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Quarter 4- Module 1:
Tests of Hypothesis
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Tests of Hypothesis
Copyright Page
Title Page
Table of Contents
Module Overview
What’s New 1
What I Know 2
Assessment 16
Answer Key 17
References 18
on a Population Mean 19
What’s New 20
What I Know 21
Assessment 27
Answer Key 28
References 29
Level of Significance 30
What’s New 31
What I Know 32
What’s New Lesson 3.1 The Test Statistic When the Population Variance
is Assumed to be Known 33
What’s New Lesson 3.2 The Test Statistic When the Population Variance
is Assumed to be Unknown 34
What’s New Lesson 4.1 The Rejection Region When the Population
What’s New Lesson 4.2 The Rejection Region When the Population
Assessment 47
Answer Key 49
References 51
Population Mean 53
What’s New 54
What I Know 54
Population Mean 55
Assessment 58
Answer Key 59
References 60
Module Writer’s Profile 61
What I Know 63
What’s In 63
What is it 64
What’s More 65
What I Can Do 66
Assessment 68
Additional Activities 69
This module is made for you Grade 11 learners. It is crafted in a simple and
direct manner to correspond to your 21st century skills. Examples were given to
support the discussion and for illustration. It was made to enhance distant learning
education, and to provide free, interactive and quality learning materials to you our
Probability subject. Inside this module, you will be asked to read and understand some
terminologies, ideas, process and computations. You will also be asked to identify
critical region, and types of errors in testing hypothesis, identifies appropriate test
statistic when a parameter is known, unknown and using Central Limit Theorem,
construct or sketch the critical and acceptance region, draw conclusion about the
population based on the test statistic and rejection region, and solve real-world
problems .
I hope that this module will be an important tool to enrich your knowledge,
strengthening your statistical skills and lessen your computation anxiety. God bless
learners!
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Tests of Hypothesis
2nd Semester
4th Quarter
Number of Hours: 2
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1
Some Key Concepts of Tests of Hypothesis
This part of the module discusses about some key concepts of tests of
hypothesis. It includes the null and alternative hypotheses, level of significance,
rejection region, and the types of errors in hypothesis testing. There are
activities following every discussion which were designed to test your
understanding about the discussion.
Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process of evaluating claims
about a population based on the characteristic of a sample from that population.
It decides whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. Some uses the
following decisions: the null hypothesis is rejected or failed to reject the null
hypothesis. Acceptance implies that the null hypothesis is true. Failure to reject
implies that the data are not sufficient enough to reject the null hypothesis. In
this module, your decision either reject the null hypothesis or the data are not
sufficient enough to reject the null hypothesis. Testing hypothesis follows the
following steps below.
1
To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following tasks:
➢ Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
➢ Follow the directions and/ or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
➢ Answer all the given tests and exercises.
IMPORTANT REMINDER:
What I know
9
A. Before the start of the lesson proper, answer first the questions
below. Read the it carefully and write the letter of the best
answer in your notebook.
3. It is chosen when the parameter is larger than or smaller than the value of the null
hypothesis.
A. two-sided test C. Parametric test
B. one-sided test D. Non-parametric test
2
6. Null and alternative hypotheses are statements about:
A. population parameters. C. sample parameters.
B. sample statistics. D. it depends - sometimes population
parameters and sometimes sample
statistics.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.1
NULL HYPOTHESIS
3
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 1
A. Read and understand the given statements below and find out whether it is
a null hypothesis. In your notebook, write 𝑯𝟎 if the given is a null hypothesis.
Otherwise, just leave it blank.
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found out that
18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if the
current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50
with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers
were asked on their hourly rate and found that they had an average of Php 50 hourly
rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval
for the difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
B. Comprehension Check Questions: Write the letter of the best answer among
the choices below in your notebook.
4
4. It is the sum of values divided by the number of values being summed.
A. Confidence Interval B. standard deviation C. Range D. Mean
5. It is a range of numbers containing possible values for the population parameter.
A. Confidence Interval B. standard deviation C. Range D. Mean
C. Read and understand the statement below. In your notebook, write the
mathematical symbol of the null hypothesis of the following statements.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.2
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
5
In symbol, it is written as:
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 100
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 100 or
𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 100
The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis testing will be
conducted.
> < ≠ =
greater than less than
not equal equal to
above below
6
WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 2
A. Read and understand the given statements below. In your notebook, write 𝑯𝟏
if the given statement in every number is an alternative hypothesis. Otherwise,
just leave it blank.
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found that 18%
of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if the current
percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50
with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers
were asked on their hourly rate and found that they had an average of Php 50 hourly
rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval
for the difference between the average hourly rate for construction workers and the
average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for construction
workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
B. Read and understand the statements below. In your notebook, write the
mathematical symbol of the alternative hypothesis of the given statement.
