason and sound judgment. It is a virtue that attracts
the intellect to choose the most effective means of
accomplishing what is morally good and for avoiding what is
evil.
It is a virtue that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual
pleasure
C. Fortitude- Firmness of mind. It is the courage to endure
without yielding. A virtue that incites courage. It is exercise by
means of:
 Patience- calmness and composure in enduring
something;
 Perseverance- the ability to go on despite of the
obstacles and opposition; and
 Endurance- it is the ability to last.
D.   Justice- The virtue that inclines the will to give to each
one of his rights. There are three (3) division of justice, to wit:
 Commutative- virtue that regulates those actions that
involve the rights that exist between one another;
 Distributive- it regulates those actions that involve the
rights that an individual may claim form society; and
 Legal- virtue that regulates those actions which society
may justly require to the individual for the common
good.
III. THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CODE
OFPROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL
STANDARS
Foundations of PNP Ethical Doctrine
1.    Divine and moral precepts
2.    Section 1, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
3.    Articles 203-245, Title VII (Crimes Committed by Public
Officers) of the Revised Penal Code
4.    Republic Act 6713- Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and Employees
5.    Republic Act 3019- Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act
6.    Republic Act 6975- DILG Law of 1991 as Amended
7.    The Original Police Manual
 8.    Related Special Laws such as:
RA7080-Anti-Plunder Act;
RA 9485- Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007, etc.
9.    NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 92-4 (12 March 1992)-
Approving the draft of the PNP Code of Professional Conduct
and Ethical Standards.
10.  NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 93-023-Code of Professional
Conduct and Ethical Standards of Policemen
11. PNP Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
(COPCES)
1. Fundamental  Police Principles
1.    Prevention of Crime and Disorder
2.    Community Approval
3.    Willingness of the People to Assist
4.    Use of Physical Force and Compulsion
5.    Offering of Individual Service to Preserve Public Favor
6.    Resort Minimum Degree of Physical Force when
Necessary
7.    Police is the People and the People in the Police
8.    Refrain from Usurping the Power of Judiciary
9.    Test of Police Efficiency
10. Test of Law Enforcement Integrity
11. Constant Development of Police Education and Training
12. Stability on the Republic and the Strength of Democracy
13.   Magnificent Principle:  Love God;
Honor the Government; and
Respect the People.
14.  People-Peacemaker,  2.    All public servants must at all times be accountable to the
Police- Peacekeeper,  people
LGU-Peace observer
 Canons of Police Ethics
1.    Primordial Police Responsibility
2.    Limitation of Police Authority
3.    Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibilities
4.    Use of Proper Means   to Obtain Proper Ends
5.    Cooperation with Public Officials
6.    Proper Conduct and Behavior
7.    Conduct towards the Community
8.    Conduct in Arresting Law violators
9.    Firmness in Refusing Gifts
10. Impartial presentation of Evidence
11. Attitude towards Police Profession
 Purposes of the COPCES
1.    Foster individual efficiency, behavioural discipline and
organizational effectiveness, as well as respect for
constitutional and human rights of citizens, democratic
principles and ideals and the supremacy of civilian authority
over the military;
2.   Set the moral tone and norms of professional conduct in the
police service;
3.    Provide moral and ethical guidance to all PNP members;
and
4.    Enlighten members of the police service of what behavior
is really acceptable- to define what is permitted and what is
prohibited.
 Policies and Principles the Guide the PNP Towards
Professionalized and Dedicated Law Enforcers 
(Section 2, Chapter 1-Declaration of Policy)
1.    Public office is a public trust
3.    Serve with utmost responsibility, integrity, morality,
loyalty and efficiency
4.    Respect to human rights and dignity as a hallmark of a
democratic society
5.    Bear faithful allegiance to the legitimate government              I shall set the example of decency and morality and
6.    Support and uphold the Constitution shall have high regard for family life and value of marital
7.    Respect the duly constituted authority and be loyal to the fidelity.
police service 5.     I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship
 Basic Police Values (Sec. 1, Chap. II- Police Officers over material things.
Creed and Stand on Basic Issues) a)      I shall inhibit myself from extravagance and ostentatious
1.    Love of God display of material things;
2.    Respect to authority b)      I shall help protect the environment and conserve nature
3.    Selfless love and service for people to maintain ecological balance; and
4.    Respect for women and sanctity for marriage c)      I shall respect private and public properties and prevent
5.    Responsible dominion and stewardship over material others from destroying it
things 6.     I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness.
6.    Truthfulness              I must be trustworthy and I shall speak the truth at
 Police Officers Creed (Sec. 2, Chap. II) all times.  
1.     I believe in God, the Supreme Being, A Great  PNP Stand on Basic Issues (Sec. 3, Chap II)
Provider, and the Creator of all men and everything dear 1.     PNP Image
to me. All PNP members should conduct themselves in a manner that
                In return, I can do less than love Him above all by would not place the PNP in the bad light. Instead they must
obeying His word, seek His guidance in the performance of my live in accordance with the PNP core values and possess the
sworn duties and honor Him at all times. following virtues:
2.     I believe that respect for authority is a duty. a)    Honor;
a)       I respect and uphold the Constitution, the laws of the b)   Integrity;
land and the applicable rules and regulations. c)    Valor;
b)       I recognize the legitimacy and authority of the d)   Justice;
leadership; and obey legal orders of my superior officers. e)    Honesty;
3.     I believe in selfless love and service to people. f)    Humility;
                Towards this end, I commit myself to the service of g)   Charity; and
my fellowmen over and above my personal interest. h)    Loyalty to the service
2.     Career Management
4.     I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect for The PNP shall formulate and implement policies and human
women. resources development system for all personnel, from
recruitment to retirement.
3.     Police Management Leadership
The primary basis in the selection of personnel for employment
and deployment shall be the individual’s capabilities and
competent leadership.
4.     Equality in the Service
There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of
opportunity to prove one’s worth in the PNP service and it
shall strictly adhere  to the rule of merit and fitness
system            .
5.     Delicadeza
PNP members must have moral courage to sacrifice self-
interest.
6.     Police Lifestyle
Police Officer must be free from greed, corruption and
exploitation. The public expects a police officer to live a
simple, credible and dignified life.
7.     Political Patronage
All PNP members must inhibit himself  soliciting political
patronage on matters pertaining to assignment, awards,
trainings and promotion.
8.     Human Rights
All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and
man’s inalienable rights to life, liberty and property.
9.     Setting Example
All PNP members shall set good example to their subordinates
and follow good example from their superiors.
 Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards
 (Sec. 1-3, Chap. III)
Standard of Police Professionalism- All PNP members shall
perform their duties with excellence, competence, integrity
intelligence and expertise in the application of specialized skill
and technical knowledge.
Police Professional Conduct
1.     Commitment to Democracy
PNP personnel must commit themselves to the democratic way
of life and values; maintain the principles of public
accountability, uphold the Constitution at all times and be loyal
to the country, people and the organization.
2.     Commitment to Public Interest
PNP personnel must always uphold public interest over and
above personal interest. They shall use public resources and
properties economically and judiciously to avoid wastage of
public funds.
3.     Non- Partisanship
PNP members shall provide services to everyone without
discrimination.
4.     Physical Fitness and Health
PNP members shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and
in good health at all times.
5.     Secrecy Discipline
PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified
information against unauthorized disclosure.
6.     Social Awareness
All PNP personnel and their immediate family members shall
be encouraged to actively get involved in the religious, social
and civic activities to enhance the image of the organization
but without affecting their official duties.
7.     Non-Solicitation of Patronage
PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career
development and shall not directly or indirectly solicit
influence or recommendation from politician, government
officials, prominent citizens, person affiliated with civic or
religious organization with regards to promotion, assignments,
transfer etc.
8.     Proper Care and Use of Public Property
PNP members shall be responsible for the security, proper care
and use of public property issued to them or deposited under
their custody.
9.     Respect for Human Rights
PNP members shall respect and protect human dignity and
uphold the human rights of all persons.
10.  Devotion to Duty
PNP members shall perform their duties with dedication,
thoroughness, efficiency, enthusiasm, determination, and
manifest concern for public welfare.
11.  Conservation of Natural Resources
PNP members shall help in the development and conservation
of the natural resources for ecological balance and posterity.
12.  Discipline
PNP members shall conduct themselves properly at all times in
keeping with the rules and regulations of the organization.
13.  Loyalty
Above all, PNP members must be loyal to the Constitution and
the police service as manifested by their loyalty to their
superiors, peers and subordinates.
14.  Obedience to Superiors
All PNP members shall obey lawful orders and be courteous to
superior officers and other appropriate authorities within the
chain of command.
15.  Command Responsibility
Immediate commanders shall be responsible for the effective
supervision, control and direction of their personnel.
 Ethical Standards
Refers to established and generally accepted moral
values and ethical acts
1.     Morality
PNP members must adhere to high standard of morality and
decency and shall set good examples for others. During their
term of office they should not be involved as owners, operators
or investors of any house of ill refute or activities that promote
vices. They should be likewise faithful to their lawfully
wedded spouses. 
2.     Judicious Use of Authority  
PNP members shall exercise proper and legitimate use of
authority in the performance of duty.
3.     Integrity
PNP members shall not allow themselves to be victims of
corruption and dishonest practices.
4.     Justice
PNP members shall strive constantly to respect rights of others.
5.     Humility
PNP members must perform their duties without arrogance.
They should recognize their own inadequacies, inabilities and
limitations as individuals and perform their duties without
attracting attention or expecting the applause of others.
6.     Orderliness
All PNP members shall follow logical procedures in
accomplishing task assigned to them to minimize waste in the
use of time money and effort.
7.     Perseverance
Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take
legitimate means to achieve the goal even in the face of
internal and external difficulties and despite anything, which
might weaken their resolve in the course of time.
 Police Customs and Traditions
Definitions  
1.    Customs-established usage or social practices carried on
by tradition that has obtained the force of law.
2.    Traditions- bodies of belief, stories , and customs usages
banded prom the generation to generation with the effect of
unwritten law.
3.    Courtesy- a manifestation or expression of consideration
and respect for others.
4.    Ceremony- a formal acts established by customs or
authority as proper to special occasion.
5.    Social Decorum-a set of norms or standard practiced by
members during social and other functions.
 Police Customs on Courtesy
1.    Salute- the usual greeting rendered by uniformed members
upon meeting and recognizing person entitled to salute.
2.    Salute to the National Color and Standard- members
stand at attention and salute the national color and standard as
it pass by them or lowered during ceremonies.
3.    Address/Title-junior in rank address senior members who
are entitled to salute with word “Sir”
 Police Customs and Courtesy Calls
1.    Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/ Appointed Members
- PNP members who are newly appointed or assigned in a unit
or command call on the chief of the unit or command and to
other key personnel for accounting, orientation and other
purposes.
2.    Christmas call- PNP members pay a Christmas call on
their local executive in their respective area of responsibility.
3.    New Year’s Call-PNP members pay a new year’s call on
their superiors or key officials on their respective area of
responsibility.
4.    Promotion Call –newly appointed PNP members call on
their unit heads. On this occasion, they are usually given due
recognition and congratulations by their peers for such
deserved accomplishment.
5.     Exit Call – PNP members pay an exit call in their
superior in their command when relieved or reassigned out of
the said unit or command.
6.    Courtesy of the Post – the host unit extends hospitality to
visiting personnel who pays respect to the command or unit.
7.    Rank-Has-It-Own Privilege (RHIP) – PNP members
recognize the practice that different ranks carry with them
corresponding privileges.
 Police Customs on Ceremonies
1.    Flag Raising Ceremony – The PNP members honor the
flag by raising it and singing the National Anthem before the
start of official day’s work.
2.    Flag Retreat Ceremony – At the end of the official day’s
work, the PNP members pause for the moment to salute the
lowering of the flag.
3.    Half-Mast– The flag is raised at half-mast in deference to
deceased uniformed members of the command.
4.    Funeral Service and Honors – Departed uniformed
members, retirees, war veterans, PC/INP members are given
vigil, neurological services, and grave side honors as a gesture
of farewell.
5.    Ceremonies Tendered to Retirees – In recognition to
their long and faithful and honorable service to the PNP, a
testimonial activity is rendered to their honor.
6.    Honor of Ceremony – Arrival and Departure honor
ceremonies are tendered to visiting dignitaries. VIP’s, PNP
officer with the grade of Chief Superintendent and above and
AFP officers with the equivalent grade, unless waived.
7.    Turn-over Ceremony- The relinquishment and
assumption of command or key position of command is
publicity announced in a turn-over ceremony by the outgoing
and incoming officer in the presence of the immediate
supervisor or his representative.
8.    Wedding Ceremonies- During marriage of PNP
members , a ceremony is conducted with participant in uniform
and swords drawn.
9.    Anniversary- The birth or institutional establishment of
the command or unit is commemorated in an anniversary
ceremony.
 Police Customs on Social Decorum
1.    Proper Attire – PNP members always wear appropriate
and proper attire in conformity with the occasion.
2.    Table Manners – PNP members always observe table
etiquettes at all times.
3.    Social Graces – PNP members should conduct themselves
properly in dealing with people during social functions.
4.    Uniform/Appearance–the public looks upon the PNP
members as distinctively a man among men. It is a welcome
sight when the PNP members wear their uniform wherever
they may be, since disciplined PNP members are the best
exemplified by those who are in neat appearance and wearing
the prescribed uniform, they must therefore observe the
following, to wit;
 Wearing of prescribed uniform;
 Wearing as part of the uniform, awards, and decorations
earned in accordance with the prescribed rules and
regulations.
 Adherence to haircut prescribed by rules and
regulations.
5.    Manner of Walking – Every PNP member is expected to
walk with pride and dignity.
 Other Police Customs
1.    Visiting the Sick –PNP members who are sick in the
hospital, their residence or any place of confinement are visited
by their immediate commanders or other available officers of
the unit in order that their needs are attended to.
2.    Survivor Assistance to Heirs of Deceased Members
– When PNP members die, a survivor officer is designated to
render maximum assistance to their legitimate bereaved family
until all benefits due shall have been received.
3.    Visiting the Religious Leader – PNP officers visits
religious leaders in their area of assignment to establish or
maintain rapport or cooperation between the different religious
leaders and the PNP.
4.    Athletics–All PNP members indulge in physical fitness
activities to insure that their proper physical appearance and
bearing are maintained with waist line measurement always
smaller that the size of his chest and in conformity in the
standard set forth by the organization.
5.    Happy Hours –Usually on Friday or any other day
suitable for the occasion, PNP members gathered together at
their PNP club for light hearted jesting or airing of minor
gripes.
 Police Traditions
1.    Spiritual Beliefs – The PNP members are traditionally
religious and God-loving person. They attend religious services
together with the members of their family.
2.    Valor – History attest that the Filipino law enforcers have
exemplified the traditions of valor in defending the country
from aggression and oppression. They sacrificed their limbs
and lives for the sake of their countrymen whom they have
pledged to serve.
3.    Patriotism–The PNP members are traditionally patriotic
by nature. They manifest their love of country with a pledge of
allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the constitution.
4.    Discipline–the discipline of the PNP members are
manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and
through spontaneous action towards attainment of
organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical, and legal
norms.
5.    Gentlemanliness–the PNP members are upright in
character, polite in manners, dignified in appearance, and
sincere in their concern to their fellowman.
6.    Word of Honor –the PNP members’ word is their bonds.
They stand by and commit to uphold it.
7.    Duty – the PNP members have historically exemplified
themselves as dedicated public servants who perform their
tasks with deep sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice.
8.    Loyalty – the policemen are traditionally loyal to the
organization, country, or people, as borne by history and
practice.
9.    Camaraderie–the binding spirit that enhances the
teamwork and cooperation in the police organization,
extending to the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP
members’ deep commitment and concern to one another.
 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to
serve mankind; to safeguard life and property; to protect the
innocent against deception; the weak against oppression or
intimidation; and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and
to respect the Constitutional right of all men, to liberty,
equality, and justice.
I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to
all, maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn or
ridicule, develop self-restraint and be constantly mindful of the
welfare of others. Honest in thought and indeed in my both
personal and official life, I will be the exemplary in obeying
the laws of the land and regulations of my organization.
Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is
confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret
unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.
I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings,
prejudices, animosities or friendships to influence my decision.
