UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

ANTI BIOFILM PRODUCT IN PROCESS PIPELINES

Report Assignment 3

BIO-02

GROUP PERSONNEL:
AMALIA OKTAVIANI (1806150036)
ANDIKA MARDIANTO (1806207362)
DENNIS CHAN (1806207431)
FATHARANI ALIFAH FADHIAH (1806207564)
MORLY HOLAW (1806150111)
SUFFA HAFIZAHAQ (1806207646)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
MARET, 2021
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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 LIST OF CONTENTS
I. Product Specification
1. Background (Dennis)
2. Product Final Specification (Andika & Rani)
3. Product Composition (Suffa Amal)
II. Product Design Communication and Visual
1. Brand (Dennis)
2. Logo (Morly)
3. Tagline (Dennis)
4. Product Prototype Design (Morly
5. Packaging Prototype Design (Morly)
III. Product Manufacturing
1. Market Analysis (Dennis)
2. Market Segmentation (Dennis)
3. Determining Production Capacity (Dennis)
4. Ingredients (Amal dan Morly)
5. Block Flow Diagram (Amal dan Morly)
6. Equipment (Amal dan Morly)
Mass and Energy Balance (Suffa dan Fatharani)
7. Plant Scheduling (Suffa dan Fatharani)
8. Plant Location (Dennis dan Andika)
9. Plant Layout (Dennis dan Andika)
IV. Conclusion (Together)

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LIST OF FIGURES

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LIST OF TABLES

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 CHAPTER 1

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

1.1 Product Specification

The concept of our product an antibiofilm in process pipeline has been

determined in a previous report. New product must be measured the perfect
specification that have been positioned before.

Table 1.1 Product Specification

No Specification Unit Value

1 Form Liquid
2 Color
0
3 Temperature range 25-45 C
4 pH - 7
5 Solubility - Soluble in water
6 Viscosity Kg/(s.m)
7 Price IDR Rp30000/L
8 Packaging dimension Cm x cm
9 Packaging material - Reusable plastic jerrycan
10 Safety regulation - ECHA
• FMCG industry
• Pharmaceutical
industry
11 Target market industrial
• Water and water
treatment
• Etc.
12 Usage time h 3

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1.2 Product Ingredients

1.2.1 Product Composition

After we get the product specifications for the chosen concept, then we do
a review of the compositions of the product's raw materials. In this section we
conduct several literature reviews to obtain information about the main ingredients,
namely Brassicaceae Extract, Protease, Propylene Glycol, Rhamnolipid, Sorbitol,
and Natrium Bicarbonate (Ogbede, et al. 2014).
Table xx. List of Ingredients
Ingredients Function %wt
Brassicaceae Extract Active agent 40 Commented [DC1]: Perbandingan 1:20. Effectivity 98%

Protease Active agent 2 Commented [DC2R1]: Tapi too big, kalo 1:10, 89%
Commented [DC3]: Sinergi dari protease+bras, yakinin
Propylene Glycol Stabilizer 3,5 prof missri hehe
Lowering surface
Rhamnolipid 15
tension
Sorbitol Stabilizer 3,5 Commented [DC4]: Sorbitol sm propylene, why together?
Kenapa gmw 1 aja 12%
Natrium Bicarbonate pH adjustment 5
Water Solvent 31 Commented [DC5]: Bisa ditambahin krn kita byk poweder
ingredientnya

1.2.2 Explanation of Each Ingredients

1.2.2.1 Brassicaceae Extract

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata L.) is a natural ingredient that

has antibacterial properties. Cabbage contains glucosinolate compounds that can
inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Other bioactive ingredients in cabbage that have
antibacterial properties are alkaloids and flavonoids. Based on its use as a vegetable
that is consumed daily, the antibacterial active substances contained in cabbage can
be said to be safe for human use.
From research conducted by Rusmiati, et al (2007), it was found that the
content in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata L) was in the form of
flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, and tannins which have antibacterial properties.
The mechanism of action of flavonoids as antibacterials is by inhibiting DNA
synthesis, disrupting the function of the cytoplasmic membrane and inhibiting the

