MODULE 1 - ETHICS Commanded Acts – are those done either by man’s

mental of bodily powers under the command of the will.

The word ethics was derived from the Late Latin word These acts are:
“Ethnicus” and from Greek word “Ethnikos” which
means “National”, “Nation”, or “People” Internal actions (e.g., conscious reasoning etc.)

DIVISION OF ETHICS External actions (e.g., walking etc.)

General ethics- Presents the general principles of
morality of human acts. Combinations of internal and external actions (e.g.,
Special ethics- Provides for the application of the driving etc.)
principles of general ethics to particular department of
human activity, individual or social. MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS

HUMAN ACT - acts that are done knowingly, deliberately Ignorance – absence of knowledge which a person ought
and freely. to possess.

ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS Passions – tendencies towards desirable objects, or

KNOWINGLY – when the person fully understands what
he is doing and has the
ability to appreciate the consequences of his actions
DELIBERATELY – when the person did his actions
intentionally
FREELY – when the person performed his actions
voluntarily
KINDS OF HUMAN ACTS
Elicited Act – it is performed by the will and are not bodily
externalized.
It includes:
Wish – is the tendency of the will toward something
whether this will be realizable or not.
Intention – is the tendency of the will towards something
attainable but without necessarily committing oneself to
attain it.
tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things.
Fear – disturbance of the mind of a person who is
confronted by impending danger or harm to himself or
love ones.
Violence – refers to any physical force exerted on a
person by another free agent for the purpose of
compelling said person to act against his will.
Habits – is a lasting readiness and facility, born of
frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain manner.
MORALITY - The quality which makes an act good or evil,
right or wrong.
MORAL DISTINCTIONS:
MORAL - good, right
IMMORAL - bad, wrong
AMORAL – neither good nor bad

Consent – is the acceptance of the will of those effective BASIS OF MORALITY

to carry out the intention. Social Norms
Laws of Society
Election – is the selection of the will of those effective Religion
enough to carry out the intention. Conscience
Intuition
Use – is the command of the will to make use of those
means elected to carry out the intention.

Fruition – is the enjoyment of the will derived from the

attainment of the thing he had desired earlier.
 MODULE 2 - “BASIC CONCEPTS” Right – Anything that is owed or due.

Character - Refers to the traits of a person shown through
his thoughts, action, values and virtues.
Values - Refers to anything that a person considers
important, such as idea or experiences.
Virtue - The habit of doing what is good or right.
FOUR MORAL CARDINAL VIRTUES
PRUDENCE - virtue that attracts the intellect to choose
the most effective means for accomplishing what is good
and avoiding what is evil.
FORTITUDE - Firmness of mind; the courage to endure
without yielding the Virtue that gives a person strength of
the will.
Examples of Fortitude:
- Patience: ability to be calm in enduring situations
- Perseverance: ability to go on despite obstacles
- Endurance: ability to last
Human Rights - Rights pertaining to the rights of man
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
RIGHT TO LIFE - The right to life, an essential right for all
human beings.
RIGHT TO LIBERTY - The right to liberty
is the right of all persons to freedom of their person
RIGHT TO PROPERTY - Property rights explain the legal
and intellectual ownership of assets and resources and
one can make use of the same.
BILL OF RIGHTS - list of individual liberties, freedom and
rights which are guaranteed and protected under Article
III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
DUTY - anything we are obliged to do or to omit
Supreme rights - Highest form of rights.
Inherent rights - Rights attached to men as human.
Inalienable rights - Rights that cannot be transferred,
cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken away.

Temperance - ability to moderate one’s instincts and

emotions; the virtue that regulates a person’s wants; also
means self-control.

Justice - The virtue that inclines the will to give to each

what is due to him; the virtue that inclines the will to
respect the rights of others

THREE DIVISIONS OF JUSTICE

Commutative Justice – actions that involve the rights that
exist between individuals. Fairness in all agreement and
exchanges between individuals or private social groups.
Respect for the equal human dignity of all persons in
economic transaction contract or promises.

Distributive Justice – actions that involve the rights that

an individual may claim from society. Fair allocation of
resources among diverse members of a community.