With no compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution
of criminal, I will enforce the law courteously and
appropriately, without fear or favor, malice or ill-will, never
employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting
gratuities in return.
I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public
faith and I accept it as public trust to be held so long as I am
true to the ethics of the police service. I will never engage in
the acts of corruption, or bribery, or will I condone such acts by
other police officers. I will cooperate with all legally
authorized agencies and their representatives in the pursuit of
justice.
I know that I alone, am responsible for my own standard of
professional performance and will take every reasonable
opportunity to enhance and improve my level of knowledge
and competence. I will constantly strive to achieve these
objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my
chosen profession……law enforcement.
 Police Officers’ Pledge
1.    I will love and serve God, my country and people;
2.    I will uphold the Constitution and obey legal orders of the
duly constituted authorities;
3.    I will oblige myself to maintain a high standard of morality
and professionalism;
4.    I will respect the customs and traditions of the police
service; and
5.    I will live a decent and virtuous life to serve as an example
to others.
IV. POLICECOMMUNITY RELATIONS (PCR)
 Background on Police-Community Relations
 Section 2of the RA 6975 reads:
Sec. 2.DECLARATION OF POLICY – it is hereby declared
to be the policy of the State to promote peace and order, ensure
public safety and further strengthen local government
capability aimed towards the effective delivery of the basic
services to the citizenry through the establishment of a highly
efficient and competent police force that is national in scope
and civilian in character. Towards this end, the state shall
bolster a system of coordination and cooperation among the
citizenry, local executives and the integrated law enforcement
and public safety agencies created under this act.
Said provision was later amended by RA 8551, which reads:
Sec 2.DECLARATION OF POLICY AND PRINCIPLES –
it is hereby declared the policy of the state to establish a highly
efficient and competent police force which is national in scope
and civilian in character administered and controlled by a
National Police Commission.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) shall be a community
and service oriented agency responsible for the maintenance
of peace and order and public safety.
 PNP VISION
The men and women of the PNP is committed to a vision of a
professional, dynamic and highly motivated Philippine
National Police working in partnership with a responsive
community towards the attainment of a safe place to live,
work, invest and do business with.
 PNP MISSION
To enforce the law, to prevent and control crimes, to maintain
peace and order, and to ensure public safety and internal
security with the active support of the community.
DEFINITIONS
Ø  POLICE
-         A group of persons established, maintained and
organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives and
property, and for the prevention and detection of crimes.
Ø  COMMUNITY
-         Refers to the civilian populace or the public in general,
and shall be used interchangeably with the terms, public,
citizenry, society and private sectors.
-         A body of people organized into political, municipal or
social unity or a body of persons living in the same locality.
-         Derived from the Latin word “communis” which means
“common” and “tatis” which means “fellowship”.
Ø  POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS
-         The sum total of the dealings between the police and the
people it serves, and whose goodwill and cooperation it craves,
for the greatest possible efficiency in the service.
-         Refers to the reciprocal attitudes of the police and the
community
Ø  PUBLIC RELATIONS
-         The act of bringing about better understanding,
confidence and acceptance for an individual or an organization.
Ø  POLICE PUBLIC RELATIONS
-         The continuing process by which endeavors are made to
obtain the goodwill and cooperation of the public for effective
enforcement of the law and accomplishment of the police
purposes.
Ø  HUMAN RELATIONS
-         Consists of the fundamental rules both moral and legal,
which govern the relationship of men in all aspects of life.
Ø  MEDIA/MASS MEDIA
-         The channels through which information is disseminated
to the public.
-         May be in form of television, movies, radio or
newspaper, and the like.
Ø  PROPAGANDA  OBJECTIVES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY
-         The planned use of mass communication for public RELATIONS
purposes. 1.    To maintain and develop the goodwill and confidence of
Ø  POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE the community for the police;
-         Refers to how people in the community perceive or 2.    To obtain cooperation and assistance;
regard the police. 3.    To develop public understanding and support, and
 FOUNDATION OF COMMUNITY RELATIONS appreciation for the service of the police;
The foundation of community relations is EFFICIENT 4.    To create broader understanding and sympathy with the
SERVICE. problems and needs of the police;
 REQUIREMENTS FOR GOOD COMMUNITY 5.    To facilitate law enforcement and compliance;
RELATIONS 6.    To build public opinion in favor of the police; and
1.    Sincerity in serving the public; 7.    To achieve the police purposes of preserving the peace,
2.    Full knowledge of the job; protection of life and property, and the prevention of crime.
3.    Deep conviction in the mobility of his work as a necessary  PRINCIPLES OF POLICE-COMMUNITY
service to promote individual or national welfare; RELATIONS
4.    Sound police ethics; and 1.    Community support must be maintained.
5.    High standards of management and operations. 2.    Community resentment must be avoided.
 THREE ASPECTS OF POLICE-COMMUNITY 3.    Community goodwill must be developed.
RELATIONS 4.    Community must be kept informed.
1.     Community Service  FOUR (4) GENERAL APPROACHES IN POLICE-
-         Activities that provide service to the community may be COMMUNITY RELATIONS
in form of medical-dental mission, sports clinic, feeding 1.    Externally-Oriented Approach
programs, seminars, etc. -         Directed towards the general public or various enclaves
2.     Community Participation within the society.
-         Involvement of the community in the various social 2.    Youth-Oriented Approach
projects, particularly, in the area of crime prevention -         Directed the majority of police efforts towards the youth
-         Awareness of the community of their role in crime of the community
prevention.
3.     Public Relations 3.    Service-Oriented Approach
-         Activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable -         Emphasis is given to the alleviation of social problems
impressions to the public. as the basic objective of the program.
-         Projection of the police public image to the people to 4.    Internally-Oriented Approach
gain their support and cooperation
-         Essential characteristics is the realization that the officer  Criminology derives from the Latin words- Crimen
on beat creates community relations because “Every officer of means offense coined by an Anthropologist named
the organization, is a police-community relations officer”. PAUL TOPINARD
 PNP Philosophy
RAFFAELE GAROFALO (CRIMINOLIA) in 1885
 1.Service
 2.Honor Sub-Fields of Criminology
 3.Justice Sociological Criminology
PNP Core Values  the study of crime focused on the group of people and
 Makadios (God-Fearing) society as a whole. It is primarily based on the
 Makabayan (Nationalistic) examination of the relationship of demographic and
 Makatao (Humane)
group variables to crime.
Ethical Acts to be observed by PNP members
 Morality Psychological Criminology
 Judicious use of authority  the science of behavior and mental processes of the
 Integrity criminal.
 Justice Psychiatric Criminology
 Humility  the science that deals with the study of crime through
 Orderliness forensic psychiatry, the study of criminal behavior in
 Perseverance      
terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the
individual.
Sociology of Crime and Ethics
Ex. (Psychoanalytic Theory - Sigmund Freud).
INTRO. CRIM It also explains that criminals are acting out of uncontrollable
CRIMINOLOGY animalistic, unconscious, or biological urges
 is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and
crime as a social phenomenon (Tradio, 1999).
 It may also refer to the study of crimes and criminals Scope of the Study of Criminology
and the attempt of analyzing scientifically their causes o Criminal Behavior or Criminal Etiology
and control and the treatment of criminals. o Sociology of Law
 is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995).
o Penology or Correction
 Scientific study of Crimes
o Criminalistics or Forensic Science
CRIME Defined as:
o Legal
o Social
o Psychological
Criminological Classification of Crime
1. Acquisitive and Extinctive Crimes
2. Seasonal and Situational Crimes
3. Episodic and Instant Crimes
4. Static and Continuing Crimes
5. Rational and Irrational Crimes
6. White Collar and Blue Collar Crimes
7. Upper World and Underworld Crimes
8. Crimes by Imitation and Crimes by Passion
9. Service Crimes
CRIMINAL On the basis of the definition of crime, a criminal
may be defined in three ways:
o Legal
o Social
o Psychological
Criminological Classification of Criminals
Based on Etiology
o Acute Criminal is one who violates a criminal law
because of the impulse or fit of passion. They commit
passionate crimes.
o Chronic Criminal is one who commits crime acted in
consonance of deliberated thinking. He plans the crime
ahead of time. They are the targeted offenders.
Based on Behavioral System
o Ordinary Criminal is considered the lowest form of
criminal in a criminal career, pushed to commit crimes
due to great opportunity.
o Organized Criminal is one who associates himself
with other criminals to earn a high degree of
organization to enable them to commit crimes easily
without being detected by authorities.
o Professional Criminal is a person who is engaged in
criminal activities with high degree of skill.
Criminological Classification of Criminals
Based on Activities
o Professional Criminals are those who practice crime
as a profession for a living. Criminal activity is constant
in order to earn skill and develop ability in their
commission.
o Accidental Criminals are those who commit crimes
when the situation is conducive to its commission.
o Habitual Criminals are those who continue to commit
crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of
self – control.
Based on Mental Attitudes
 o Active Criminals are those who commit crimes due to
aggressiveness.
o Passive Inadequate Criminals are those who commit
crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or
promise.
o Socialized Delinquents are criminals who are normal
in behavior but defective in their socialization process
or development.
Criminological Classification of Criminals
 
Based on Legal Classification
o Habitual Delinquent is a person who, with in a period
of ten years from the date of his release or last
conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious
physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification, is
found guilty of any of the said crimes or a third time
oftener.
o Recidivist is one who, at the time of his trial for one
crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced in the same title of
the Revised Penal Code.
APPROACHES AND THEORIES OF CRIME
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES - deals mainly on the
biological explanation of crimes, focused on the forms of
abnormalities that exist in the individual criminal before,
during and after the commission of the crime (Tradio, 1999).
Included under this approach are:
1. Anthropological Approach – the study on the physical
characteristics of an individual offender with non-
offenders
2. Medical Approach - the application of medical
examinations on the individual criminal explain the
mental and physical condition of the individual prior
and after the commission of the crime (Positivist).
3. Biological Approach –the evaluation of genetic
influences to criminal behavior. It is noted that heredity
is one force pushing the criminal to crime (Positivist).
4. Physiological Approach – the study on the nature of
human being concerning his physical needs in order to
satisfy his wants(Maslow).
5. Psychological Approach – it is concerned about the
deprivation of the psychological needs of man,(Freud,
Maslow).
6. Psychiatric Approach – the explanation of crime
through diagnosis of mental diseases as a cause of the
criminal behavior (Positivist).
7. Psychoanalytical Approach – the explanation of
crimes based on the Freudian Theory, which traces
behavior as the deviation of the repression of the basic
drives (Freud).
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES - The objective approaches
deal on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as
influences to behavior. They are primarily derived from social
sciences (Tradio, 1999).
Under this are:
1. Geographic Approach – this approach considers
topography, natural resources, geographical location,
and climate lead an individual to commit crime
(Quetelet).
2. Ecological Approach – it is concerned with the biotic
grouping of men resulting to migration, competition,
social discrimination, division of labor and social
conflict as factors of crime (Park).
3. Economic Approach – it deals with the explanation of
crime concerning financial security of inadequacy and
other necessities to support life as factors to criminality
(Merton).
4. Socio – Cultural Approach – those that focus on
institutions, economic, financial, education, political,
and religious influences to crime (Cohen).
THEORIES OF CRIME AND THE PIONEERS
PRE-CLASSICAL ERA
Demonological Theory-
The Classical School of Criminology  treated and checked by the imposition of punishment but rather
This is the school of thought advocated Cesare
Bonesara Marchese de Beccaria together with Jeremy
Bentham (1823)
He proposed “Utilitarian Hedonism”, the theory, which
explains that a person always acts in such a way as to seek
pleasure and avoid pain.
Cesare Beccaria in his “ESSAY on Crimes and
Punishment” presented his key ideas on the abolition of
torture as a legitimate means of extracting confessions
Freewill (Beccaria) – a philosophy advocating punishment
severe enough for people to choose, to avoid criminal acts. It
includes the belief that a certain criminal act warrants a certain
punishment without any punishment without any variation.
Hedonism (Bentham) – the belief that people choose pleasure
and avoid pain.
The Neo-Classical School of Criminology
The neo-classical school of criminology argued that
situations or circumstances that made it impossible to exercise
freewill are reasons to exempt the accused from conviction.
The Positivist/Italian School (1838 – 1909)
 
It maintained that crime as any other act is a natural
phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or calamity. That
crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be
rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual measures.
Cesare Lombroso and his two students,
Enrico Ferri and Rafaele Garofalo advocated this
school.
Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) – criminal 40 personal with with venereal disease, 50 prostitues
The Italian leader of the positivist school of criminology, was and 280 killers.
criticized for his methodology and his attention to the Dougdale argued that they were transmitting a degenerate trait
biological characteristics of offenders, but his emphasis on the to the next generation.
need to study offenders scientifically.
He wrote the essay entitled “CRIME: Its Causes and Enrico Ferri (1856 – 1929) – He was the best-known
Remedies” that contains his key ideas and the classifications of Lombroso’s associate.
criminals. His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso doctrine of free will.Interested in controlling crime through
o Born Criminals preventive measures: state control of the manufacture of
o Criminal by Passion weapons, inexpensive housing and better street ligthing.
o Insane Criminals Argued that crime was caused by social, economic and political
o Criminoloid – a person who commits crime due to less determinants
physical stamina/self self control. Raffaele Garofalo ( 1852 – 1934) – Another follower of
Lombroso, an Italian nobleman, magistrate, senator, and
Classical School Positivist School professor of law. Like Lombroso and Ferri, he rejected the
 Legal definition of crime  No to legal definition doctrine of free will and supported the position that the only
 Punishment fit the crime  Punishment fit the
way to understand crime was to study it by scientific methods.
 Doctrine of free will criminal
Influenced on Lombroso’s theory of atavistic stigmata (man’s
 Death penalty allowed  Doctrine of determinism
inferior/ animalistic behavior), he traced the roots of criminal
 No empirical research  Abolition of death
penalty behavior not to physical features but to their psychological
 Definite sentence
 Inductive method equivalents, which he called “moral anomalies”.
 Indeterminate sentence Comparison of Classical and Positivist
o Occasional Criminal
o Pseudo-criminals –
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY THEORIES
Richard Dougdale- study the Inherited Criminality – JUKES
Family
David Emile Durkheim (French, 1858 - 1917)
Ada jukes considered as mother of Criminals, of 1,000
descendants Dougdale found 60 thieves, 7 muderers, 40 toher
  He advocated the “Anomie Theory”, the theory that
focused on the sociological point of the positivist
school, which explains that the absence of norms in a
society provides a setting conductive to crimes and
other anti-social acts.
 According to him, the explanation of human conduct
lies not in the individual but in the group and the social
organization.
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1969)
 Psychologists have considered a variety of possibilities
to account for individual differences – defective
conscience, emotional immaturity, inadequate
childhood socialization, maternal deprivation, and poor
moral development. The Freudian view on criminal
behavior was based on the use of Psychology in
explaining an approach in understanding criminal
behavior – the foundation of the Psychoanalytical
theory.
Robert Ezra Park (1864 - 1944)
 Park is a strong advocate of the scientific method in
explaining criminality but he is a sociologist. He
advocated the “Human Ecology Theory”. Human
Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of people
and their environment.
MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Ernest Kretschmer (1888 – 1964)
 The idea of somatotyping was originated from the
work of a German Psychiatrist, Ernest Kretschmer,
who distinguished three principal types of physique as:
1. Asthenic – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders
2. Athletic – medium to tall, strong, muscular, course
bones
3. Pyknic – medium height, rounded figure, massive neck,
broad face
William H. Sheldon (1898 – 1977)
 his own Somatotyping Theory. His key ideas are
concentrated on the principle of “Survival of the
Fittest” as a behavioral science. He combines the
biological and psychological explanation to understand
deviant behavior.
Classification of Body Physique by Sheldon
1. Endomorphy – a type with relatively predominance of
soft, roundness through out the regions of the body.
They have low specific gravity. Persons with typically
relaxed and comfortable disposition.
2. Mesomorphy – athletic type, predominance of muscle,
bone and connective tissue, normally heavy, hard and
firm, sting and tough. They are the people who are
routinely active and aggressive, and they are the most
likely to commit crimes.
3. Ectomorphy – thin physique, flat chest, delicacy
through the body, slender, poorly muscled. They tend to
look more fatigue and withdrawn.