7
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country were
confirmed death cases.
6. The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is not more than
five.
7. During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in cities decided to
stay in their remote provinces.
8. Forty-five percent of the students attended online learning delivery mode.
9. At most, 55% of the public-school teachers were advised to stay at home during the
opening of classes.
10. At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery mode.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.3
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
8
WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 3
A. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the value of 𝜶
or 𝜶⁄𝟐 based on the alternative hypothesis in decimal form. Write your answer
in mathematical symbol in your notebook.
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found out that
18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that the
current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with
a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were
asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an average of Php 50 hourly
rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval
that the average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly
rate for manufacturing workers.
4. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior
high school students were asked and found out that the mean number of years to finish
their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at
93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.
5. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public school in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of
these students will transfer to public school. Test the average number of private school
students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at 5% level of significance.
9
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.4
CRITICAL REGION
➢ Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the number or numbers that
determine the rejection region. Thus, critical region might be a single number or
an interval.
For one-tailed test or directional test <, the critical region is at the left side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test >, the critical region is at the right side of the
acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test ≠, the critical region is at the left and
right sides of the acceptance region.
10
For example, suppose that a normally distributed population has a standard
deviation𝜎 = 0.12. Given a sample size𝑛 = 10, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10 and 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 10. Construct
the rejection region if 𝛼 = 0.05.
Solution:
𝜎 0.12
𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇 = 10 and 𝜎𝑋̅ = = = 0.03794733192202 …
√𝑛 √10
Notice that 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 10,this is one directional test. Using the standard normal table,
𝑧𝛼 = 𝑧0.05 = 1.645.
Hence, the
𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝜇 + (𝑧𝛼 )(𝜎𝑋̅ )
= 10 + (1.645)(0.038 … )
= 10 + 0.0624
= 10.0624
The critical region is illustrated on the next page. It is the darken area right side of
10.0624.
11
The critical value is illustrated below.
WHAT IS IT?
ACTIVITY 4
A. Complete the sentence below by providing the correct word/s on the blank.
Write your answers in your notebook.
1. In non-directional test, the acceptance region lies ___________ the two critical
regions.
2. The acceptance region for the right-tailed test (one-tailed test) is in the __________
side of the critical region.
3. There are at most ___________ possible critical regions in a hypothesis testing.
4. When the test statistic is located within the critical region, then 𝐻0 is __________.
5. There are at most ___________ possible critical value/s in a hypothesis testing.
B. Read and understand the given statements below. Determine the position of
the rejection region either left side, right side, or between the acceptance region.
Write your answer on the blank after the given.
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found out that
18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that the
current percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.
12
2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with
a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were
asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an average of Php 50 hourly
rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval
that the average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly
rate for manufacturing workers.
4. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior
high school students were asked and found out that the mean number of years to finish
their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at
93% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish basic education is
less than 14 years.
5. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public schools in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of
these students will transfer to public schools. Test the average number of private
school students that will transfer to public schools is not 40% at 5% level of
significance.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 1.5
13
Commonly Used Levels of Significance and Its Corresponding Critical Values
Type I error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before
retiring is not 30 years, when it really is 30 years.
Type II error: We conclude that the mean number of years a teacher work before
retiring is 30 years, when in fact it really is not 30 years.
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 5
A. Read and understand the statements below carefully. Write the letter of the
best answer among the given choices below in your notebook.
2. A criminal was sentenced guilty of a crime he was framed up. What sort of an error
did the judge make, and why?
A. Type II, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
B. Type II, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
C. Type I, because their sets of evidence are false when it's actually true.
D. Type I, because their sets of evidence are true when it's actually false.
15
ASSESSMENT
You are now done with the first lesson of this module. To find out if you have
learned from this lesson, answer the questions below. Identify what is described
in every number. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at most is used.
2. It is the inequality in the alternative hypothesis when the keyword at least is used.
3. It is done to the level of significance when not equal is used in alternative
hypothesis.
4. It is an intelligent guess about the characteristics of a population.
5. It is a numerical value computed from the all the data of the population.
6. It is the center of the normal curve.
7. It is the value of 𝛼 when the confidence level is 92%.
8. The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the critical
region.
9. The decision made to the null hypothesis when the critical value lies in the
confidence region.
10. The probability of committing type II error is 𝛽 and 𝛼 is the probability of committing
type I error. Write 𝛽 in terms of 𝛼.
16
Answer Key
B
B. Answer may vary.
Activity 1
A B C
Activity 5
A
Activity 2
A B
Activity 3 Assessment
17
REFERENCES
Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.