Legal Justice – actions which society may justly require of

the individual for the common good. Thus, laws are
created to protect the citizens.
 MODULE 3 – POLICE ETHICS
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
Article 2, Section 27 - Maintain honesty and integrity in
the public service.
Article 11, Section 1 - “ Public office is a public trust”
Republic Act 6713, “Code of Conduct and Ethical
Standards for Public Officials and Employees”
RA 6713, Sec. 2. - Promote a high standard of ethics in
public service
POLICE ETHICS – a practical science that treats the
principles of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.
Laws Related to the PNP Code of Professional Conduct
and Ethical Standards
RA 3019 - The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.
RA 6713 - Code of Conduct and Ethical Standard for Public
Officials and Employees.
RA 7080 - Anti-Plunder Act.
TERMS TO FONDER:
CRIME – an act committed or omitted in violation of law
forbidding or commanding it.
DISHONESTY – the concealment or distortion of truth
DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT – Consist of
abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the
government of the Philippines.
ETHICAL STANDARD – refers to the conduct and behavior
governing a group, a class, or organization.
GIFT – Refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously,
or any act of liberty in favor of another who accepts it
INCOMPETENCY – It is the manifested lack of adequate
ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of
police duties.
MALFEASANCE – It is the performance of some act which
ought not to be done.
MISFEASANCE – improper performance of some act
which might lawfully be done
NONEFEASANCE - It is omission of some act, which ought
to be performed.
MISCONDUCT - implies wrong intention and not mere
error of judgment.
MORALS AND MORALITY – It refers to what is judged as
good conduct.
MOONLIGHTING – An act of a member of the PNP
pursuing or following any calling or occupation or the act
of engaging in any business. (hold another job)
OPPRESSION – Imports an act of cruelty, severity,
unlawful execution, or excessive use of authority.
POLICE CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL DECORUM – A set of
norms and standards practiced by members during social
and other functions.
POLICE ETHICS – It is the practical science that treats the
principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT – It refers to the set of
behavioral standard governing particular profession or
professionals.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL – Includes elective and appointive
officials and employees.
PUBLIC OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE – Any persons holding
any public office or employment
VIOLATION OF LAW – Presupposes conviction in court of
any crime or offense penalized under RPC or any special
law or ordinances.
Commitment to public interest - Public officials and
employees shall always uphold the public interest over
and above personal interest.
Professionalism - Public officials and employees shall
perform and discharge their duties with the highest
degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and
skill.
Nationalism and patriotism - Public officials and
employees shall at all times be loyal to the Republic and
to the Filipino people.
Solicitation or acceptance of gifts - Public officials and
employees shall not solicit or accept, directly or indirectly,
any gift.
Maximum Tolerance - A conceptual policy laid down for
observance of all law enforcement personnel to exercise
utmost restraint and self-control
Statements of Assets and Liabilities and Financial
Disclosure – All public officials and employees, shall file
under oath their Statement of Assets, Liabilities and Net
Worth and a Disclosure of Business Interests and Financial
Connections
 MODULE 4 – POLICE
POLICE BEHAVIOR - behavior of the police is one of the
most interesting concerns in policing. As police officer,
he/she denotes authority to enforce the law and the duty
to maintain peace and order.
FILIPINO VALUES:
1. Fear of the Lord
2. Faith
3. Close Family Ties
4. Community Spirit
5. Solidarity
6. Love for Others/Fellowmen
7. Knowledge
8. Love for Country or Patriotism
9. Responsible Citizenship
10. Courage
STANDARDS OF POLICE BEHAVIOR
Ethical Standards – it is reflected in the code of conduct
and ethical standards for police officers
Political Standards – come from the expectations of the
community
Legal Standards – are derived primarily from substantive
and procedural criminal laws.
Six Core Work Values
Industriousness- strives to work well
Sense of Responsibility - held accountable for it.
Order (Sense of Time) - “first things first”.
Collaboration - fosters teamwork.
Determination - qualities of perseverance.
Service - work for another
Characteristics of a Police Officer’s Job:
The Uniform - It sets the officer apart, and it clearly
identifies his or her status as a police officer.
The Power - uniformed police officer, with the sidearm,
baton, citation book, and other trappings of office, is a
walking symbol of government power.
The Working Hours - Police officers work daily and “off
duty” is not a right but a privilege only, they also work
weekends, holidays, and frequently must put in overtime
in emergency situations, and for court appearances.
Strengths of the members of PNP
Spiritual Beliefs - During times of great personal crisis and
danger, they bravely forge on, confident that Divine
Providence will grant them protection and safety.
Valor - They sacrificed their limbs and lives for the sake of
their countrymen whom they have pledged to serve.
Patriotism - They manifest their love of country with a
pledge of allegiance to the flag and a vow to defend the
Constitution.
Discipline - The discipline of PNP members is manifested
by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and thorough
and spontaneous actions towards attainment of
organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and
legal norms.
Courteous - PNP members are upright in character, gentle
in manners, dignified in appearance, and sincere in their
concern to fellowmen.
Word of Honor - PNP members’ word is their bond. They
stand by and commit to uphold it.
Duty - PNP members perform their tasks with deep sense
of responsibility and self-sacrifice. They shall readily
accept assignment anywhere in the country.
Loyalty - PNP members are traditionally loyal to the
organization, country and people as borne by history and
practice.
Camaraderie - The binding spirit that enhances teamwork
and cooperation in the police organization, extending to
the people they serve, is manifested by the PNP
members’ deep commitment and concern for one
another.