Edwin Sutherland (1883 - 1950)
  “the most important criminologist of the twentieth
century”, he was considered as the “Dean of Modern
Criminology.” He said that crime is learned and not
inherited.
 He advocated the DAT – Differential Association
Theory, which maintain that the society is composed
of different group organization, the societies consist of
a group of people having criminalistic tradition and
anti-criminalistic tradition. And that criminal behavior
is learned and not inherited.
Walter Reckless (1899 - 1988)
 The Containment Theory assumes that for every
individual there exists a containing external structure
and a protective internal structure, both of which
provide defense, protection or insulation against crime
or delinquency.
 the outer structure of an individual are the external
pressures such as poverty, unemployment and blocked
opportunities while the inner containment refers to the
person’s self control ensured by strong ego, good self
image, well developed conscience, high frustration
tolerance and high sense of responsibility.
Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem Bonger (1818 -1940)
 They are the proponents of the Social Class Conflict
and Capitalism Theory.
 Marx and Engel claim that the ruling class in a
capitalist society is responsible for the creation of
criminal law and their ideological bases in the
interpretation and enforcement of the laws. All are
reflected in the ruling class, thus crime and delinquency
are reflected on the demoralized surplus of population,
which is made up of the underprivileged usually the
unemployed and underemployed.
 Willem Bonger, a Marxist-Socialist, on the other hand,
placed more emphasis on working bout crimes of
economic gain. He believes that profit -motive of
capitalism generates an egoistic personality. Hence,
crime is an inevitable outcome.
LATE 20TH CENTURY: THE CONTEMPORARY
PIONEERS
Robert King Merton (1910)
 He advocated the Strain Theory, which maintains that
the failure of man to achieve a higher status of life
caused them to commit crimes in order for that
status/goal to be attained.
 Merton’s explanation to criminal behavior assumes that
people are law abiding but when under great pressure
will result to crime.
 Merton’s mode of Adaptation
1. Conformity- accepts the culturally defined goals and
the prescribed means for achieving those goals.
2. Innovation- accepts society’s goals, but design their
own means for achieving them.
3. Ritualism- Abandon society goals and concentrate only
on the means.
4. Retreatism- individual who give up on the goals and the
means ex. Addicts
 5. Rebellion-both cultural goals and means are rejected
and subsituted by new ones.
Albert Cohen (1918)
 He advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of
Delinquency. Cohen claims that the lower class cannot
socialize effectively as the middle class in what is
considered appropriate middle class behavior. Thus, the
lower class gathered together share their common
problems, forming a subculture that rejects middle class
values.
 Cohen called this process as reaction formation. Much
of this behavior comes to be called delinquent
behavior; the subculture is called a gang and the kids
are called delinquents.
Lloyd Ohlin (1928)
 He advocated the DOT – Differential Opportunity
Theory. This theory explained that society leads the
lower class to want things and society does things to
people.
 He claimed that there is differential opportunity, or
access, to success goals by both legitimate and
illegitimate means depending on the specific location
of the individual within the social structure. Thus,
lower class groups are provided with greater
opportunities for the acquisition of deviant acts.
Gresham Sykes (1922)
 He advocated the Neutralization Theory.
 It maintains that an individual will obey or disobey
societal rules depending upon his or her ability to
rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or
destruction.
 People become law abiding if they feel they are
benefited by it and they violate it if these laws are not
favorable to them.
 Neutralization and Drift Theory- developed by David
Matza and Gresham Sykes- even most committed
criminals and deliquencts are not involved in
criminality all the time, they drift ijn and out of
conventional and criminal behavior.
Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker (1822
- 1982)
 They are the advocates of the Labeling Theory – the
theory that explains about social reaction to behavior.
Earl Richard Quinney (1934)
 He was a Marxist criminologist who advocated the
Instrumentalist Theory of capitalist rule.
 He argued that the state exist as a device for controlling
the exploited class – the class that labors for the benefit
of the ruling class.
 He claims that upper classes create laws that protect
their interest and t the same time the unwanted behavior
of all other members of society.
Quinney major contribution is that he proposed the shift in
focus from looking for the causes of crime from the individual
to the examination of the Criminal Justice System for clues.
THEORISTS
Charles Goring’s Theory (1870 - 1919)
  He contradicted the Lombroso’s idea that criminality
can be seen through features alone. Nevertheless,
Goring accepted that criminals are physically inferior to
normal individuals in the sense that criminals tend to be
shorter and have less weight than non-criminals.
Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887 - 1954) –
 An Anthropologist who reexamined the work of Goring
and found out that:Tall thin men tend to commit forgery
and fraud, undersized men are thieves and burglars,
short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex
crimes; whereas mediocre (average) physique flounder
around among other crimes.” He also contended that
criminals are originally inferior; and that crime is the
result of the impact of environment.
 Adolphe Quetelet (1796 - 1874)
 Quetelet was a Belgian Statistician who pioneered
Cartography and the Carthographical School of
Criminology that placed emphasis on social statistics.
 He discovered, basing on his research, that crimes
against persons increased during summer and
crimes against property tends to increase during
winter.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970
 Introduced the Self-actualization Theory
 Human nature is basically good, not evil
 Normal human development involves the actualization
of this inherent goodness
Maslow’s Assumptions
SELF-ACTALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
SAFETY NEED
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
Psychopathology results from the frustration of a human
being’s essential nature
Theories
Physiognomy- study of facial features and their relation to
human behavior
Phrenology-criminality determined by shape of the skull
(Gall)
Physiology/Atavisms-criminals have measurable physical
differences from non-criminals (Lombroso, Hooton)
Critical sociological theories are also called ‘conflict’
theories. These theories deal with social justice and policies.
Feminism-women are treated differently than men.
Liberal feminism believes a system controlled by men prevents
opportunity for women. Women are also socialized differently.
Radical feminist believes that the justice system doesn’t
adequately address women’s concerns.
Socialist feminist believe that women are underrepresented in
positions of power and influence.
Critical Race Theory-indicates that people of color are over-
represented at every level of the justice system. It deals with
discrimination, prejudice and differential law enforcement.
Integrated Theory Theorist-believes that one theory alone
cannot explain crime.
Chicago School
 arose in the early 20th century, through the work of
Robert Ezra Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban
sociologist at University of Chicago. In the 1920s,
 Park and Burgess identified concentric zones that often
exist as cities grow, including the “zone in transition”
which was identified as most volatile and subject to
disorder.
 Chicago School sociologists adopted a social ecology
approach to studying cities, and postulated that urban
neighborhoods with high levels of poverty often
experience breakdown in the social structure and
institutions such as family and schools.
Social structure theories
Social disorganization(neighborhoods)
 This theory is based on the work of Henry Mckay and
Clifford R. Shaw of the Chicago School. Social
disorganization theory postulates that neighborhoods
plagued with poverty and economic deprivation tend to
experience high rates of population turnover.
 With high turnover, informal social structure often fails
to develop, which in turn makes it difficult to maintain
social order in a community.
Social Ecology
 Since the 1970s, social ecology studies have built on
the social disorganization theories. May studies have
found that crime rates are associated with poverty,
disorder, high numbers of abandoned buildings and
other signs of community deterioration.
 William Julius Wilson suggested a poverty
“concentration effect”, which may cause
neighborhoods to be isolated from the mainstream of
society and become prone to violence.
Individual theories
Social Process theories
 theories which are based on the concept that an
individual’s socialization determines the likelihood of
criminality.
 According to social process theories- all people,
regarding of their race, class or gender, have the
potential to become delinquent or criminals.
Trait theories
 Biosocial and psychological trait theories have emerged
in modern criminology, as scientific knowledge of
genetics, biochemistry and neurology has grown.
 Biosocial theorists believe in equipotentiality and that
genetics significantly influence human behavior. They
believe that biological factors, together with
environment and social behavior.
Control Theories
 Instead of looking for factors that make people become
criminal, those theories try to explain why people do
not become criminal.
Social Bond Theory
  Travis Hirschi identified four main characteristics:
1. “Attachment to other”,
2. “belief in moral validity of rules”
3. “commitment to achievement” and
4. “involvement in conventional activities”.
 The more a person features those characteristics, the
less are the chances that he or she becomes deviant (or
criminal).
 On the other hand, if those factors are not present in a
person, it is more likely that he or she might become
criminal.
 Hirschi expanded on this theory, with the idea that a
person with low self control is more likely to become
criminal.
Labeling theory
 emphasizes the criminalization process as the cause of
crime.
 The focus on criminalization process rather than the
positivist with the peculiarities of the Criminal.
 Criminalization process- the way people and actions
are defined as criminal.
Conflict Theory
 assumes that society is based primarily on conflict
between competing interest groups and that criminal
law and the criminal justice system are used to control
subordinate groups.
 Crime is caused by relative powerlessness- the inability
to dominate other groups in society.
Radical Theory
 crime causation that are generally based on Marxist
theory of class struggle.
 Argue that capitalism requires people to compete
against each other in the pursuit of material wealth.
Learning theory
 is a theory that explains criminal behavior and its
prevention with the concepts of:
1. Positive reinforcement- the presentation of a stimulus
that increases or maintains a response.
2. Negative reinforcement- the removal or reduction of
stimulus whose removal or reduction increase or
maintains response.
3. Extinction- a process in which behavior that previously
was positively reinforced is no longer reinforced.
4. Punishment- the presentation of an aversive stimulus
to reduce a response.
5. Imitations or modeling- a means by which a person
can learn new responses by observing others without
performing any overt or receiving direct reinforcement
or reward.
Symbolic internationism draws on the phenomenology of
Edmund Hussel and George Herbert Mead, as well as sub-
cultural theory and conflict theory.
 This school of thought focused on the relationship
between the powerful state, media and conservative
ruling elite on the one hand, and less powerful groups
on the other.
 The powerful groups had the ability to become the
significant other in the less powerful grouped processes
 of generating meaning. The former could to some
extent impose their meaning on the latter, and therefore
they were able to label minor delinquent youngsters as
criminal.
 These youngsters would often take on board the label,
indulge in crime more readily and become actors in the
self-fulfilling prophecy of the powerful groups.
Rational Choice theory
 Argues that criminals like other people, weigh
costs/risks and benefits when deciding whether or not to
commit crime and think in economic terms. They will
also try to minimize risks of crime by considering the
time, place and other situational factors.
Routine Activity Theory
 Developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen,
drew upon control theories and explained crime in
terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life.
 A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in
time and place including
a) a motivated offender
b) suitable target or victim
c) lack of capable guardian.
 Routine activity theory was expanded by John Eck,
who added a fourth element of place manger such as
rental property managers who can take nuisance
abatement measures.
VICTIMS OF CRIME
Victimology
 A subfield of criminology that specializes in studying
the victims of crime.
Victimology
 is simply the study of victims of crimes and
contributory role, if any, in crime causation.
Theory of Victimology
Victim Precipitation Theory
Von Hentig (1941)—by acting in certain provocative ways,
some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their
victimization.
Victim precipitation theory has been most contentious when it
is applied to rape.
Schafer(1968): theory said victims knowingly or unknowingly
contribute to their own victimization and share responsibility
with their offender
Routine Activities/Lifestyle Theory
The basic idea of lifestyle theory is that there are certain
lifestyles that disproportionately expose some people to high
risk for victimization.
Lifestyles are the routine patterned activities that people
engage in on a daily basis, both obligatory and optional.
Most of the research in routine activities/lifestyle theory has
been done on rape victimization.
Proximity Theory:
 Less about lifestyle and more about closeness.
 Victims and offenders live in the same areas (lots of
people, poverty, transient neighborhoods) Probability of
 being a victim has to do with where you live, not your
lifestyle.
Is Victimology Blaming the Victim?
 Some victim advocates strongly reject victimology
theories as victim blaming.
 Victimologists do not blame, they simply remind us
that complete innocence and full responsibility lie on a
continuum.
Mendelsohn’s Theory of Victimization
 Mendelson may have been the first to use the term.
 Was one of the first to focus on victims as a key to
understanding crime.
1. The completely innocent victim
2. The victim with minor guilt
3. The victim who is as guilty as the offender
4. The victim who is more guilty than the offender
5. The most guilty victim
6. The imaginary victim
Von Hentig’s Theory of Victimization
 Victims responsible for their harms
 His classification schema was based on psychological,
social and biological factors
 In 1948, he developed three broad categorizations of
victims
1. General: age, gender, vulnerabilities
2. Psychological: depressed, acquisitive,
loneliness
3. Activating: victim turned offender
Karmen’s Theory of Victimization
 The dynamics of why or how the victim entered the
dangerous situation
 How the criminal justice system and social service
agencies interact with and respond to the victim
 Evaluate the effectiveness of the system and reform
efforts to meet victim needs
STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
 A major description of criminal psychology is the word
behavior.
 Behavior refers to actions or activities (Kahayon,
1985).
 To the criminologist, behavior is the observable actions
because he is more interested in actions and reactions
that can be seen and verified than in concepts, which
cannot be directly verified.
Classification of Behavior
 Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior)
 Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted
behavior)
o Abnormal behavior according to deviation of statistical
norms based in statistical frequency: Many
characteristics such as weight, height, an intelligence
cover a range of values when, measured over a
population.
 o Abnormal behavior according to deviation from social
norms: A behavior that deprives from the accepted
norms of society is considered abnormal.
o Behavior as maladaptive: Maladaptive behavior is the
effect of a well being of the individual and or the social
group.
o Abnormal behavior due to personal distress: This is
abnormally in terms of the individual subjective
feelings of distress rather than the individual behavior.
o Abnormality in its legal point: It declares that a person
is insane largely on the basis of his inability to judge
between right and wrong or to exert control over his
behavior
Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and
Control
JUVENILE
 Youth or young person
DELINQUENCY
 Offense, fault, neglect or failure of duty. Such
behaviors committed by a young person as to bring him
to the attention of the court or that go against social
norm.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
 Is an imprecise nebulous or indistinct legal and social
label for a wide variety of law and norm violating
behaviors.
JUVENILE DELINQUENT
 One who is incorrigible, ungovernable or habitually
disobedient and beyond control of his parents, guardian,
custodian.
 One who is habitually truant; habitually uses obscene or
profane language, one who willfully injure or endanger
the morals or health of others or himself; one who
associates with any immoral or vicious person.
DEVIANCE
 A behavior that departs from the social norm.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
 It exists in the violation of norms which are sufficient to
exceed the general tolerance limit of society.
SOCIAL NORM
 Is a set of standard behavior of the society.
YOUTHFUL OFFENDER
 Is a child, minor or youth including one who is
emancipated in accordance with law, and is over nine
years but under eighteen years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense.
PARENS PATRIAE
 Is the power of the state to act in behalf of the child and
provide care and protection equivalent to that of a
parent?
STATUS OFFENSE
  An act that is declared as an offense, but only when
committed status offenses.
STATUS OFFENDER
 A juvenile who has been adjudicated by a court as
having committed status offenses.
EMANCIPATION
 A relinquishment of the care, custody and earnings of a
minor child and the renunciation of parental duties.
ANOMIE
 Is a condition produced by normlessness. This is
because of rapidly shifting moral values, a person then
has few guides to what is socially acceptable behavior.
INHERITANCE
 Is the transmission of physical characteristics mental
traits, tendency to disease, from parents to offspring in
genetics, the tendency manifested by an organism to
develop in the likeness of a progenitor due to the
transmission of genes in the productive process.
HEREDITY
 A biological endowment or gift of nature.
SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR ARE DEFINED UNDER A
BROADER CATEGORY:
PINS – Person In Need of Supervision
CHINS – Children In Need of Supervision
MINS – Minor In Need of Supervision
JINS – Juvenile In Need of Supervision
CHINA – Children In Need of Assistance
THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
CLASSICAL THEORY Pioneered by:
1. Cesare Beccaria (Freewill Doctrine)
2. Jeremy Bentham (Hedonism or Utilitarianism)
3. Essential Elements of Classical Criminology
In every society people have free will to choose
criminal or lawful solutions to meet their needs or settle
their problems. Criminal solutions may be more attractive
than lawful ones because they usually requires less work
for a greater payoff; if left unsanctioned, crime has greater
utility than conformity. A person’s choice of criminal
solutions may be controlled by his or her fear of
punishment. The more severe, certain, swift the
punishment, the better able it is to control criminal
behavior. In general, the Classical Theory views
delinquents as people who break the rules of society
because of greed or lack of moral character. The deterrent
effect of punishment can be used to control their behavior.