Average Construction Worker Hourly Pay in Philippines. (2020). Retrieved May 27,
2020 from https://www.payscale.comresearch/Ph/Job=Construction_
Worker/Hourly_Rate
Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020
from https://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ResearchMethods/Arabic/Hypothesis
Testingpart1.pdf
Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
Parreño, E. B. & Jimenez, R.O. (2014). Basic Statistics: A Worktext. Second Edition.
C & E Publishing, Inc.
Null. (2020). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/null
Minitab Express Support. (2019). Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://support.
minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-to/basic- statistics/
inference/supporting-topics/basics/what-is-a-critical-value/
18
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Tests of Hypothesis
2nd Semester
4thQuarter
2 hours
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 2
EXPLORING TESTING HYPOTHESIS
After learning some basic concepts involved in hypothesis testing, you now
ready to learn the parameters involve in the process. It is very important because
this will guide you on selecting the appropriate steps and formula to be used during
the test. Real-life problems will be given and be used to determine the parameter
to be tested.
Parameter is a number that summarizes some aspect of the population as
a whole. Examples are population mean and the population variance. On the other
hand, statistics is a value computed from the samples. Examples are sample mean
and sample variance. Hypothesis is a claim about the parameter like the population
mean 𝜇 or the population proportion 𝑝. The examples in this lesson will use claims
about the population mean 𝜇.
20
What I know
A. Read and understand the statements below and identify the term described.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 2.1
Decision making is part of our daily lives. We are given different options. This
situation is the same as in testing hypothesis. Options can be treated as hypothesis. It is
like the process of selecting which of these options is the best solution to our problem.
There are steps to follow to come up with the solution. Now, we will learn these steps.
The first step in hypothesis testing is the formulation of the null and alternative
hypotheses.
z-test on the comparison between the population mean 𝜇 and sample mean 𝑥̅ is
used when the population mean 𝜇 and the population standard deviation 𝜎 are known,
and 𝜇 is compared to a sample mean 𝑥̅ .
21
It is also important to identify the parameters or statistics involve in the problem to
determine the appropriate formula.
Example 2.1. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of
the parameters, statistics and sample size involved and formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses.
Example 2.1.1
Example 2.1.2
A manufacturer of face mask has developed a new face mask design. He claims
that the new design has an average profit increase of 10% with a standard deviation of
3%. Test the hypothesis that the new face mask design average profit increase of is not
10% if a random sample of 50 face mask is tested with an average profit increase of 4%.
Use 10% level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size 𝑛 = 50
Parameter: population mean 𝜇0 = 10 population standard deviation 𝜎 = 3
Statistic: sample mean 𝑥̅ = 4
Step 1. Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses.
22
𝐻0 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is 10%.
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10%
𝐻1 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10%
(We used not equal because it was indicated in the problem.)
Example 2.1.3
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 6
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative
hypothesis both in words and symbols. Write your answer in your notebook.
Please follow the format in the examples.
1. A jeepney driver claims that his average monthly income is Php 3000.00 with a
standard deviation of Php 300.00. A sample of 30 jeepney drivers were surveyed and
found that their average monthly income is Php 3500.00 with a standard deviation of Php
350.00. Test the hypothesis at 1% level of significance.
2. A mathematics teacher in senior high school developed a problem-solving test to
randomly selected 40 grade 11 students. These students had an average score of 85 and
a standard deviation of 5. If the population had a mean score of 90 and a standard
deviation of 3, use 5% level of significance to test the hypothesis.
3. A kinder teacher developed a coloring worksheet for her pupils. Using this worksheet,
the pupil’s performance has a mean score of 90 and a standard deviation of 10. Fifty
23
kinder pupils from a certain barangay were asked to answer the said worksheet and found
that their mean score was 95 with a standard deviation of 5. Test the hypothesis at 1%
significance level.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 2.2
This test will be used when the population standard deviation 𝜎 is unknown but the
sample standard deviation 𝑠 is known or can be computed. The t-test will replace z-test.
The degrees of freedom df is the number of pieces of independent information available
for computing variability. The required number of degrees of freedom varies depending
on the size of the distribution. Hence, for a single group of population 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑁 − 1 and for
two groups 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 − 1 for t-test where 𝑁, 𝑁1 , and 𝑁2 are the population size.
Example 2.2. Read and understand the problems below. Determine the values of
the parameters, statistics and sample size involve and formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses.
Example 2.2.1
The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics Module is
5 hours. A random sample of 15 students was asked and found that their mean number
of hours to finish answering the Statistics module is 6 hours with a standard deviation of
2 hours. Test the hypothesis at 5% level of significance.
Solution:
Given: sample size 𝑛 = 15
Parameter: population mean 𝜇0 = 5
Statistic: sample mean 𝑥̅ = 6 sample standard deviation 𝑠 = 2
24
𝐻1 : The mean number of hours of student to finish answering the Statistics Module
is greater than 5 hours
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 5
(We used greater than in 𝐻1 because the sample mean 6 is greater than the population
mean 5.)