The Danger - deal with several issues, situations, and

problems.

The Dirty Works - police deal with dead bodies, crimes,

crime victims, criminals, automobile accidents
 MODULE 5 – POLICE CORRUPTION
Weaknesses of the members of PNP
Misplaced Loyalty. The loyalty is on the fellow officers not
on the government and the people they serve.
Cynicism. Police view all citizens with suspicion, weak,
corrupt, and dangerous.
The Use of Force. The police sometimes embrace force
for all situations wherein a threat is perceived.
“The Police as Victims” Mentality. This concept is based
on the idea that the police are victims of public
misunderstanding and scorn, of low wages and self-
serving administrators.
Preferential Application of the Law. Decisions about
whether to enforce the law, in any but the most serious
cases, should be guided by what the law says and who the
suspect is.
Rewards. Police do very dangerous work for low wages,
so it is proper to take any extra rewards the public wants
to give them.
Due Process. It is only a means of protecting criminals at
the expense of the law abiding
Lying and Deception. Lying and deception are an essential
part of the police job, and even perjury should be used if
it is necessary to protect yourself or get a conviction
Republic Act No. 3019
- Anti-graft and corruption practices act of 1960
Republic Act No. 7080
- Plunder Law of 1991.
Most Common Types of Corruption in the PNP:
Case Fixing - sabotage of the investigation process in
exchange for money
Bribery - cash or a gift in exchange for past or
future assistance in avoidance of prosecution
Extortion - minor traffic tickets can be avoided with a
cash payment to the officer and no receipt given.
Protection - companies operating illegally in return for
protecting them from law enforcement activity.
Recycling - sale of confiscated items and evidence
Selective Enforcement - commonly known as “areglo” or
“balato” is in clear abuse of his or her discretion and
authority.
Internal Pay-offs – sale of work assignments, day-offs,
holidays, vacation periods, and even promotions.
Corruption of Authority - policeman must be free from
possible from temptation to evil and this includes
receiving free meals, services, discounts, gratuities
Kickbacks – this type of police corruption occurs when
the police officer receives any consideration such as
money and other valuable materials in return to a police
services
Opportunistic Theft – it is the taking advantage of the
situation in the conduct of police operations by profiting
Fixes – it involves an activity in which a police officer acts
as a mediator in a certain case and offer to the other
party to settle the case
Direct Criminal Activity – this is the worst behavior of a
police force by involvement of police officer in a criminal
activity
Other Forms of Corruption:
Gambling – protectors of “jueteng”
Narcotics – involvement either as users, pushers or
protectors of illegal drugs
Bars- as patrons or owners of houses of ill-refutes.
Prostitution- some are patrons, others are peddlers,
some are owners or protectors.
Parking and traffic – ex. Offering of small bills in exchange
of non-confiscation of license.
Intradepartmental Payments – giving of favor to
colleagues who help them in their processing of papers.
Scale of Information – double agents
Gratuities – a simple token of appreciation that may lead
to corruption later on.
Categories of Corrupt Police Officer/Units:
White Knights – these are straightforward fellow, honest
to a fault, and often take an extreme position on ethical
issues.
Meat Eaters/Carnivorous Cops – they are worst because
they come out of the headquarters to look for the
opportunities.
Rogues – are policemen who are considered having all
the deviant behaviors of a corrupt policeman. They
involve in dirty works and dirty money and are considered
bad to the bone.