POSITIVIST THEORY OF DELINQUENCY
Two Perspectives of Positivism
The belief that human behavior is a function of internal and
external forces (Biological, Sociological and
Psychological) It embraced the scientific method to solve
problems. It rely on the strict implementation of empirical
methods to test a hypothesis.
Biological Determinism
  People have biological and mental traits make them
crime prone. These traits are inherited and present at
birth. Mental and physical degeneracy are the causes of
crime. The interpretation of human and human life from
a strictly biological point of view and it closely related
to genetic influence.
Physiognomy
 By Giambattista Della Porta and J. K. Lavater.
 Studied the facial features of criminals to determine
whether the shape of ears, nose, and eyes and the
distance between them were associated with anti-social
behavior.
Phrenology
 By Franz Joseph Gall and Johann K. Spurzheim (1776-
1832)
 Studied the shape of the skull and bumps of the head to
determine whether these physical attributes were linked
to criminal behavior.
Criminal Anthropology
 Popularized by Cesare Lombroso (Father of
Criminology).
Two Essential Features:
1. Criminal behavior is inherited (Born
Criminals)
2. These born criminals suffer from “Atavistic
Anomalies”.
Theory of Evolution “origin of species”,
By Charles Darwin
 claimed that humans, like other animals are parasite.
Man has an Animalistic (aggressive) behavior which
was the causes of crime.
Richard Dugdale Theory of Crime and Delinquency
 Studied the family free of Ada jukes – known as the
mother of criminals, which he claimed that since some
families produce generations of criminals, they must
have been transmitting degenerate traits down the line.
Henry Goddard Theory on Crime and Delinquency
 Studied the revolutionary family tree of Martin
Kallikak. Who advocated the theory that
“Feeblemindedness” inherited as Mendalian unit, cause
crime for the reason that feebleminded person is unable
to appreciate the consequences of his behavior or
appreciate the meaning the law.
Somatotyping School of Thought
 It maintains the belief of inheritance as the primary
determinants of behavior and the body physique is a
reliable indicator of personality.
 This theory states that delinquents and criminals
manifest distinct physiques that make them susceptible
to particular types of delinquent behaviors.
Earnest Kretschmer
 father of german somatotyping theory
 a German Psychiatrist who distinguished 3 principle
of body types:
 1. Asthenic – lean, slightly built;
2. Athletic – Strong Muscular, usually connected
with crime violence;
3. Pyknic – rounded figure, broad face.
4. Dysplastic or Mixed type – having predominant
type.
William Sheldon
 father of american somatotyping theory
 brought the work of Kretschmer to the United States.
He formulated his own group of somatotype;
 1. Ectomorph – slightly built;
 2. Endomorph – round bodies;
 3. Mesomorph – Athletic and muscular.
He maintains the belief of inheritance as the primary
determinants of behavior and the physique is the
reliable indicator of personality.
SOCIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM
 The concept of upbringing, socialization, learning and
control as determinants of behavior.
Adolphe Quetelet
 Pioneering sociologist along with E. Durkhiem, who
instigated the use of data and statistics in performing
criminological research. Known to be the founder of
Cartographical School of criminology who made use of
social statistics such as demographic information on the
population in relation to criminality.
1. Social Structure Theory
o It suggest that social and economic forces operating in
deteriorated lower class areas push many of their
residents into criminal behavior patterns.
A.social Disorganization by two Chicago Sociologist Henry
McKay and Clifford Shaw
 The absence of public order coupled problematic
characteristics of disorganized communities – namely
poverty, population heterogeneity and residential
mobility are strong predictor of high crime rates.
 They linked life in transitional slum areas/neighborhood
to the inclination to commit crime.
B. Strain Theory by Robert Merton
 they believe that most people share similar values and
goals but the ability to achieve personal goals is
stratified by socioeconomic class which causes
pressure (frustration, stress, depression) to an
individual resulting to cause unconventional behavior.
 refers to the friction and pains experienced by an
individual as he or she look for ways to satisfy his or
her needs.
5 modes of adaptation
1. Conformity – when individuals both embrace
conventional social goals and means.
2. Innovation – when an individuals accepts goals but
rejects or is incapable of attaining them through
legitimate means. This is most closely associated
with criminal behavior.
3. Ritualism – it gain pleasure from practicing
traditional ceremonies regardless of whether they
 have real purpose or goal. Have the lowest level of
criminal behavior because they have abandoned the
success goals, which is the root of criminal activity.
4. Retreatism – Rejects both goals and means of the
society. People are morally or otherwise incapable
of using both legitimate and illegitimate means,
they attempt to escape their lack of success by
withdrawing – either mentally or physically.
5. Rebellion – it involves substituting an alternative
set of goals and means for conventional ones. They
wish to promote radical change in the existing
social structure.
C. Theory of Anomie by Emile Durkheim
 from the Greek word “nomos” – without norms,
state of normalessness. A sociological concept that
helps describe the chaos and disarray accompanying
the loss of traditional values in modern society.
 according to Durkheim that an anomic society is
one in which rules of behavior (norms) have broken
down or become inoperative during the period of
social change or social crisis.
D. General Strain Theory by Robert Agnew
 whereas Merton tried to explain social class
differences in the crime rate, Agnew tries to explain
why individuals who feel stress and strain are more
likely to commit crimes. Agnew also offers a more
general explanation of criminal activity among all
elements of society rather than restricting his views
to lower class.
 the greater the intensity and frequency of strain
experiences, the greater their impact and the more
likely they are to cause delinquency and criminality.
E. Cultural Deviance
 Obedience to the norms of their lower class culture
puts people in conflict with the norms of the
dominant culture.
E.1. Delinquent Subculture theory by Albert Cohen
 the delinquent behavior of the lower class youths is
actually a protest against the norms and values of
the middle class. Because social conditions make
them incapable of achieving success legitimately,
lower class youths experience a form of culture
conflict that is know as Status Frustration.
 It claims that the lower class cannot socialize
effectively as the middle class, forming subculture
rejecting middle class values.
E.2. Differential Opportunity by Richard Cloward and
Lloyd Ohlin
 states that people in all strata of society share the
same success goals but that those in the lower class
have limited means of achieving them. People who
perceive themselves as failures within conventional
society will seek alternative or innovative means to
gain success.
  the absence of legitimate opportunity. Blockage of
conventional opportunities causes lower class
youths join to criminal behavior.
2. Social Process theory
o Hold that criminality is a function of individual
socialization. These theories draw attention to the
interactions people have with various organization,
institutions and processes of society.
Branches of Social Process
A. Social learning Theories
o Suggest that people learn the techniques and
attitudes of crime from close and intimate
relationships with criminal peers; crime is a learned
behavior.
A.1 Differential Association by Edwin Sutherland
 The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior
occurs within intimate personal groups.
 Criminal behavior is learned, learning is a by product of
interaction and the learning occurs within intimate
groups.
A.2. Differential Reinforcement (Direct Conditioning) by
Ronald Akers in collaboration with Robert Burgess
 People learn to be neither “all deviant” nor “all
conforming” but rather strike a balance of between the
two opposite poles of behavior.
 It occurs when behavior is reinforced by being either
rewarded or punished while interacting with others.
A.3. Neutralization theory by David Matza and Gresham
Sykes
 They view the process of becoming a criminal as a
learning experience in which potential delinquents and
criminals master techniques that enable them to
counterbalance or neutralize conventional values and
drift back and forth between illegitimate and
conventional behavior.
A.4. Gabriel Tarde and his theory of Imitation
 He believed people learn from one another through a
process of imitation.
1. Individuals imitate in others in proportion to the intensity
of and frequency of their contacts.
2. Inferiors imitate superiors.
3. When two behavior pattern clash, one may take the
others.
B. Social Control Theories
o maintains that all people have the potential to
violate the law and that modern society presents
many opportunities for illegal activity.
1. Social Bond Theory by Travish Hirschi
 Links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the
ties that bind people to the society. All individual are
potentials law violators, but they are kept under control
because they fear that illegal behavior will damage their
relationship with friends, parents, neighborhood,
teachers and employees.
2. Social Reaction or Labeling Theory by Frank
Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker
  This theory maintains that the original cause of crime
cannot be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal
behavior if it is labeled as such.
 Holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead
focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to
negatively classify minorities or those seen as deviant
from norms.
Picks up on these concepts of INTERACTION AND
INTERPRETATION.
People enter into a law violating careers when they are
labeled for their acts and organized their personalities around
the labels.
C. Social Conflict Theory by Karl Marx, Frederick Engel
and William Bonger
o It assumes that the inter group conflict and rivalry
that exist the society causes crime. The crime
producing traits of the capitalist society (master –
slave and the have – have nots)
Contributors to Social Conflict theory
1. Ralf Dahrendorf – argues that modern society is
organized into what he called IMPERATIVELY
COORDINATED ASSOCIATION. These association
comprise two groups: those who possess authority and use
it for social domination and who lack authority and are
dominated.
2. George Vold - argued that crime can also be explained
by social conflict. Laws are created by politically oriented
group, who seek the government’s assistance to help
defend their rights and protect their
D. Earl Richard Quinney (Instrumentalist Theory)
o The labor class is used a medium for the benefit of
the ruling class.
PSYCHOLOGICAl DETERMINISM
 The association between intelligence, personality,
learning and criminal behavior.
a. Sigmund Freud and his Psychoanalytical Theory
 Psychologists have considered a variety of possibilities
to account for individual differences – defective
conscience, emotional immaturity, inadequate
childhood socialization, maternal deprivation, and poor
moral development.
 He was the one who advocate the concept that human
mind perform three separate function.
ID- Pleasure Principle
EGO – Reality Principle
SUPER EGO – Morality Principle
b.Isaac Roy and his Moral Insanity
 He describe persons who were normal in all aspects
except that something was wrong with the part of the
brain that regulates effective responses.
 He questioned whether we could hold people legally
responsible for their acts if they had impairment,
because these people committed their crimes without
intent to do so.
c. Henry Maudsley
 He believed that crime is an outlet in which their
unsound tendencies are discharged; they would go mad
if they are criminals.
d. Aichorn
 The cause of delinquency is the faulty development of
the child during the first few years of his life.
e. David Abrahamsen
 Explained the causes of crime by his formula: Criminal
behavior equals criminal tendencies plus crime situation
divided by the persons mental and emotional resistance
towards temptation.
f. Cyrill Burt
 The theory of General Emotionality; offenses can be
traced to either in excess or deficiency of a particular
instinctive drive.
g. Healy
 claimed that crime is an expression of the mental
content of the individual.
h. Blomberg
 claimed that criminality is t result of emotional
immaturity. Person who is matured know how to
control his emotion effectively.
i. Charles Goring
 studied the mental characteristics of 3,000 convicts. He
found little difference in the physical characteristics of
criminals and non criminals but he uncovered a
significant relationship between crime and a condition
he referred to as “defective intelligence”, which
involves such traits as feeble mindedness, epilepsy,
insanity and defective social instinct.
DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
 Views that criminality as a dynamic process, influenced
by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits and
social experiences.
a. Life Course Theory by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
 It recognized that as people mature the factors that
influence their behavior change.
b. Latent trait theory by David Rowe, D. Wayne Osgood
and W. Alan Nicewander
 The propensity to commit crime is stable, the
opportunity to commit crimes fluctuates over time.
 Assumes that a number of people in the population
have a personal attribute or characteristics that controls
their inclination or propensity to commit crimes.
Latent Trait theories
a. General theory of Crime by Michael Gottfredson and
Travish Hirschi.
 modified and redefined some of the principles
articulated in Hirschi’s social control theory by
integrating the concepts of control with those biosocial,
psychological, routine activities and rational choice
theories.
 People who are at risk because they have impulsive
personalities may forego criminal careers because there
are no criminal opportunities that satisfy their impulsive
needs; instead they may find other outlets for their
impulsive personalities. In contrast, if the opportunity is
 strong enough, even people with relatively strong self
control may be tempted to violate the law.
b. Differential Coercion Theory by Mark Colvin
 There are actually two sources of coercion:
Interpersonal and Impersonal. Interpersonal
coercion is direct, involving the use of threat or
force and intimidation from parents, peers and
significant others. Impersonal involves pressure
beyond individual control such as unemployment,
poverty, competition among businesses.
 That a persons ability to maintain self control is a
function of the amount, type, and consistency of
coercion experienced as he goes through the life
course.
c. Control Balance Theory by Charles Tittles
 Believe on the concept of control has two distinct
elements: 1. the amount of control one is subject to
by others and 2. the amount of control one can
exercise over the others.
d. Age Graded Theory by Robert Sampson and John
Laub
 This theory attempts to explain the trajectories and
transitions of criminal behavior over the life course.
Trajectories and transitions are pathways or lines of
development and specific events that took place on
the life of a person.
 Identify the turning points of criminal careers such
successful careers and marriage.
Modern Outgrowths
o Rational Choice Theory
 holds that youth will engage in delinquent and
criminal behavior after weighing the
consequences and benefits of their actions.
o Biosocial Theory (Trait Theory)
 it argue that no two people are alike and that the
combination of human genetic traits and the
environment produces individual behavior
patterns.
1. Biochemical
 relationship that genetically predetermined and
those acquired through diet and environment
influence anti-social behavior.
2. Neurophysiology
 the study of brain activity. The relationship can be
detected quite early and that children who suffer
from measurable neurological deficit (trauma – low
IQ) at birth are more likely to become criminals
later in life.
3. Minimal Brain Dysfunction or learning disabilities
 abnormality in the cerebral or brain structure or
brain damage.
4. Genetic Influence
 inherited aggressive predisposition. Inherited
condition associated with crime such as impulsive
personality.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY:   ABSENTING ONESELF FROM HOME WITHOUT
o This is the lawbreaking by non-adult persons.
o It includes such crimes found in the penal code of the
land, as well as some offenses not in the list of the law
such as truancy, or sexual acts, that are illegal only
when committed by juveniles.
o This definition varies from the interpretation of the laws
enacted by legislative and interpreted by judiciary, but
generally the term commonly refers to someone under
eighteen years of age who committed crimes. Illegal
acts committed by juvenile delinquent are considered
CRIME if committed by an adult.
o An act committed by minor that violates the penal code
of the government with authority over the area in which
the act occurred.
o a violations of law and ordinances a violations of
juvenile court order an association with criminal or
immoral persons engaging in any calling, occupation,
or exhibition punishable by the law.
EXAMPLE OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY:  1. Environmental Delinquents: These delinquents are
 FREQUENT IN ANY TAVERNS OR USES
ALCOHOL
 WANDERING IN THE STREETS ESPECIALLY AT
NIGHT TIME
 GROWS UP IN IDLENESS OR IN CRIMES
 ENTERING OR VISITING HOUSE OF ILL REFUTE
 HABITUALLY TRUANTS
 DISOBEDIENT OR REFUSES TO OBEY
REASONABLE AND PROPER ORDERS OF
PARENTS, GUARDIANS AND CUSTODIANS
 ENGAGES IN INCORRIGIBILITY OR
UNGOVERNABILITY
PERMISSION
 PERSISTS IN VIOLATING RULES AND
REGULATIONS OF THE SCHOOL  
 ENDANGERS WELFARE, MORALS AND/OR
HEALTH OF SELF OR OTHERS
 USES VIE, OBSCENE OR VULGAR LANGUAGES
IN THE HOUSE AND IN THE PUBLIC PLACES 16.
SMOKE CIGARETTES
 ENGAGING IN DISSOLUTES OR IMMORAL LIFE
OR CONDUCT
 WANDERING ELSEWHERE AND EVERYWHERE
 JUMPS IN A TRAIN, TRUCKS AND TRAILER
WITHOUT PERMISSION
 LOITERING AND SLEEPING IN THE SIDEWALKS
AND ALLEYS
 BEGGING AND RECEIVING ALMS IN THE
STREET
CATEGORIES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS:
considered occasional law breakers. Delinquents under this
category are considered new in their activity that had just tasted
the pleasure fruit of being delinquent. This delinquent can be
easily led and corrected.