Example 2.2.2
Example 2.2.3
A rural health unit conducted a survey on the heights of the male aged 18 to 24
years old. It was found out that the mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70
inches. Test the hypothesis that the mean height of the male aged 18 to 24 years old is
not 70 inches if a random sample of 20 male aged 18 to 24 years old had a mean height
of 65 inches with a standard deviation of 3. Use 1% level of significance.
25
In symbol, 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 70
𝐻1 : The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old was not 70 inches
In symbol, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 70
(We used not equal because it was indicated that the population mean was not 70 inches.)
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 7
Determine the given of the problems below and formulate the null and alternative
hypothesis both in words and symbols. Write your answer in your notebook.
Please follow the format in the examples.
1. A health specialist wants to determine the average number of hours a person exercise
in a day during the quarantine period. She found out that the mean number of hours a
person exercise in a day during the quarantine period is 80 minutes. A random sample of
29 persons were surveyed and found that their mean is 65 minutes and a standard
deviation of 10 minutes. Test the hypothesis at 2% level of significance and assume that
the population is normally distributed.
2. A study was conducted to determine the marrying age of teachers. It was found out
that the mean marrying ager of teachers is 30 years old. Fifteen teachers were surveyed
randomly and found that their mean marrying age was 33 years old with a standard
deviation of 5 years. Use 10% level of significance to test the hypothesis and assume that
the population is normally distributed.
26
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
ASSESSMENT
A. You are now done with the first lesson of this module. To find out if you have
learned from this lesson, answer the questions below. Identify what is described
in every number. Write your answers in your notebook.
B. Create two problems in testing hypothesis. Determine the given and formulate
the null and alternative hypotheses. Write your answer in your notebook.
27
Answer Key
Activity 7
Assessment
28
REFERENCES
Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.
Average Construction Worker Hourly Pay in Philippines. (2020). Retrieved May 27,
2020 from https://www.payscale.comresearch/Ph/Job=Construction_
Worker/Hourly_Rate
Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020
from https://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ResearchMethods/Arabic/Hypothesis
Testingpart1.pdf
Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/40007_Chapter8.pdf
Minitab Express Support. (2019). Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://support.
minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-to/basic- statistics/
inference/supporting-topics/basics/what-is-a-critical-value/
Parreño, E. B. & Jimenez, R.O. (2014). Basic Statistics: A Worktext. Second Edition.
C & E Publishing, Inc.
Stephanie. (2020). Statistics How To. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/
Stephanie. (2020). Statistics How To. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/normal-distribution/
central-limit-theorem-definition-examples
29
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Tests of Hypothesis
2nd Semester
4th Quarter
3 Hours
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3
1. Identify the appropriate form of the test-statistic when: (a) the population variance is
assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c) the
Central Limit Theorem is to be used
2. Identify the appropriate rejection region for a given level of significance when: (a) the
population variance is assumed to be known; (b) the population variance is assumed to
be unknown; and (c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used
31
What I know
Read and understand the statement below and identify the term described in each
number. Write your answers in your notebook.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3
Test statistic is a value computed from the data. The test statistic is used to assess
the evidence in rejecting or accepting the null hypothesis. Each statistic test is used for a
different test. You can use the z-score, t-score, the F-statistic, or Chi-Square statistic.
These will be used for the following tests, z-test, t-test, ANOVA test, and Chi-square test,
respectively. All data must be assumed to be normally distributed. Here, we will consider
three conditions in choosing the appropriate test statistic. These three are when the
population variance is assumed to be known, when the population variance is assumed
to be unknown, and when using the Central Limit Theorem.
32
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.1
In this condition, the z-score is used. The formula for z-score is given by the
formula below.
̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙
Test Statistic: 𝒛=( ) (√𝒏)
𝝈
where
z is the z-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇0 is the population mean, 𝜎 is the population
standard deviation, and n is the sample size.
Examples 2.1.1, 2.1.2, and 2.1.3 will use the z-score.
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟑−𝟓
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟐𝟎𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒
𝝈 𝟐
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟒−𝟏𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟓𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒
𝝈 𝟑
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟖𝟑−𝟖𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟎) = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟖
𝝈 𝟑
33
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 8
Determine given and compute the z-score of the problem in Activity 6. Write your
answer in your notebook.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.2
In this condition, the z-score is inappropriate to use. A different test statistic will be
used then. The t-score will be used in this case. Another condition to observe when using
t-score is when the sample size n is less than 30, i.e., (𝑛 < 30) and the population is
normally or approximately normally distributed. The formula for t-score is given by the
formula below.
̅−𝜇0
𝒙
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) and the degrees of freedom 𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 − 𝟏
𝒔
where
t is the t-score, 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝑠 is the sample standard
deviation, and n is the sample size.