2. Emotionally Maladjusted Delinquents: These delinquents
are chronic lawbreakers who violate the laws, a habit which
this type cannot be avoided or escaped. They are regarded also
as habitual delinquents that correcting them is a pressing one.
3. Psychiatric Delinquents: These are delinquents suffering
from emotional disturbances brought about by his or her
environment. It may result to mental illness if not given care
and attention.
CHARACTERISTICS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
IN DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS:
PARENTAL VIEW Parents may define disruptive and
delinquent behavior as disobedience, fighting with siblings,
destroying or damaging property, stealing money from family
members or threatening parents with violence.
EDUCATIONAL VIEW School staff members often regard
delinquent behavior as that which interrupts or disturbs
classroom learning, violates the school code of conduct and
sometimes threaten the safety of faculty and students.
MENTAL HEALTH VIEW Mental health professionals
consider delinquency to include a wide range of disruptive
behaviors that may involve toward others or animals,
destruction to property, deceitfulness, theft and violations of
curfew and school attendance.
The Legal System View:  problem OF ALL COUNTRY in the world.
Almost all states in the world consider persons under the age of
18 to be juveniles. However when children under this age
commit serious crimes, they may be prosecuted as adults.
Legally, there are two (2) categories of offenses that may be
committed by Juvenile Delinquents, they are: STATUS
OFFENSES DELINQUENCY OFFENSES
EXPLAINING THE CAUSE OF DELINQUENCY:
THE CAUSES: Juvenile Delinquency may be rooted out in
many ways according to the different perspective. This
perspective may vary, depending on the way experts
understand problem relative to juvenile delinquency.
WHO CAN EXPLAIN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY?
A. SCIENTIST like: (to institute treatment)
1. Medical Doctor
2. Psychologist and Psychiatrist
3. Sociologist
B. JURIST AND LEGALIST such as: (to institute measures
for prevention)
1. Lawmaker (senator/congressman)
2. Lawyers and judges
3. Policemen and law enforcer
CAUSES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: 
Explaining crime and delinquency is a COMPLEX TASK.
There are MULTITUDE OF FACTORS that contribute to the
understanding of what leads someone to engage in delinquent
behavior. While biological and psychological factors hold their
own merit when explaining crime and delinquency, perhaps
social factors can best explain juvenile delinquency.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY is a massive and growing
Influential factors to delinquency: 
1. THE FAMILY
Family factors which may affect the development of juvenile
delinquency include intense and relentless family conflict.
Such conflict could be characterized by domestic violence,
dysfunctional family cohesiveness, child abuse and parental
neglect and inability to express appropriate affection toward a
child and lack of adequate supervision of a child and rigid non-
democratic child rearing practices.
2. THE PEERS
Adolescence is a stage of development in which acceptance by
one’s peers becomes extremely important to the juvenile’s
sense and self-worth. Associating with a circle of friends who
exhibit delinquent behaviors and perform delinquent acts Lying, shoplifting, property damage (including
increases the risk of non-conformity to social norms as well as vandalism and fire-setting) or more serious forms of property
deviant and delinquent behaviors. damage ranging from petty thievery to robbery.
“Tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell you who you
are” :  OVERT ACTS: 
3. THE SCHOOL Annoying and bullying others, physical fighting, gang
Poor academic performance and classroom conduct problems fighting and other violent behaviors such as attacking others
may be predictors to later delinquency. Lack of academic with a weapon and sexual assault. If you fear that your child
competency creates feelings of alienation, worthlessness and may be heading down a path towards delinquency or is at a
low self-esteem. Truancy is often a child’s way of dealing high risk for developing these behaviors then keep in mind that
with school related failures.
“SCHOOL: the molder and foundation of knowledge”:  PREVENTION IS HE BEST SOLUTION

DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: PREVENTING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: 

The emergence of behavior problems can be detected as early The prevention of delinquency requires identifying at-
as age two. Opposition to parents and aggressive behavior with risk individuals and their environments before delinquent
other children are natural development pathways for toddlers. activity and behavior occur and then removing such risk factor
Those oppositional behaviors typically decline between the or strengthening resistance to the risk factors already present.
ages of 3 and 6 as children acquire the ability to use The most logical starting place for prevention efforts is the
appropriate speech; this ability facilitates the expression of FAMILY.
needs and feelings as well as the resolution of conflict. Build family cohesiveness and parent-child relationship
However, failure to develop complimentary behaviors by taking time each week to have fun as a family spending 10-
such as honesty, non aggression, and respect for authority 15 minutes alone with the child at least once a week and
figures may lead to problematic behaviors such as: listening attentively to them. Monitor the child’s activity.
Always ask where they are going, with whom, and when will
AUTHORITY CONFLICT:  be back Set logical rules for behavior according to the child’s
o Stubborn and defiant behavior, disobedience to parents age and then apply age appropriate consequences fairly and
and other authority figures, skipping classes or not consistently when rules are broken. Get to know the child’s
attending school at all and running away from home as friends and their families. Adopt a democratic parenting styles
a means of avoiding rules and regulations. by allowing the child’s voice to be heard; listen carefully when
they are talking and make good eye contact at all times. Offer
COVERT ACTS:  to help academic problems and show concern about their
studies and behavior at school. At the end of each day ask what
went in school and what problems occurred.
Talk to them about peer pressure, and the physical and
emotional changes expected during teen years. Calmly explain
what you expect from them in the way of appropriate behavior.
Assist the child in making good decisions by being a good role
model; make good decisions and show to them how to solve
problems. Use natural or logical consequences in applying
discipline. For example if a child write on the wall a logical
consequence would be for him to scrub the wall, clean and
paint it. Enrol them in youth recreational activities such as boys
and girls club to avoid them idle.
IF ALL THIS THINGS ARE DONE AND STILL THE
CHILD IS A PROBLEM, THIS TIME PROFESSIONAL
ASSISTANCE LIKE PSYCHOLOGIST, SOCIOLOGIST
AND THE LIKE MUST BE EMPLOYED.
Three Categories of Juvenile Delinquents:
1. Children aging below 7 – this delinquents are always
considered exempted from criminal liability
2. Children aging from 7 to 12 – these are delinquents who
are not capable of estimating what is right and wrong and guilt
may not be established in himself. : these are delinquents who
are not capable of estimating what is right and wrong and guilt
may not be established in himself.
3. Children aging above 12 but below 16 years of age.
THE JUVENILE JUSTICE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
REPUBLIC ACT 9344
What is juvenile justice system? :  DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULT AND JUVENILE
It is a system involving police or law enforcement
agencies, courts & juvenile correctional agencies.
The similarities between adult and juvenile system
Police officers, judges, and correctional personal use of
discretion in the decision making in both the adult and the
juvenile system; The right to receive Miranda warnings applies
to juveniles, as well as to adults; Juveniles and adults are
protected from prejudicial line-ups or other identification
procedures; Similar procedural safeguards protect juveniles
and adults when they make an admission of guilt; Prosecutors
and defense counsels play equally critical rules in "juvenile and
adult advocacy; Juveniles and adult are have the right to
counsel at most key stages of the court process.
SIMILARITIES…
 Pre-trial motions are available in juvenile and criminal
court proceedings
 Negotiations and the plea-bargaining exists for children
and adult offenders
 Children and adults have a right to a hearing and an
appeal
 The standards of evidence in juvenile delinquency
adjudication, as in adult, criminal trials, is proof
beyond reasonable doubt
 Juveniles and adults can be placed on probation by the
court;
 Both juveniles and adults can placed in pre-trial
detention facilities\
 After trial, both can be placed in community treatment
program
 Nature between juvenile and adult justice system.
JUSTICE SYSTEM:
The primary purpose of juvenile procedures is the
protection and treatment, with adults, the aim is to punish the
guilty; Juveniles can be detained for acts that would not be
criminal if they were committed by an adult (status offenses)
Juvenile proceedings are not considered criminal;
Juvenile court procedures are generally informal and
private; those adult courts are formal & open to the public;
Courts cannot release identifying information about juvenile to
the press, but they must release information about adult; The
standard of arrest is more stringent for adult than juveniles
Parents are highly involved in the juvenile process but
not in the adult process; Juveniles are released into parental
custody. Adults are generally given the opportunity for bail;
Juveniles can be searched in school without probable cause or
warrants.
A juvenile's record is sealed when the age of majority is
reached. The record of an adult is permanent; The court cannot
sentence juveniles to city/municipality jails or state prisons;
while these can be applicable for adults
THE LAW GOVERNING JUVELINE DELINQUENCY:  It is one that provides temporary protection and care to
Presidential Decree 603
“THE CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE CODE”
The child is one of the most important assets of the nation.
Every effort should be exerted to promote his welfare and
enhance his opportunities for a useful and happy life
Declaration of Policy (Art. 1 PD 603)
Such declaration of Policy was explicitly explained as:
The child is not a mere creature of' the state. Hence, his
individual traits and aptitudes should be cultivated to the
utmost insofar as they do not conflict with the general welfare.
The molding of character of me child start at home.
Consequently every member of family should strive to make
the home a wholesome and harmonious place as its atmosphere
and conditions will greatly influence the child's development.
Attachment to the home and strong family ties should be
encouraged but not to the extent of making the home isolated
and exclusive and unconcerned with the interest of the
community and the country.
The natural right and duty of parents in the rearing of
the child for civic efficiency should receive the aid and support
of the government; Other institutions, like school, the church,
the guild and me community in general, should assist the home
and the state in the endeavor to prepare the child for the
responsibilities of adulthood (Art 1, PD 603)
HOME & INSTITUTION FOR JD’s: 
What is Detention Home?
It is a (24) hour child caring institution providing short term
resident care for youthful offenders who are awaiting court
disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies of
jurisdiction.
What is Shelter Care Institution?
children requiring emergency reception as a result of fortuitous
event, abandonment by parents, dangerous conditions of
neglect or cruelty in the home, being without adult care
because of crisis in the family, or a court order holding them as
material witnesses.
What is a Child Caring Institution?
It is one that provides twenty-four (24) hour resident group
care service for the physical, mental social and spiritual well-
being of nine or more mentally gifted, dependent, abandoned,
neglected, abused, handicapped, disturbed or youthful
offenders.
The 7 Special Categories of Children?
A. Dependent Child – one who is without parent, guardian or
custodian or one whose parents, guardian or other custodian for
good cause desires to be relieved of his care and custody, and
is dependent upon the public support.
B. Abandoned Child – one who has no proper parental love or
guardianship or whose parents or guardian have deserted him
for a period of at least six continuous months.
C. Neglected Child – one whose basic needs have been
deliberately unattended or inadequately unattended.
THE TWO CLASSIFICATION OF NEGLECTED CHILD
Physical Neglect - when a child is malnourished, ill-clad
without proper shelter; a child is unattended when left by
himself without provision of his needs and/or without proper
supervision.
Emotional Neglect - when children are maltreated, raped or
seduced; when children are exploited, overworked or made to
work under conditions not conducive to good health; or are
made to beg in the streets or public places, or when children
are in moral danger; or exposed to gambling, prostitution and
other vices.
D. Mentally Retarded Children - mentally retarded children
are: Socially incompetent, that is socially inadequate and
occupationally incompetent and unable to manage their own
affairs. Mentally subnormal Retarded intellectually from birth
or early stage; Retarded at maturity mentally deficient as a
result of constitutional origin; through hereditary or disease; &
essentially incurable.
Classification of Mental Retardation :  problems or complexes (Art. 171, PD 603).
 Custodial Group – The members of the classification
are severely or profoundly retarded, hence, the least
capable. These include those with IQ's to 25.
 Trainable Group – members of this group consist of
those IQ's from 25–about 50; this group shows a mental
level rate of development which is 1/4 to ½ that of
average child, is unable to acquire higher academic
skills, but can usually acquire the basic skills for living
to a reasonable degree.
 Educable Group – This group IQ ranges from 50–75
and the intellectual development is approximately ^ to
% of that expected of a normal child of the
chronological age. The degree of success or
accomplishment mat they will reach in ' life depends
very much on the quality and types of education
receive, as well as on the treatment at home and the
community.
 Borderline or Low Normal Group - This is the
highest group of mentally retarded, with IQs from about
75 to 89. The members of this classification are only
slightly retarded and they can usually get by in regular
classes if they receive some extra help, guidance, and
consideration.
E. Physically Handicapped Children - physically
handicapped children are those who are crippled, deaf mute,
blind or otherwise defective which restricts their means of
action on communication with others (Art. 170, PD 603)
F. Emotionally Disturbed Children - emotionally disturbed
children are those who although not afflicted with insanity or
mental defects are unable to maintain normal social relations
with others & the community in general due emotional
G. Mentally ill Children - mentally ill children are those with
any behavioral disorder, whether functional or organic, which
is of such degree of severity as to require professional help or
hospitalization.

REPUBLIC ACT 9344:  exemption granted however do not cover civil liability.
An Act Establishing a Comprehensive Juvenile Justice
and Welfare System   Date Signed by the President: May 4,
2006
FEATURES:
Cases against children 18 years old and below at the
time the crime was committed shall immediately be dismissed.
These children shall then be referred to the appropriate local
social welfare and development officer, who will determine
whether to release them to the custody of their parents or have
them go through rehabilitation program. Those with suspended
sentences and undergoing rehabilitation shall also be released,
unless it is contrary to the best interest of the child.
Should the child be detained pending trial, RA 9344,
stated that “a family court shall also determine whether or not
continued detention is necessary, and if not, determine
appropriate alternatives for detention. If detention is necessary
and he or she is detained with adults, the court shall
immediately order the transfer of the child to a youth detention
home.
Children who have been convicted and are serving out
their sentence shall also benefit from the retroactive application
of the law and be entitled to appropriate treatment provided
under the law. It exempts children 18 years old and below from
criminal liability. They will only be subjected to an
intervention program- a series of activities designed to address
issues that caused the child to commit an offense.
Intervention may take the form of an individualized
treatment program that could include counseling, skills
training, education and other activities that will enhance the
child’s well-being. Children above 15 or below 18 may have to
face appropriate proceedings if the prosecution proves they
acted with discernment in committing an offense. The
RA 9344 also created a Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council
composed of representatives from various government
agencies, which will convene 15 days after this law goes into
effect.  The Council, which will be chaired by the DSWD
Secretary, will ensure the effective implementation of RA
9344.
The local council will serve as the primary agency to
coordinate with and assist local government units on the
adoption of a comprehensive plan to prevent delinquency and
to oversee its proper implementation. One percent of the IRA
of barangays, municipalities and cities shall be allocated for the
strengthening and implementation of the programs of the local
council. Each local government unit is in charge of disbursing
this allocation.
ROLE OF THE MEDIA: 
Under RA 9344, media practitioners are ordered to maintain
the highest professional standards in reporting and covering
cases of children in conflict with the law. Any undue,
inappropriate and sensationalized publicity of any case
involving a child in conflict with law is hereby declared a
violation of the child’s rights.
ROLE OF THE POLICE: 
The Juvenile Justice Law also guides law enforcers on
how to handle children properly once they are taken into
custody.
Law enforcers shall refrain from “using vulgar or
profane words and from sexually harassing or abusing, or
making sexual advances on the child in conflict with the law”.
The law added that law enforcers shall not display any firearm,
weapons or handcuffs, unless necessary in apprehending child
offenders.
 Law enforcers shall turn over custody of the child
“immediately but not later than eight hours after apprehension”
to the Social Welfare and Development Office or other
accredited non-government organizations and notify the child’s
parents or guardians and the public attorneys’ office of the
child’s apprehension. The Social Welfare and Development
Office shall then explain to the child and the child’s parents or
guardians “the consequences of the child’s act with a view
towards counselling and rehabilitation, diversion from the
criminal justice system and reparation, if appropriate.
DEFINITION of TERMS
o Victimless Crimes - refers to offenses where there is
no private offended party.
o Youth Rehabilitation Center - refers to a 24-hour
residential care facility managed by the Department of
Social Welfareand. Development (DSWD), LGUs,
licensed and/or accredited NGO's monitored by the
DSWD, which provides care, treatment and
rehabilitation services for children in conflict with the
law.
o Youth Detention Home - refers to a 24-hour child-
caring institution managed by accredited local
government units (LGU's)and licensed and/or
accredited non-government organizations (NGO's)
providing short-term residential care for children in
conflict with the law who are awaiting court disposition
of their cases or transfer to other agencies or
jurisdiction.
o Status Offenses - refers to offenses which discriminate
only against a child, while an adult does not suffer any
penalty for committing similar acts. These shall include
curfew violations,truancy, parental disobedience and
the like.
o Restorative Justice - refers to a principle which
requires a process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and
the community.
o Recognizance - refers to an undertaking in lieu of a
bond assumed by a parent or custodian who shall be
responsible for the appearance in court of the child in
accordance with the law, when required.
o Offense - refers to any act or omission whether
punishable under special laws or the Revised Penal
Code, as amended.
o Law Enforcement Officer - refers to the person in
authority or his/her agent as defined in Article 152 of
the Revised Penal Code, including a barangay tanod.
o Juvenile Justice and Welfare System - refers to a
system dealing with children at risk and children in
conflict with the law, which provides child-appropriate
proceedings, including programs and services for
prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and
aftercare to ensure their normal growth and
development.
o Intervention - refers to a series of activities which are
designed to address issues that caused the child to
commit an offense. It may take the form of an
individualized treatment programwhich may include
counseling, skills training, education, and other
activities that will enhance his/her psychological,
emotional and psycho-social well-being.
o Initial Contact with the Child - refers to the
apprehension or taking into custody of a child in
 conflict with the law by law enforcement officers or
private citizens.
o Diversion Program - refers to the program that the
child in conflict with the law is required to undergo
after he/she is found responsible for an offense without
resorting to formal court proceedings.
o Diversion - refers to an alternative, child-appropriate
process of determining the responsibility and treatment
of a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his/her
social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational
background without resorting toformal court
proceedings.
o Deprivation of Liberty - refers to any form of
detention or imprisonment, or to the placement of a
child in conflict with the law in a public or private
custodial setting, from which the child in conflict with
the law is not permitted to leave at will by order
of any judicial or administrative authority.
o Court - refers to a family court or, in places where
there are no family courts, any regional trial court.
o Community-based Programs - refers to the programs
provided in a community setting developed for
purposes of intervention and diversion, as well as
rehabilitation of the child in conflict with the law, for
reintegration into his/her family and/or community.
o Child in Conflict with the Law - refers to a child who
is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged as, having
committed an offense under Philippine laws.
o Child at Risk - refers to a child who is vulnerable to
and at the risk of committing criminal offenses because
of personal, family and social circumstances.
o Child - refers to a person under the age of eighteen (18)
years.
o Best Interest of the Child - refers to the totality of the
circumstances and conditions which are most congenial
to the survival, protection and feelings of security of the
child and  most encouraging to the child's physical,
psychological andemotional development. It also means
the least detrimental available alternative for
safeguarding the growth and development of the child.
o Bail - refers to the security given for the release of the
person in custody of the law, furnished by him/her or a
bondsman, toguarantee his/her appearance before any
court. Bail may be given in the form of corporate
security, property bond, cash
deposit, or recognizance.
o R.A. No. 9344 - The Act creating the Juvenile Justice
and Welfare Act of 2006. Article 40 of the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the
o Child - the State recognizes the right of every child
alleged as, accused of, adjudged, or recognized as,
having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner
consistent with the promotion of the child's sense of
dignity and worth, taking intoaccount the child's age
and desirability of promoting his/her reintegration.
R.A. No. 9344 should be construed liberally in favor of
the child in conflict with the law.
o Adjudicated delinquent: A youth who has been found
by a judge in juvenile court to have committed a
violation of the criminal law, that is, a delinquent act.
The judge can formally adjudicate the youth as an
initial step before imposing a disposition (a sentence or
punishment), or the judge can decide not to adjudicate
the youth and instead impose conditions that, if met,
will result in dismissal of the charges.
o Adjudicatory hearing: The fact finding (trial) phase of
a juvenile case in which a judge receives and weighs
evidence before deciding whether a delinquency or
status offense has been proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.
o Aggravating factors: Factors to be considered that
may increase the seriousness of the offense, such as
prior offenses, weapon use, heinous nature of crime,
and threats to victims or witnesses.
o Arrest: A law enforcement officer charges an offender
with a criminal act or violation of law and takes the
offender into custody based on probable cause.
o Conflict resolution: Use of communication skills and
creative thinking to develop voluntary solutions that are
acceptable to disputants.
o Continuum of care: A broad array of juvenile justice
programs and services ranging from prevention
programs for young children and youth at risk of
delinquency to intervention programs serving high-risk
youth in secure residential settings. A local ordinance
that requires, under specific conditions and exceptions,
a specific group of persons (usually juveniles
under a certain age) to refrain from unsupervised
activities after a designated hour within the confines of
a selected area, city, or county.
o Custody; Taken into custody: Being in the care of a
criminal or juvenile justice agency or official or being
taken into custody by a law enforcement officer
pursuant to the laws of arrest if the juvenile were an
adult and the offense is criminal in nature.
o Delinquency prevention programs: Programs and
services designed to keep at-risk youth from entering
the juvenile justice system.
o Delinquent act: Any act committed by a youth that
would be a criminal violation if committed by an adult.
o Delinquent juvenile: A youth who has been found
responsible for having committed a delinquent act--the
equivalent of being found guilty of a criminal offense.
o Detention: In custody (secure, non-secure, or home
confinement) while awaiting an adjudication hearing,
disposition, or commitment placement.
o Detention hearing: A judicial hearing generally
required to be held within 72 hours of a youth being
taken into custody, at which point the court determines
whether (1) there is probable cause to believe that the
youth has committed a delinquent act or a court order
exists that requires the continued detention of the youth,
and (2) continued detention is required pending an
adjudicatory hearing.
o Disposition hearing: The hearing in a juvenile case
(like a sentencing hearing in criminal court) at which
the court receives a predisposition report containing
information and recommendations to help determine the
appropriate sanction.These sanctions can include
probation, commitment to the custody of the state's
department of juvenile justice, or community-based
sanctions.
o Diversion: A process by which a youth is channelled
from the juvenile justice system. Examples are Informal
Adjustment, Truancy Court, etc.
o Intake: The process used for every youth referred to
juvenile court. Intake involves screening each youth to
determine the appropriateness for release or referral to a
diversionary program or agency for nonofficial or no
judicial handling. This screening also identifies the
presence of medical, psychiatric, psychological,
 substance abuse, and educational problems or other
conditions that may have caused the youth to come to
the attention of law enforcement or intake. Intake
includes initial screening of a status offender to
determine the recommended action to be taken in the
best interests of the youth, the family, and the
community.
o Juvenile delinquency program: Any program or
activity related to juvenile delinquency prevention,
control, diversion, intervention, treatment,
rehabilitation, planning, education, training, and
research.
o Mediation: A process by which a neutral third person,
or mediator, encourages and facilitates the resolution of
a dispute between two or more parties. It is an informal
process designed to help the disputants reach a mutually
acceptable and voluntary agreement. Decision making
authority rests with the parties. The role of the
mediator includes, but is not limited to, helping the
parties identify issues, fostering joint problem solving,
and exploring settlement alternatives.
o Mentoring: Generally involves providing support and
guidance to and spending time on a regular basis with a
youth. Mentoring activities can include participating in
sports, playing games, shopping, taking hikes, helping
with homework, and doing chores.
o Protective factors: Factors that help to reduce the
impact of risk factors in a young person's life.
Risk factors: Certain problem behaviors present risk
factors in a young person's life that may contribute to
later delinquency. A few examples include the
availability of drugs and firearms in
the community, family conflict, and friends who
engage inproblem behaviors.
o Status offenses: Non-criminal offenses only applicable
tonchildren--for example, being truant, running away
from home, possessing alcohol or cigarettes, or
violating curfew.
o Truant: A young person who is absent from school
without permission or authorization.
o Victimization: The result of a planned or accidental act
that causes physical or psychological harm.
o Violent crime: Crimes of violence include rape,
robbery, assault, or murder.
Sociology of law
 attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which
the penal/criminal laws has developed as a process
of formal or social control.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
I. Concepts and Principles of Human Behavior      
A. Definition
   HumanBehavior
 voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person adopts
tofit society’s idea of rightand wrong.
B.Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior
1. Neurological
 emphasizes human actions in relation to events
taking place inside the body, especially the brain
and the nervous system.
  2. Behavioral
 focuses on the external activities that can be
observed and measured.
3. Cognitive
 concerned with the way the brain processes and
transforms information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical
  emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from
represses sexual and aggressive impulses in 2.  The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
childhood.  Psychodynamics, which literally means motivation
 5. Humanistic to action, define human behavior in terms of the
 focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of inner personality of the inner self. The concept of
choice and motivation towards self- actualization. subjective life and inner forces within, called 
“mental personality”. It claimed that the mind has
C. Factors that Affect Human Behavior three levels by which its psychic forces operate,
1.  Heredity namely: the Id, Ego and Superego.
 it is determined by genes. Genes are segments of 
cell structures called chromosomes by which parents E. Causes and Conflicts in HumanBehavior
pass on traits to their offspring. 1. Physical Causes
2.   Environment a) Refers to natural causes, like typhoon, earthquake, fire,
 consists of the conditions and factors that surround flood, storm, etc
and influence on individual. 2. Social Conflicts
3.  Learning b) Restrictions of rules in the home, school and community
 is the process by which behavior changes as a result 3. Economic Conflict
of experience or    practice.               c) Result from one’s inability to acquire material things because
of poverty, or other financial obligation
D.Motivation of Human Behavior
1. The Needs Theory of Human Motivation  F. Two Basic Types of Human Behavior
 This theory states that, throughout the life, desires,           
wishes and drives, collectively called    needs, Type Concept Example
motive all. When not fulfilled, these needs place the Inherited Behavioral response or reflex Breathing,ingesting
individual under stress and in   order to relieve the behaviour exhibited by people due to food voiding
tensions created, one has to strive for appropriate their genetic endowment or waste,mating and
satisfactions. the process of natural Defendingoneself
These needs are arranged according to its hierarchy, to wit: selection
1. Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, air, etc.
2. Safety needs: the need for freedom from threat and Learned Involves cognitive Verbal
danger behaviour adaptation that enhances Communication
3. The Sense of Belonging and Love Needs: the need for the human beings ability to Logical problem
affiliation, belongings and acceptance cope with changes  In the solvingtechniques
4. Esteem Needs: the need for achievements, strength, environment and to job skills,etc
competence, reputation and status or prestige manipulate the Environment
5. The Need for Self- Actualization: the need for self in ways to improve the
fulfilment to realize potentialities to become what one is changes For service
capable of becoming.       
G. Other types of Behavior 3.  Intensity- magnitude, disintegrative.
1. Habitual-Motor, emotional, language 4. Quantity- normal or abnormal, unacceptability.
2. Instinctive-Unlearned behavior
3. Symbolic-Substitute behavior J. Characteristics of Behavior
4. Complex-Two or more habitual behavior occur in one situation 1.  Primarily native or learned.
2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need.
 H. Causes of Human Behavior 3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious motor or intentional.
1. Sensation-feeling or impression of stimulus
1.1  Visual- sight K. Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior
1.2  Olfactory-smell
1.3  Cutaneous-touch
1.4  Auditory-hearing        
1.5  Gustatory-taste FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
2. Perception-knowledge of stimulus Frustration
3. Awareness-  psychological activity, it is accordance with the d) Frustration refers to the situation which blocks the
interpretation and experience of objects of stimulus individual’s motivated behavior. Sustained frustration may be
characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
I.  Attributes of Human Behavior  
1.  Duration- how long in terms of functions of time. Three Basic Forms of Conflict
2.  Extensity- spatial characteristics. 1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Types Characteristics Effect e) Approach can be indicated by a plus sign and avoidance is
Extraversion Frequently seek Get them in trouble represented by a minus sign. Approach-avoidance occurs
stimulation, greatest role in crime when an <a>individual</a>moves closer to a seemingly
excitement and and desirable object, only to have the potentially negative
thrills delinquency                 consequences of contacting that object push back against
                                     the closing behavior. 
2. Approach-Approach Conflict
                                    
f) This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing
            
between two desirable alternatives. There are usually two
Neuroticism Intensely react to Enhance habits and
desirable things are wanted, but only one option can be
stress, generally influence the
chosen.
moody, touchy, individual to behave
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
sensitive to slights anti-socially
g) This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive
and anxious
alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one of
or            nervous.
the undesirable things. A conflict between two dangers or
threats is usually more disturbing. For example, a man may
Psychoticism cold cruelty, social Impulse aggressive dislike his job intensely but fear the threat of unemployment
insensitivity, individual/ out if he quits.
disregard for appreciable
danger, conscience or
troublesome concern for others
behaviour,
dislike    of others,
attraction towards
the unusual     

Manifestation of Frustration
h) An individual may manifest frustration by anxiety, irritability,
emotional tension, depression or fatigue. The frustrated
individuals are usually unhappy or restless. Frustration may
usually starts if a person failed to satisfy his needs or goals
in life. Obstacles and difficulties sometimes stand a way in
the between the individual and his goal. Some of the reason
why some people failed to realize or achieve their goals is
the following:
1.    Unrealistic Goals – it can be seen when a person’s level of
aspiration is much higher than his level of achievement.
2.    Harmful or Antisocial Goals – when a person’s desire or
intention to reach his goal is harmful to others.
3.    Conflicting Goals –when two or more goals of a person
rebound to his personal interest and the benefit of the goal is one
sided.
4.    Environmental Difficulties – when goals cannot be simply
attained due to so many hindrances within a person.
Coping mechanism is defined as the way people react to
frustration. People differ in the way they react to frustration. This
could be attributed to individual differences and the way people
prepared in the developmental task they faced during the early
stages of their life.
Developmental Task – refers to the task imposed on the
individual by maturation and culture that prepares a person to the
next stages of their life.
Frustration Tolerance
The ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate
modes of response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated,
becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive. Some people can
manage to withstand prolonged period of frustration without
showing any sign of abnormality. However, some may exhibit
abnormal behavior.
A frustration reaction can be broadly classified into fight-
flight:
1.    Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive
and direct way by means of breaking down the obstacles preventing
the person reaching his goals.
2.    Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming
indifferent and giving up.
Reactions to frustration can also be recognized into different
types such as:
1.    Direct approach - can be seen among people who handle
their problems in a very objective way. They identify first the
problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, and
proceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution
which will produce the best results.
2.    Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right
solution of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome
or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first
and find out if the solution or remedy is there.
3.    Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling
frustration when an original plan intended to solve the problem did
not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face
the problem, is to look for most possible or alternative means.
4.    Withdrawal or retreat- is corresponding to running away
from the problem or flight which to some is the safest way.
5.    Developing feeling of inferiority -comes when a person is
unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result. Being
discouraged to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could
result to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferiority
complex sets in.
6.    Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to
handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be
observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal
and professional aspect.
7.    Use of Defense Mechanism –is the most tolerated way of
handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person attempts
to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.
Defense Mechanism – An unconscious psychological process that
serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional conflict
and anxiety. A form of self-deception that a person may not be
aware of. It is often resulted to whenever equilibrium is threatened
by severe emotional injury arising from frustration.
            Common Defense Mechanisms
1. Displacement - strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced
onto another person or object as the recipient of said emotion
(anger), rather than being focused on the person or object which
originally was the cause of said emotion.
2. Rationalization - is the defense mechanism that enables
individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and others by
making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved
arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior
illogical and acceptable
3. Compensation - is the psychological defense mechanism
through which people attempt to overcome the anxiety
associated with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of
personality or body image, by concentrating on another area
where they can excel.
4. Projection  - manifest feelings and ideas which are
unacceptable to the ego or the superego and are projected onto
others so that they seem to have these feelings or ideas, which
free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated with
them.
5. Reaction formation - is defined as the development of a
trait or traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not
want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain
way, but behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able
to keep his urges and impulses under control.
6.  Denial – when a person uses this, he refuses to recognize
and deal with reality because of strong inner needs.
7.  Repression – is unconscious process whereby
unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are
completely prevented from entering consciousness.
8. Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of
repression, is a conscious activity by which an individual attempts
to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by
pushing them out of his mind.