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟔−𝟓
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟏𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒
𝒔 𝟐
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟓−𝟕
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( 𝟏.𝟓 ) (√𝟐𝟓) = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
𝒔
34
From Example 2.2.3
̅−𝜇0
𝒙 𝟔𝟓−𝟕𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟐𝟎) = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
𝒔 𝟑𝟐
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 9
Determine the given and compute the test statistic of the problems in Activity 7.
Write your answer in your notebook.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 3.3
The Central Limit Theorem states that if a random samples of size n are drawn
from a large or infinite population with finite mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling
distribution of the sample mean is approximately normally distributed with mean 𝝁𝒙̅ = 𝝁
𝝈 √𝒏(𝒙
̅−𝝁)
and a standard deviation of 𝝈𝒙̅ = . Hence, 𝒁 = ̅~𝑵(𝝁, 𝝈𝟐 /𝒏).
or equivalently, 𝒙
𝒏
√ 𝝈
The average of your sample means44 will be the population mean. Compute the sum
of all means from all samples divided by the number of means added. The result is the
actual population mean. Similarly, the average of all of the standard deviations of
all samples is the actual standard deviation for your population.
43
35
Example 3.3.1.
San Miguel Corporation gives a monthly benefit to their employees during the COVID19
pandemic. They claimed that the average monthly benefit of their employees is at least Php 5,
000.00. A random sample of 35 employees were taken as samples to verify the said claim and
found that their average monthly benefit is Php 6, 000.00 with a standard deviation of Php 600.00.
Is the company’s claim correct at 0.05 level of significance? Assume that the population is
approximately normally distributed.
Solution:
𝜎 𝑠 600
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = ≈ = = 101.42
√𝑛 √𝑛 √35
Hence,
̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛=( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟓) = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟑.
𝝈𝒙̅ 𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟒𝟐
Example 3.3.2.
GMA-ABS claimed that their employees had a mean monthly salary of Php12,500.00. A
reporter wants to verify this claim by asking 30 employees. The result showed that these
employees had an average monthly salary of Php10,000.00 with a standard deviation of
Php 2,000.00. Test the claim at 10% level of significance assume that the population is
approximately normally distributed.
.
Solution:
𝜎 𝑠 2000
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = ≈ = = 365.15
√𝑛 √𝑛 √30
Hence,
̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟎) = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎.
𝝈𝒙̅ 𝟑𝟔𝟓.𝟏𝟓
36
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 10
Determine the given and compute the test statistic of the problems below using
Central Limit Theorem. Write the problems and answers in your activity notebook.
1. A company claimed that their N95 face mask has a mean filtration efficiency rate of
95%. A group of student researcher wanted to verify this claim. They bought and tested
40 of their N95 face masks. They found out that the average filtration efficiency rate of
these face mask was 90% with a standard deviation of 4%. Test the claim at 5% level of
significance and assume that the population is approximately normally distributed.
2. A certain group of welfare recipients receives relief goods with a mean amount of Php
500 per week. A random sample of 75 recipients is surveyed and found that the mean
amount of relief goods they received in a week is Php 600 and a standard deviation of
Php50.00 . Test the claim at 1% level of significance is not Php 500 per week and assume
that the population is approximately normally distributed.
.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 4
After the test statistic is computed, the critical region is set. The set of all possible
values of the test statistic could range from negative infinity to positive infinity. This will
be divided into two regions. One region will be set as the acceptance region and the other
one is the rejection or critical region. The division of these two regions will be based on
the alternative hypothesis. Review lesson 1.4.
37
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 4.1
REJECTION REGION WHEN THE POPULATION VARIANCE IS ASSUMED
TO BE KNOWN
Below is the summary of the possible alternative hypothesis and its corresponding
critical region for testing population mean when the population variance is assumed to be
known.
Where 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜇0 is the possible value of the population mean, 𝑧 is
the value of test statistic and −𝑧𝛼, 𝑧𝛼 , −𝑍𝛼⁄2 and 𝑍𝛼⁄2 are the critical values.
Let us determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypothesis, compute the
test statistic and construct the acceptance and critical regions of examples 2.1.1, 2.1.2,
and 2.1.3.
𝐻0 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl
alcohol is Php 5.00.
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 5
𝐻1 : The average reduction of production expenses of the new packaging design of ethyl
alcohol is less than Php 5.00.
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 5
Note: we use less than because the sample mean 3 is less than 5 which is the possible value of
the population mean.
𝟑−𝟓
test statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝟐𝟎𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒
𝟐
38
Critical region
Since < is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼 will be used. Now using the z-table, the value of −𝑧𝛼 is
𝐻1 : The average profit increase of the new face mask design is not 10%.