9.  Identification - in this defense mechanism, an individual
seeks to overcome his own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or
inferiority by taking on the characteristics of someone who is
important to him. An example, is a child who identifies with his
parents who are seen as models of intelligence, strength and
competence
10. Substitution - through this defense mechanism, the
individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety
by achieving alternate goals and gratifications. Unanswered
emotions of love, unfulfilled longings, unattainable plans and
ambitions, and unacceptable urges and impulses, will create
feelings of anxiety and guilt unless some substitute gratification is
attained.
11. Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions
and unconscious drives do not materialize.
12. Regression – a person reverts to a pattern of feeling,
thinking or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage of
development.
13. Sublimation – is the process by which instinctual drives
which consciously unacceptable are diverted into personally and
socially accepted channels. It is a positive and constructive
mechanism for defending against own unacceptable impulses and
needs.
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
A.  Definitions
Abnormal Behavior is behaviour that fails to meet the
characteristics of a normal person such as: free expression of
personality; adequate security feeling; efficient contact with reality;
adaptability to group norms; emotional maturity; adequate self-
knowledge; and Integrated and consistent personality.
Criminal Psychology is a study that deals on criminal behavior.
B.  Types of Abnormal Behavior
1.    PERSONALITYDISORDER
It originates during early development process leading to n) Manifested by experiencing disabilities which include
maladaptive behavior. paralysis of the limbs, intense aches and pains, deafness,
blindness, loss of voice, continuous vomiting, head or hand
Classification of Personality Disorder                                         tremors without any pathological basis.
1.  Passive-Aggressive    
i) Passive dependent aggressive due to overindulgence. Forms of Hysteria
2.  Hysterical personality disorder  2.1 Amnesia- a disorder in which the individual cannot recall his or
j) Easily excitable emotional instability, dramatically attention her name and remembers little or nothing about the past.
getting, immature, with tendency to sexualize contacts with
opposite sex. Types of Amnesia
3.  Compulsive Personality Disorder     1. Anterograde-the inability to retain information which has
k) Excessive concern for conformity, rigid, maybe intelligent but just been seen or read.
trait of character explains his undoing. 2. Retrograde-the inability to recall any event which took
4. Paranoid Personality                    place during certain period of time.
l) Hypersensitive unwarranted suspicion, jealousy, envy, 3. Localized-the inability to recall events which are related to
feelings of excessive importance a particular situation.
2.2 Fugue- amnesia state where one wonders away from his or her
2.    NEUROSES home or usual surroundings and when awareness set in, there is no
                 Neuroses or psychoneuroses are behavioral disorder recollection as to how he or she came to be there.
brought about by emotional tension resulting from frustration, 2.3 Multiple Personality- a dramatic form of Hysteria where the
conflicts, repression or insecurity. They compromise with reality by patient develops two or more separated and very different
developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, compulsion, personalities.
anxiety or depression. 2.4 Somnambulism- dreamlike state where the person walks
Factors to be Considered in Understanding the Causes of about and carries on certain activities which are not remembered
Neuroses later.
1.     Predisposing or Constitutional Factors
2.     Childhood Development Patterns
3.     The Immediate Life Situation 3. Psychastenia
4.     The Cultural Factor o) A psychoneurotic condition accompanied by a vast range of
mental and emotional symptoms which cannot be controlled.
Classification of Neuroses According to the Most Striking The person is fear-ridden by unreasonable    dreads or
Symptoms phobias, obsessions and compulsion. Other symptoms of
1.   Anxiety Reactions Psychastenia are unreasonable elation, constant depression
m) Principally manifested in diffused and consciously experience or over inhibition.
feelings of anxiety andapprehension for which there seem to
be no specific basis in reality.                      Forms of Psychastenia
2.   Hysteria 3.1 Phobias- an irrational or exaggerated fear of an object, person,
act or situation.
                        Characteristics of Phobia ff) Thermophobia- fear of heat
a)   Reasons for the fear do not make sense. gg) Xenophobia- fear of strangers
b)   The fear paralyzes instead of enhances the ability to deal with
the problem. 3.2 Obsession
c)   The fear seems to be caused by the threat of a discharge of self p) an idea or series of ideas which recur so frequently that it
destructive aggressions. interferes with normal thinking.
                     SomeExamples of Phobias 3.3 Compulsion
a) Achluphobia or nyctophobia- fear of dark q) an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which the
b) Acrophobia- fear of high places individual feels to compelled to carry out even though it it
c) Aerophobia- fear of flying recognized as irrational- he or she must do so in order to
d) Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces reduce the tension.
e) Ailurophobia- fear of cats Examples of Compulsion
f) Anglophobia- fear of pain 1.   Arithmomania- the impulse to count everything.
g) Amaxophobia- fear of vehicles and driving 2.   Dipsomania-the impulse to drink liquor
h) Anthophobia- fear of flowers 3.   Homicidalmania- the impulse to kill
i) Antrophobia- fear of people 4.   Kleptomania-the impulse to steal
j) Aquaphobia- fear of water 5.   Megalomania-the impulse for fame or power
k) Arachnophobia- fear of spiders 6.   Pyromania-the impulse to set things on fire
l) Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning or storms 7.   Suicidalmania- the impulse to take one’s life
m) Cheimophobia- fear of cold
n) Claustrophobia- fear of closed places 4.  Traumatic Neuroses
o) Gynophobia- fear of dogs r) It is manifested in a situation where the individual fears for
p) Dipsophobia- fear of drinking his or her safety.
q) Ecophobia or Oikophobia - fear of home  5. Operational Fatigue
r) Electrophobia- fear of electricity s) Otherwise known as war neuroses, itis manifested in
s) Erythrophobia-  fear of blushing response to a battle environment.
t) Gamophobia-fear of marriage
u) Hematophobia- fear of blood PSYCHOSES
v) Hydrophobia- fear of water o Serious mental illness where behavior is unpredictable.
w) Ideaphobia- fear of thoughts Psychotic persons have a wholly unrealistic interpretation of
x) Ochlophobia- fear of crowds the self and the life around them.
y) Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes o Their ego has lost   control over the personality.
z) Ornithophobia-  fear of birds o They have great mood swings- extreme depression to
aa) Pathophobia- fear of disease extreme exaltation.
bb) Phobophobia- fear of developing a phobia o They are quit and docile at one moment and hyperactive,
cc) Rypophobia- fear of dirt even violent, the next. They are socially inept.
dd) Sitophobia- fear of eating
ee) Taphophobia- fear of being buried alive Classification of Psychoses
1.    Organic/Somatogenic
o Stem from a wide variety of causes, but damage or injury to
the brain or other parts of the central nervous system is
always involved.
                        Types of Organic Psychoses
2.1  Psychosesassociated with infectious disease
2.2  Psychosesassociated with toxins
2.3  Psychosesassociated with head injuries
2.4  Psychosesassociated with old age
                        Symptoms of Organic Psychoses
a)      Impairment of intellectual functions
b)      Emotional instability, shown by general irritability or violent
mood swings without apparent cause.
c)      Inappropriate behavior and changes in general conduct,
including lack of interest in personal appearance, neglect of
responsibilities and an anti social behavior.
2.   Functional Psychosis
o A serious mental disorder involving the total personality with
no observable tissue damage. Having no organic basis,
these ailments are believed to result from years of living
under emotional stress.
Forms of Functional Psychosis
2.1  Schizophrenia
 a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from
reality, indifference concerning everyday problems,
and tendency to live in a world of fantasy. It was
formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin,
a German Psychiatrist. The term schizophrenia was
given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means
“splitting of the minds”. It may be
simple (withdraws from social contact);
hebephrenic (fits of laughter or childish giggling,
grimacing for hours without apparent
reasons; catatonic (cycles of psychomotor
reactions in stupor); paranoid Schizophrenia
(marked by delusions and hallucinations).
2.2 Affective Disorder
characterized by periods  of depression or elation or both (manic,
depressed and mixed) 
2.3 Paranoia
main symptom is characterized by suspicion.
Types of Paranoia
a)      Persecutory Paranoia
 having delusions of persecution. The person believes
that some persons are plotting to harm him or her in
some way.
b)      Litigious Paranoia
 having delusions of both persecution and grandeur,
and may go to great lengths to bring alleged
persecutors to court.
c)      Erotic Paranoia
 also called amorous paranoia- having delusions that
a certain person is in love with him or her.
d)      Exalted Paranoia
 having grandiose delusions and believes him/ herself
as someone with great power or importance; usually
a religious crusader, a social reformer, or inventor.
e)      Jealous Paranoia
 the most numerous, marked by extreme and
irrational jealousy.
4. ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
o This is a mentally- disturbed person who is opposed to the
principles upon which society is based.
Characteristics of Anti-Personality
1) A classic manipulator or con artist.
2) One of the most significant characteristics of this personality
is the absence of conscience or any guilt feeling.
3) The person has not incorporated the moral values of society
into his life.
 4) He is often a glib and convincing speaker and presents  Sexual desire towards animals
himself extremely well. 5.     Autosexual
5) The anti-social personality is selfish and strives for physical  A form of self-abuse or solitary vice carried without the
pleasure. cooperation of another person
6) Most of his pursuits revolves around manipulating people to 6.     Gerontophilia Sexual desire with elder person
acquire personal gains. 7.     Necrophilia Sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire 
7) He is often impulsive and demands immediately satisfaction. or actual sexualintercourse with a corps
8) He is unable to learn from past experiences. 8.     Incest
9) He is also a chronic liar  Sexual relations between people who by reason of blend
relationship cannot legally married
SEXUAL DEVIANCY
A. Definitions 2.    As to Instinctual Sexual Urge
Sexuality
o Behavior associated with relation between sexes and Types                                           
reproductive organ. 1.     Satyriasis 
Normal Sexuality  Excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse
o Sexual completion that leads to mature and adjusted 2.     Nymphomania
individual capable of entering relationships with a member  Strong sexual feeling of a woman
of the opposite sex which are physically and mentally stable 3.     Sexual Anesthesia
and satisfying heterosexual.  Absence of sexual desire or arousal during sexual act in
Abnormal Sexuality/ Sexual Deviancy women
o Sexual behavior which seek stimulation and gratification by 4.     Dyspareunia
means other than heterosexual.  Painful sexual act in women
5.     Vaginisimus
B. Classification of Sexual Abnormalities  Painful spasm of the vagina during sexual act
                  6.     Old Age
1.    As to Choice of Sexual Partner  weakening of sexual feeling in the elderly

3.    As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual

Types of Abnormality                     Satisfaction
1.     Heterosexual
 Sexual desire towards opposite sex; socially and medically Types                                  
acceptable 1.     Oralism ( Irrumation)
2.     Homosexual  The use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification such as
 Sexual desire towards the same sex Fellatio, Cunnilingus, Anilingus
3.     Infantisexual 2.     Sado- Masochism
 Sexual desire towards an immature person  Pain o cruel acts as a factor for gratification
4.     Bestosexual (Algolagnia) such as: sadism and masochism          
3.     Fetishism
 A form of sexual perversion where in the real or fantasized
presence of an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual
stimulation or gratification. Ex. Anatomic, Clothing,
Necrophilia, odor, etc.
4. As to the Parts of the Body
Types                              2. Don Juanism It describes a form of sexual deviation
1.    Sodomy
 Sexual act through the anus of another human being
2.    Uranism
 Sexual gratification is attached by fingering, fondling the
breast, licking parts of the body, etc.
3.    Frottage
 A form of sexual gratification characterized by the
compulsive desire of a person to rub his sexual organ
against some parts of the body of another
4.    Pantialism
 A form of sexual deviation wherein a person has    special
affinity to certain parts of the female body
5.  As to Visual Stimulus
Types                              disturbed and not crazy;
1. Voyeurism
 A form of sexual perversion characterized by a   compulsion
to peep to see a person undress or perform other activities
2. Mixoscopia Sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is
(Scoptophilia ) attached by watching a couple undress or during
 Their sex intimacies
6. As to Number
Types                                                 the psychotic to the hospital. If he desists, be firm.
1. Froilism A form of sexual perversion in which three (3)persons
are participating in the sexual orgies (Suixante-neve)
2. Pluralism A form of sexual deviation in which a group of person
participate in the sexual orgies (sexual festival)                       
7.Other Sexual Deviates
Types              
1. Corpolalia A form of sexual deviation characterized by the need
to use obscene language to obtain orgies
characterized by promiscuity and making seduction of many women
as part of his career
3. Indecent Exposure The wilful exposure in public places of one’s
(Exhibitionism) genital organ in the presence of other person’s
usually of the opposite sex
HANDLING OF PERSONS WITH ABNORMAL ORDEVIANT
BEHAVIOR
Abnormal Behavior                        Hints in Handling
1.  Anxiety                            Reassurance
2.  Depressed                        Put self on the shoes of the sufferer;
place in the hospital; Word of
caution; alert of possible suicide
3.  Obsessive-Compulsive Understand that sufferer is
refer to appropriate facility
4.  Phobia                              Supportive intervention
5.  Psychoses
Display of guns, force and restraints should be avoided
unless there is a manifestation of danger to life and send
6.  Psychopathy
1) Review arrest records
2) Recognize con-man’s glib conversation
 3) Don’t bluff, he is a master of this and certainly better than
anybody
4) The best is to interview him after knowing every detail of the
case.
5) Psychopathic can beat lie detector. He is immune to anxiety
unless placed under stress  is for the purpose of containing the situation from getting out of
6) Be firm and clear. Psychopath maybe charming but can also
make very angry and may maneuver to violate his rights.
7. Drug- Dependent                 the effects of the crises can no longer be controlled even by its
1) Patience, but firm- the person is not himself
2) Keep him talking to relieve the stress; use form of restraints.
3) Do not place in drunk tank, but appropriate hospital
8. Paranoid Behavior
1) Understanding-never give the impression that he is crazy.
2) Friendliness & neutrality is usually the best approach
3) Do not further or heightens anxieties, to provoke anxiety is
to invite violent reactions.
4) Assure the paranoid that your presence is to help and
protect him.
5) Do not frighten or order the paranoid around with weapon.
Paranoid may panic and react violently. However, not to let
down guard. Remember, paranoid is suicidal and homicidal.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
A.       Definitions
Crisis
o Came from the GREEK word CRISIS, which means
to SEPARATE. It is a turning point in the progress of an
affair or a series of events.
Emergency
o Came from the LATIN word EMERGENTIA, which means
DIPPING; PLUNGING. It is a sudden condition or state of
affairs calling for immediate action.
Crisis Management
o An expert handling of a crisis or emergency to reduce or
eliminate danger or damage, or the like, especially on the
part of the government.
B.        Emergency, Crisis and Disaster Distinguished
                  If the situations still controlled and the response given
control then it is just an EMERGENCY. If the situation is already
beyond normal control what is happening is already a CRISIS. If
author, it is now a DISASTER.
C.       Two Essential Elements of Crisis Management
1.     Incident Management
o Refers to an act containing the situation within certain level
mostly by law enforcement interventions.
2.     Consequence Management
o An act focused on mitigation of adverse effects that may be
brought about by the incident by utilizing non-law
enforcement elements such as medical and fire services.
D.       Purpose of Crisis Management
                                 SALVARI VITAS (to save lives)
E.       Objectives of Crises Management
1.        Resolved without further incident
2.        Safety of all participants
3.        Apprehension of all participants
4.        Accomplish the task within the framework of current
community standards.
F.       Theory of Crisis Management
1) Contain and Negotiate
2) Protect the innocent from harm
3) Allow passage of time so that the perpetrators can be
reasoned with through negotiation
4) Allow the passage of time so that the response force can
evaluate the situation gather information, explore
alternatives and formulate a plan of action
G.       Musts in Crisis Management
 1) Rely on continuous flow of information from all sources 8) Fuel Shortage
2) Press perpetrators to abandon their position 9) Pestilence/Epidemic
3) Receive, analyze and disseminate all information 10) Floods
4) Prepare for a rapidly escalating series of events 11) Volcanic Eruption
H.     Types of Crises /Emergencies 12) Earthquake
a.     Man-Made Crises/Emergencies 13) Tidal Wave
1. Civil Disturbance 14) Typhoons
1.1 Labor strikes /demonstration 15) Drought
1.2 Riots
1.3 Anarchy I. Phases of Crisis Management [Four (4) P’s]
1.4 Welga ng Bayan
2. Revolt a. Proactive Phase
2.1 Mutiny 1.     Prediction
2.2 Insurrection 2.     Prevention
2.3 Coup d' etat 3.     Preparation
3. Revolution 4.     Performance (implementation and Contingency Plan)
4. Border Incident
5. War b. Reactive Phase
5.1 Conventional a.     Initial Action
5.2 Nuclear b.    Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action Intervention)
6. Kidnapping c.     Post Action
7. Hijacking
7.1 Air J. Legal Regimes in Dealing with Crises
7.2 Sea
7.3 Land 1. Section 6, Article, 1987 Constitution- The State shall
8. Hostage-taking establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in
9. Terrorists Activities scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by
10. Attacks /Raids on government installations/facilities & a National Police Commission. The authority of local executives over
vital facilities the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.