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10
Note: we use not equal because it was indicated to test the hypothesis that the new face mask
design average profit increase is not 10%.
39
𝟒−𝟏𝟎 0.10
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝟓𝟎) = −𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 and 𝛼⁄2 = 2 = 0.05
𝟑
Critical region
Since ≠ is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼⁄2 or 𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼⁄2 will be used. Now using the z-table, the values
of −𝑧𝛼⁄2 and 𝑧𝛼⁄2 are the following
−𝑧𝛼⁄2 = −𝑧0.05 = −1.645 or 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 𝑧0.05 = 1.645
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
40
Critical region
Since > is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑧 > 𝑧𝛼 will be used. Now using the z-table, the value of 𝑧𝛼 is.
𝑧𝛼 = 𝑧0.10 = 1.96
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 11
Determine the given and construct the acceptance and critical region of the
problems in Activity 6. Write your answer in your notebook.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 4.2
In this case, the student t-distribution table will be used in determining the critical
value/s. This will be used when the sample size is less than 30. When the sample size is
41
greater than 30 and the variance is unknown, the Central Limit Theorem will be used.
This case will be discussed in the next lesson
Where 𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜇0 is the possible value of the population mean, t is the
value of test statistic, −𝑡𝛼,𝑣, 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 , −𝑡𝛼⁄ ,𝑣 and 𝑡𝛼⁄ ,𝑣 are the critical values and 𝑣 is
2 2
the degrees of freedom
Determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypothesis, compute the test
statistic and construct the acceptance and critical regions for examples 2.2.1, 2.2.2, and
2.2.3
𝐻1 : The mean number of hours of students to finish answering the Statistics module is
greater than 5 hours.
𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 5
̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟔−𝟓
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟏𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟒
𝒔 𝟐
Critical region
Since > is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the
value of 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 is 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 = 𝑡0.05,14 = 1.761
42
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
𝐻1 : The mean number of hours of television program they watched during daytime was
less than 7 hours.
𝐻1 : 𝜇75
̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟓−𝟕
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟐𝟓) = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
𝒔 𝟏.𝟓
Critical region
Since > is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼,𝑣 will be used. Now using the student t-distribution table, the
value of −𝑡𝛼,𝑣 is −𝑡𝛼,𝑣 = −𝑡0.10, 24 = −1.318
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
𝟏𝟎%
43
From Example 2.2.3
Solution:
Given: 𝑥̅ = 65 , 𝜇0 = 70, 𝑠 = 32, 𝑛 = 20, 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑓 = 20 − 1 = 19 and 𝛼 = 1% = 0.01
Null and alternative hypotheses
𝐻0 : The mean height of male aged 18 to 24 years old is 70 inches.
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 70
̅−𝝁
𝒙 𝟔𝟓−𝟕𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒕 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟐𝟎) = −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
𝒔 𝟑𝟐
Critical region
Since ≠ is use in 𝐻1 , 𝑡 < −𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣 or 𝑡 > 𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣 will be used. Now using the student t-
distribution table, the value of −𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣 is −𝑡𝛼⁄2,𝑣 = −𝑡0.005, 19 = −2.861 and
𝑡0.005, 19 = 2.861
Now, we construct the critical and acceptance regions.
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 12
Determine the given and construct the acceptance and critical region of the
problems in Activity 7. Write your answer in your notebook.
44
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 4.3
Example 3.3.1.
𝐻1 : The average monthly benefit of San Miguel Corporation employees is greater than
Php5.000.00.
𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 5000
𝜎 𝑠 600
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = ≈ = = 101.42
√𝑛 √𝑛 √35
̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟓) = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟑𝟑.
𝝈𝒙̅ 𝟏𝟎𝟏.𝟒𝟐
45
Example 3.3.2.
𝐻1 : The average monthly benefit of San Miguel Corporation employees is less than
Php12,500.00.
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 12,500
𝜎 𝑠 2000
According to Central Limit Theorem, 𝜎𝑥̅ = ≈ = = 365.15
√𝑛 √𝑛 √30
̅−𝝁𝟎
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
Test Statistic: 𝒛 = ( ) (√𝒏) = ( ) (√𝟑𝟎) = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎.
𝝈𝒙̅ 𝟑𝟔𝟓.𝟏𝟓
WHAT IS IT
ACTIVITY 13
Construct the critical region of the problems in Activity 10 using Central Limit
Theorem. Write the problems and answers in your activity notebook.
46
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
➢ When the population variance is known or when the sample size is 30 or more, the
critical values are determined using the z-table.
➢ When the sample size is less than 30, the critical values are determine using the
student t-distribution table.
➢ Central limit theorem is considered when the sample size is 30 or more and the
population is not normally distributed or approximately normally distributed.
ASSESSMENT
A. You are now done with the second lesson of this module. To find out if you have
learned from this lesson, answer the questions below. Complete the sentence by
providing the correct word/s on the blank. Write your answers in your activity
notebook.
1. It is a value that is the average distance of the values of data from a sample.
2. It is the square of the population standard deviation.
3. It is the sum of all population data divided by the number of population data.
4. It depicts the number of pieces of independent information available for computing
variability.
5. It is the degrees of freedom of a single population.
B. Determine the given, formulate the null and alternative hypothesis in words and
in symbols, and the appropriate test statistic. Write the given and your answers in
your activity notebook.
1. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller asked
60 users of that lip tint and found that it has a mean organic content of 85% with a standard
deviation of 5%. Test the claim at 1% level of significance and assume that the population
is approximately normally distributed.
47
2. A company produced ethyl alcohol and claimed to have a mean alcohol content of
70%. A random sample of 80 of ethyl alcohol was take as sample to verify this claim. It
was found out that the mean alcohol content is 65% with a standard deviation of 2%. Test
the claim at 5% level of significance and assume that the population is normally
distributed.
48
ANSWER KEY
Pre – test and Post – test Activity 10
Activity 11
Activity 8
Activity 9
49
Activity 12 Activity 13
Assessment
A.
B.
50
References
Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.
Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
Parreño, E. B. & Jimenez, R.O. (2014). Basic Statistics: A Worktext. Second Edition.
C & E Publishing, Inc.
Average Construction Worker Hourly Pay in Philippines. (2020). Retrieved May 27,
2020 from https://www.payscale.comresearch/Ph/Job=Construction_
Worker/Hourly_Rate
Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences. Retrieved May 27, 2020
from https://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ResearchMethods/Arabic/Hypothesis
Testingpart1.pdf
Null. (2020). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/null
Minitab Express Support. (2019). Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://support.
minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-to/basic- statistics/
inference/supporting-topics/basics/what-is-a-critical-value/
Stephanie. (2020). Statistics How To. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/
Stephanie. (2020). Statistics How To. Retrieved May 27, 2020 from
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/normal-distribution/
central-limit-theorem-definition-examples
51
McLeod, S. A. (2019, Nov 25). What is central limit theorem in statistics? Simply
psychology: Retrieved May 27, 2020 from https://www.simplypsychology.org
/central-limit-theorem.html
52
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Tests of Hypothesis
2nd Semester
4th Quarter
3 Hours
WHAT’S NEW
54
What I know
Read and understand the statement below and identify the term described in each
number. Write your answers in your notebook.
1. It is the decision when the value of the test statistic lies within the critical region.
2. It is the decision when the value of the test statistic lies outside the critical region.
3. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a right-tailed test.
4. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a right-tailed test.
5. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a left-tailed test.
6. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a left-tailed test.
7. It is the conclusion when the value of test statistic lies within the critical region.
8. It is the conclusion when the value of test statistic lies outside the critical region.
9. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is rejected in a two-tailed test.
10. It is the position of the value of test statistic when 𝐻0 is accepted in a two-tailed test.
WHAT’S NEW
LESSON 5
55
4. Establish the critical region/s: Based on 𝐻1 , this is a one-tailed test (left-tailed
test) with critical regions 𝑧 < −𝑧𝛼 where −𝑧𝛼 = −𝑧0.05 = −1.645. The
critical region (shaded part) is illustrated below.
56
5. Decision: Since 1.94 > 1.761 is TRUE, 𝐻0 is rejected. From the illustration
above, 1.94 lies within the critical region.
−0.70
5. Decision: Since −0.70 < −2.861 is FALSE and −0.70 > 2.861 is also FALSE, 𝐻0
is rejected. From the illustration above, −0.70 lies between the two critical
regions.
6. Conclusion: There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean height of
male aged 18 to 24 years old was 70 inches.
57
ASSESSMENT
Perform as indicated in the given below. Write the given and your
answers in your activity notebook.
1. A seller claimed that her lip tint has a mean organic content of 90%. A rival seller asked
60 users of that lip tint and found that it has a mean organic content of 85% with a standard
deviation of 5%. Test the claim at 1% level of significance and assume that the population
is approximately normally distributed.
58
Answer Key
Pre test Assessment
59
References
Alferez, M.S. & Duro, M.A. (2006). MSA Statistics and Probability. MSA Publishing
House. Reprinted 2016.
Belecina, R. R.et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. First Edition. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
60
MODULE WRITER’S PROFILE
Educational Attainment:
District : Magsaysay 1
61
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
Quarter 4 - Module 1
Tests of Hypothesis
Learning Competency 10: Identifies the appropriate form of the test statistic
when the Central Limit Theorem is to be used
M11/12SP-IVe-3
Learning Competency 11: Identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given
level of significance when the Central Limit Theorem
is to be used M11/12SP-IVe-4
2nd Semester
4th Quarter
6 Hours
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
What I know
Determine whether the statement is True or False. If false, modify the statement to
make it true.