2.      Section 444 and 445,R.A. 7160 (Local Government
b.    Natural Crises/Emergencies Code)
1) Fire The mayor shall act as the deputized representative of the National
2) Marine/Air Disaster Police Commission, formulate the peace and order plan of the City or
3) Structural Collapse Municipality, and upon its approval, implement the same; and as
4) Hazardous Spills such, exercise general and operational control and supervision over
5) Utilities Failure (Power, Water, telephone) the local police forces in the city or municipality.
6) Nuclear Accidents
7) Food Scarcity/ Famine 3.      Section 5 R.A. 6975as Amended (DILG Act of 1990)
      The mayors shall exercise operational supervision and control
over PNP units in their respective jurisdiction except during the thirty
(30) day period immediately preceding and the thirty (30) day
following any national, local and barangay elections.
Operational supervision and Control- the power to direct,
superintend, oversee and inspect the police unitsand forces, which
shall include the power to employ and deploy units or elements of
the PNP, through the station Commander, to ensure public safety
and effective maintenance of peace and order within the locality.
4.      Executive Order No.309 s. 1987 and Executive No. 366
s. 1996 - Creating National Peace and order Council, Local Peace
and order Council and Barangay Peace and Order Committees
respectively.
5.      Memorandum Order No.21 - The government shall exhaust
all peaceful means in seeking a resolution to a crisis to minimize, if
not, prevent the loss of life and destruction of property. If all
peaceful means are exhausted, the government shall act promptly,
decisively, and effectively, choosing from the whole range of police
and military actions appropriate to the circumstance, or otherwise
known as the 'final option".
6.      PNP Manual on Crisis management s. 1996
II.       HOSTAGE SITUATION
A.       Hostage Situation Defined
         A hostage situation is asset of circumstances wherein a
suspected law violator is holding a person captive with the use of
force and threat of violence while the law enforcement officers are in
close contact with the suspect and his captive.
B.       Motives in HostageTaking
1.        In political terrorism, reasons include showing the public that
the government is unable to protect its own citizens.
2.        Hostage taking guarantees immediate media coverage, and
after repeated hostage incidents, it is the hope of the hostage takers
that the government might overreact and become excessively
restrictive with its own citizen, thus causing civil discontent and a
grassroots movement to overthrow the government.
3.        Warring nations seek peace after exchange of hostages a
guarantee of reciprocity
4.        In urban guerrilla warfare, hostages are taken with little
regard for law and order.
5.        Law enforcement officers will most likely encounter hostage
incidents that u\involve either criminal or the mentally-disturbed.
6.        A husband or wife may take a child hostage in custody
battles.
7.        A mentally disturbed person may take hostage in order to
right what he believed to be wrong.
8.        Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking it is clear that
the motive for holding hostages may changes.
C.       Categories of Hostage-Taker
1.     Persons in Crisis - People who take hostages during a period
of prolonged frustration, despair and problems.
2.     Psychotics - Mentally-ill people who take hostage during a
period of psychiatric disturbance.
3.     Common Criminals - People who take hostages for personal,
rather than ideological reason.
4.     Prisoner - People who take hostages because of
dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their living condition in
prison.
5.     Political Terrorist - Ideologically-inspired individuals or
groups of people who take hostages because of political and
ideological beliefs.
D.       Priorities in Hostage Situation
1.     Preservation of Life
2.     Apprehend hostage taker
3.     To successfully negotiate; there must be need to live on the
part of the hostage taker and a threat of force by the authorities.
E.       Four Courses of Action that Can be Taken in a Hostage
Taking Incident
1.     The use of chemical agents to force the hostage-taker out of
position.
2.     Direct assault on the hostage-position either deception or by 6.     Negotiations shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to
uniformed entry team talk to the suspects without clearance from the negotiating panel or
3.     The use of marksmen to shoot and main the hostage taker. ground Commander.
4.     Negotiation for the release of the hostages. 7.     An ambulance with a medical crew and a firetruck shall be
detailed at the incident area.
F.       General Operation Procedures During Hostage Taking 8.     Proper Coordination with all participating elements is necessary
1.     Under all circumstances the use of force is justifiable only by to unify efforts in solving the crisis.
virtue of the ”Doctrine of Self-defence", and Defense of Stranger; as
a last resort, and when all other peaceful means have been H.       Tactical Procedures to Followed in Hostage-taking
exhausted. Incident
2.     Whenever force is resorted, only necessary and reasonable to 1.    Containment of the Hostage Position
subdue or overcome a clear and imminent danger. 1.1 Stabilize the incident
3.     In actual shootout with the suspect avoid panic firing. 1.2 Determine the exact location of the hostage-taker
4.     Ensure that no bystanders are hit. Observe extreme caution in 1.3 Physically contain the action to the smallest area
firing a weapon in the congested area. 1.4 Isolate the scene
5.     After the shootout check whether the suspect still poses danger 1.5 Evacuating the adjoining areas
or has been wounded and maimed. 1.6 Blocking avenues for escape
6.     Use police sirens and megaphones to influence or warn 2.    Communication
offenders to stop and peacefully give up. 2.1 By the use of telephone
7.     Use of force shall be tempered with such considerations as 2.2 By written notes
keeping on minds the safety of the hostages and prevention of 2.3 By the use of loudspeaker
crossfire casualties or injuries to third parties. 2.4 By the use of bullhorn
8.      Immediate removal of casualties from the scene shall be 2.5 By the use of megaphone
undertaken after the necessary sketches, pictures another 3.    Visual and AudioSurveillance
investigative requirements are accomplished victims' bodies shall be 3.1 Binoculars
segregated from those of the suspects. 3.2 Telescopes
9.     Strictly respect human rights at all times. 3.3 Portable searching lights
G.       Operational Procedures and Guidelines During 3.4 Night vision devices
Hostage Situations 3.5 Television camera
1.     Safety of all participants-victims, suspects, police officers and 3.6 Spike or contact microphone
bystanders is paramount 3.7 Telephone
2.     There shall be a Crisis Management Team (CMT) in every 3.8 Intercoms
locality trained and ready for deployment.
3.     There shall be only one ground Commander in the area. 4.    Assault Alternative
4.     The incident area shall be condoned off. 4.1 When the victims are in imminent danger of injury
5.     Assaults shall be well planned and assaulting team must be 4.2 When the victims are in imminent danger of death
alerted for deployment in case negotiations failed. 4.3 When the hostage takes gained the control of crime or
potential victims
 4.4 If hostages have already been killed 1.     Commander
I.         Important Factors to be Considered in a Hostage 2.     Asst. Commander
Taking Incident 3.     Negotiators
1.     Intelligence Gathering- It must focus on identifying the 4.     Emergency Services team Tactical Adviser
hostage takers and hostages, determining the hostage-takers 5.     Radio Operator
capabilities to resist an assault and identifying the weapon being 6.     Intelligence Officers
used. 7.     Investigators
2.     Motive- Determines first what type of hostage-takers you are 8.     Staff Psychologists
dealing with, identifying the hostages takers will lead to his motives. 9.     Chronographers
3.     Hostage Location- The exact location of the hostages and 10.  Communications Specialists
how they are secured. 11.  Liaison Personnel
4.     Setting- A detailed knowledge of the hostage scene’s 12.  Police Administrators
immediate vicinity. A complete reconnaissance of the hostage area; K.       Time-Events Barricade Matrix
terrain leading to the hostages site; obstruction; areas of Time
concealment; viewing points; possible and/or potential escape route; Incident Matrix
location of doors, windows and entrances; exits and fire escapes. -o-
5.     Formulation of the Plan- In case that assault will be opted, Incident occurs
it must be planned to occur at a time that permits the assault team 0+1
members to take their position without detection as well as to limit Notification
the opportunity of the hostage takers to resist because when the 0+2
surprised element is used, the hostage-takers have a reduced Police Response
capability to react violently, escape, hide or harm the hostages. 0+5
J.                    The Command Post Location (Most dangerous time
0+6
a. Command Post Considerations Confrontation 9firearms, discipline)
1. Establish outer and inner perimeters 0+7
2. Safe accessible routes to responding personnel Notification (of the dispatcher & CMT)
3. Defense against snipers, mobs onlookers 0+8
4. Sufficient parking Containment
5. Adequate staging area 0+9
6. Availability of water supplies, restrooms and telephones Preparation (for the arrival of CMT)
7. Accessibility to helicopters 0+10
8. Maintain communication lines Isolation
9. Notify administrators 0+15
10. Maintain command post chronological log Evaluation
11. Only authorized personnel will be given access 0+16
12. Public Information Officer (PIO) to give press briefings Evacuation
b.   Command Post Staffing 0+17
Segregation Composition
0+19 1.    Team Supervisor
Pre-Conflict Management team Actions 2.    Primary Negotiator
0+25 3.    Secondary Negotiator
Actions of the Crisis Management Team 4.    Psychologist
0+26
Pre-Negotiations Actions Note:
0+30             Commander should not Serve as Negotiator because:
Negotiations Begins 1.    HT will have a sense of importance;
2.    He may make impossible demand, knowing that he is dealing
III.    HOSTAGE NEGOTIATIONAND RECOVERY with Commander;
A.   Definition         3.    Conflict of Commander as negotiator and Commander; and
Negotiation Approach is a systematic process of starting to work 4.    As a cardinal rule, Commander don’t negotiate, negotiator don't
on a task of negotiating and dealing with hostage takers, wherein command.
the primary consideration are the arrangements of terms and
conditions between the authorities and suspects necessary fir the D.   Hostage takers Intent and Wants
release of the hostages. Types
B.   Principles of Hostage Negotiation and Recovery Intent
1.    The hostage has no value to the hostage taker. His only value is Wants
a tool to get what the he wants; not from the hostage but from the 1. Professional Criminal
authorities. Crime
2.    Priorities in hostage situations is preservation of life and the Escape
apprehension of hostage taker, recover, and protect property. 2. Psycho Case
3.    Hostage situation must not go violently, for the interest of the Attention
hostage, the hostage taker and the authorities. In any case, if it Varies - vindication, relief
goes violent, the authorities must always come out the victor. 3. Prisoners
4.    To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the Attention
part of the hostage taker because a hostage taker who is bent of Escape, better treatment
killing himself is anon-negotiable case. 4. Terrorist
Attention
C.   The Crisis Negotiating Team (CNT) Political, economic leverage
Provides verbal and tactical support to the SWAT Team, responsible
for controlling a barricaded suspect or hostage situation. E.   Handling of Specific Hostage Situation
Three Key Objectives: Type of Hostage Taker
1.    Safety for all people involved Description
2.    Safe release or rescue of hostage Proper Handling
3.    Apprehension and prosecution of suspect involved 1. Professional Criminal
Usually the easiest to deal with considered relatively rational thinker,
after assessing the situation and weighing the odds, in most cases,
come to terms with the police
Show force but refrain from unnecessary violence or useless killing.
2. Psychotic Individual
Presents different and somewhat complex problems. Tends to be
irrational, and less predictable. These actions, works and the
demands he makes are valuable clue to his mental condition. He
harbors great inner conflicts and frustrations.
The hostage taker may feel a degree of pleasure form has
predicament as he finds himself important, being a center of
attraction. Prolonging tome is essential that will positively work for
authorities.
3. Terrorist
A more difficult hostage situation- viewed a psychopathic with a
cause, under a leader of the group. When caught they rationalize by
claiming to be revolutionaries a situation they resolve to die for the
cause.
Their causes may deteriorate in the passage of time. In any case, if
they kill one of the several hostages, the negotiators then must set
to save the remaining hostages - they will likely kill them all.
F. Immediate Actions of the Negotiator upon Arrival at the
Scene of Incident
1.    Containment - controlling situation and area by people
involved. Other people bystanders must be obliged to get from the
areas as they may add more problems.
2.    Established Contract - Immediately after positioning at
advantage position, communicate with the leader. He may introduce
himself by saying "My name is ___________, I am a ___________. I
am willing to help. Never tell him your rank; the hostage taker might
think you can give all. So that he may ask for impossible demand.
Neither, should the negotiator give the feeling that he has the
authority to decide. Do not bluff.
3.    Time Lengthening - Give more time for the police to organize
and coordinate plan of action.
4.    Telephone Negotiation technique - Be the caller, plan and
prepare, be ready with graceful exit, and discipline yourself to listen.
Where a demand is impossible to get, still time by explaining that
you need to talk to other people. Hold on to your concession. But
release of sick old people in exchange. When there is no demand,
hostage taker may really have no demand at all.
5.    Need to face to face - Don't be over anxious, prepare for
proper psychological, physical and emotional confrontation. Wear
body armour, posses a weapon, but if ask to come without a
weapon, ensure that they should too should lay down arms before
entering. In entering, see to t that you’re protected with tactical
back-up. And consider that hostage taker might have body trap in
some portions of the area, door or window of the building. Coming
up on face-to-face situation, maintain proper distance, and observe
their movement. Elicit a promise or motivate them to surrender. In
retreating, or in getting out of the room, face hostage taker slowly
back out the door with good cover or tactical back-up.
6.    Surrender Approach- starts with a positive approach; act as if
hostage taker will surrender. Do not talk too much. Gradually ask
him to surrender. Reassurance is the wisest thing to do. Talk details
of surrender process. And explain why not is better than later.
Advantage of Telephone Negotiations
1.    Easier to say No
2.    Easier to conclude the conversation
3.    Conversation is quicker
4.    Important items are more easily committed
5.    Caller has the advantage
G.   Hostage Takers' Demands
Demands of Hostage Takers
1.     Negotiable
a.    Food
b.   Cigarettes
c.    Drinks
d.   Alcohol
e.    Transportation
f.    Media Coverage
g.   Freedom
2. Not Negotiable 1.    Keep in mind that in one H.T., show of force may be
a.    Weapons/Ammunition unnecessary
b. Drugs 2.    Speak firmly but nit in threatening manner
c. Release of prisoners 3.    Do not be overfriendly; it may be interpreted as weakness
d. Exchange of hostages 4.    HT should not be driven to desperation (give hope, security
Handling Demands etc.)
1.    Avoid asking for demands 5.    Show of force in necessary if there are several hostage taker
2.    Avoid offering anything (HT)
3.    Do not give anything not specifically asked for and should not J.  Failure of Negotiation (or Situation Permits)
give more than absolutely necessary to fulfil the agreement 1. Final move must be made swiftly without looking back
4.    Never give anything without getting something in return 2. Any assault must proceed with skill and professionalism, when:
5.    Avoid dismissing any demand as trivial a.    HT begins executing hostages
6.    Ignore deadlines and do not set deadlines for the incident b.   HT throws out first body
resolution K. Concluding a Hostage Incident
7.    Negotiate first for the sick or injured hostages 1. Remove perpetrators as quickly as possible
8.    Monitor the types of demands 2. Secure the Scene
9.    Asses the personality type of the hostage taker based on the 3. Brief Media
types of the demands made 4. Collect Evidence
10. Delay, impress hostage taker even simple demands are hand to 5. Assemble involved personnel
get; that you need to talk with commander or other people etc. 6. Retrieve equipment
7. Identify all property damaged
H. Effects of Time in the Negotiation 8. Identify critique data and handle debriefing
Positive Effect of Time
1. Hostage taker will wear down emotionally/psychologically
2. Hostage taker have more demand for food and water
3. Anxiety reduces; hostage taker will be given a chance to organize
his true self.
4. Hostage takers rationally increase
5. Hostage taker-negotiator relationships get improve
6. Hostage takers demand may be reduces
7. Stockholm syndrome may develop

Negative Effect of Time

Exhaustion and boredom may have creeping effects on both hostage
takers and authorities; for hostage takers may eventually commit
suicide or may forget all demands altogether.

I. On Life and Death Negotiation