What’s In
There are certain situations when the data to be analyzed involve population proportions
or percentages. For example, a politician may want to know the percentage of his
constituents who approve of his policy on educational reform. A manufacturer may want
to know the proportions of defective products in the assembly line.
63
What is It
When testing about a proportion, the following assumptions must be made:
1. The conditions for a binomial experiment are met. That is, there is a fixed number
of independent trials with constant probabilities and each trial has two outcomes
that we usually classify as “success” and “failure”.
2. The condition 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5 and 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5are both satisfied so that the binomial distribution
with 𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝and 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞.
If all the above conditions are met the test statistic is the z-test statistic for
proportions. The formula for computing this value is:
𝑝̂ − 𝑝0
𝑧=
𝜎𝑝̂
𝑋
Where: 𝑝̂ = 𝑛 ,
𝑝𝑞
𝜎𝑝̂ = √ 𝑛 is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of 𝑝̂ .
𝑝0 𝑞0
However, we use 𝜎𝑝̂ = √ in computing the value of the test statistic z
𝑛
Note: 𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0 .
64
What’s More
In general,
65
What I Can Do
We will now apply the formula and steps involving test hypothesis on the
population proportion.
Example 1: Using the 0.5 level of significance run a z-test given the following:
5
n=74; 𝑝̂ = 74; 𝑝0 = 10%
Solution:
2. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 𝑝0
𝐻0 : 𝑝 = .10
𝐻1 : 𝑝 ≠ .10
Note: In the p-value approach we compute the probability value to the left of -0.91. That is
the area between z=0 and z=0.91 is given in z-table as 0.3186. Therefore, the observed
0.068−0.1
probability𝑧value is 0.5000-0.3186 = 0.1814. Since the test is two-tailed, the p-value is
= (0.1)(0.9)
√
multiplied by 2. So,
74 p-value = 0.1814 x 2 = 0.3628.
𝒛 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟏
6. Reject the 𝑯𝟎 if the computed probability value is ≤ 0.05. Do not reject (or
accept) 𝑯𝟎 if the
8. Thus, based on the evidence at hand we cannot reject the null hypothesis𝑯𝟎 .
66
There is no significant difference between the sample proportion and the population
proportion.
Example 2: Mr. Sy asserts that fewer than 5% of the bulbs that he sells are defective.
Suppose 300 bulbs are randomly selected each are tested and 10 defective bulbs are
found. Does this provide sufficient evidence for Mr. Sy to conclude that the fraction of
defective bulbs is less than 0.05? use𝛼 = 0.01.
Solution:
2. 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 𝑝0
𝐻0 : 𝑝 = 0.05
𝐻1 : 𝑝 ≠ 0.05
6. Reject the 𝑯𝟎 if the computed probability value is ≤ 0.05. Do not reject (or
accept) 𝑯𝟎 if the
8. Thus, based on the evidence at hand we cannot reject the null hypothesis𝑯𝟎 .
There is no
67
Assessment
Instruction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
6. For a z-test of proportions which of the following is the rejection region for a two-tailed
test?
A. 𝑧 > 𝑧𝑎 C. 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑎
B. 𝑧 > 𝑧𝑎/2 D. 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑎/2
7. For a z-test of proportions which of the following is the rejection region for a one-
tailed test?
A. 𝑧 > 𝑧𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > −𝑧𝑎 C. 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > −𝑧𝑎
B. 𝑧 > −𝑧𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > 𝑧𝑎/2 D. 𝑧 < −𝑧𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 > 𝑧𝑎/2
2 2
8. If 𝑝0 = 0.37 what is 𝑞0 ?
A. 0.37
B. 0.73
C. 0.63
D. 0.53
68
9. In a z-test of proportions, the computed z lies in the rejection region. This means
that:
A. The sample proportion is equal to the hypothesized proportion.
B. The sample proportion is equal to the population proportion.
C. The sample proportion is not equal to the hypothesized proportion.
D. The sample proportion is not equal to the population proportion.
Additional Activities
n 𝑝̂ 𝑝0 z p-value
a. 100 40/100 8%
d. 486 216/486 9%
2. A researcher wants to test the null hypothesis 𝐻0 : 𝑝 = .79 against the alternative
𝐻1 : 𝑝 > 79. A sample of 1200 observations is inputted into a computer software and
returns the result: z= 3 and the the one-tailed p-value = .0001. What is your
interpretation of this p-value?
3. A politician claims that she will receive 60% of the votes in the upcoming election.
Of a random sample of 200 voters there were 100 who will surely vote for her. Test
the politician’s assertion at the 0.05 level of significance.
69
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