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transfer of energy needed for bacterial metabolism (Cushine and Lamb, 2005). The
content of flavonoid compounds, saponins, polyphenols as antibacterial compounds
in cabbage is very potential to be used as a therapy against bacterial infections
including E. coli.
The results of the research conducted by Maryuni (2008) showed that the
increasing concentration of the ethanol extract of cabbage leaves also increased the
diameter of the inhibition zone. The higher the extract concentration, the greater the
number of antibacterial compounds released, so that the ability of these compounds
to inhibit bacterial growth also increases. This antibacterial activity is thought to be
related to the active compounds contained in cabbage leaves, including flavonoids,
polyphenols, saponins and tannins (Rusmiati, et al., 2007).
Flavonoids have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonellatyphimurium, and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Several theories suggest that the mechanism of
action of flavonoids as antibacterials is by inhibiting DNA synthesis, disrupting the
function of the cytoplasmic membrane and inhibiting the transfer of energy needed
for bacterial metabolism (Cushine and Lamb, 2005). Polyphenols have a
mechanism of inhibiting bacterial growth by interfering with the formation of cell
walls and cell membranes. Tannins are able to inhibit the activity of enzymes in
bacteria, namely by binding and depositing proteins in mucus and mucosal
epithelial cells. Saponin compounds can carry out an inhibitory mechanism by
forming complex compounds with cell membranes through hydrogen bonds so that
they can destroy the permeability of the cell wall and eventually cause cell death
(Noer and Nurhayati, 2006).
In another study conducted by Tahira Zamir (2013) also showed that
cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.capitata L) has antibacterial properties with the
disc diffusion method, in several bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus, and Proteus with various
concentrations of 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml. 40 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml.

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 Figure X. E. coli growth inhibition at various concentrations of cabbage extract
(Source: Wahyuni, L. S. 2014)

1.2.2.2 Protease
The microbial cells of biofilm are embedded into a self-produced
extracellular matrix comprising of polymeric substances such as polysaccharides,
proteins, lipids and DNA. As proteins are one of the major constituents of biofilms,
the proteases are considered to be the most potential enzymes for biofilm removal
(Lister and Horswill, 2014). Proteases such as aureolysin, proteinase K, spl
protease, staphopain A and B produced by staphylococcal strains help in
degradation of biofilms (Fleming and Rumbaugh, 2017).

Figure X. Relative Activity of Protease at Various Conditions

(Saggu et al, 2019)

The picture above shows protease’s relative activity in various conditions.

Picture A shows that the activity of protease before incubation was relatively stable
at a wide range of temperatures from 20 to 60°C. Picture B shows enzyme activity

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at 37℃ after preincubation of protease at 60°C. It can be seen that activity of
protease was stable at 60°C as it retained 95% and 57% of its activity after
incubation at this temperature for 1 and 2 hours. Picture C shows the effect of pH
to the activity of protease, it can be seen that protease showed its maximum activity
at pH 12 and 60°C when the reaction mixture was incubated at pH varying from 6
to 12.

1.2.2.3 Propylene Glycol

Propylene glycol is a compound having the chemical formula C3H8O2.
Propylene glycol is an excipient that is often used in liquid preparations. Propylene
glycol is widely used as a solvent and carrier, especially for substances that are
unstable or insoluble in water. Propylene glycol is a viscous, clear, colorless,
distinctive taste, practically odorless liquid, miscible with water, acetone,
chloroform, soluble in ether, and in some essential oils, incompatible with fatty oils
(Anonim, 2020). Propylene glycol is generally a better solvent than glycerin and
can dissolve various substances, such as corticosteroids, phenols, sulfa drugs,
barbiturates, vitamins A and D, alkaloids. Propylene glycol has the disadvantage of
being volatile.

Chemical structure of Propylene Glycol

(Source: https://www.samiraschem.co.id/)

Propylene glycol is often used in food as an antifreeze and emulgator.

propylene glycol is also used as an inhibitor of fermentation and the growth of
microorganisms (Beret, Peye, Mailbach, 2001).

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https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Physical-Properties-of-Propylene-Glycol-
Monick-1968_tbl1_305366517

https://farmasetika.com/2020/06/24/kegunaan-dan-kebutuhan-propilen-glikol-
sebagai-eksipien-sediaan-likuid/

https://repository.usd.ac.id/16773/2/038114122_Full.pdf

1.2.2.4 Rhamnolipid

Rhamnolipids are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophobic fatty

acid moiety (with C8-C14 carbon atoms, which may or may not be saturated) and
a hydrophilic portion composed of one or two rhamnose residue (Mendes et al,
2015). This provides these molecules with tensioactive properties capable of
reducing surface tension, forming emulsions, and causing pseudosolubilization of
insoluble substrates (Neves et al, 2014).

Based on research conducted by Abdel-Mawgoud et al from Ain Shams

University, it is reported that rhamnolipid was soluble in aqueous solution at pH>4
with optimum solubility at pH 7–7.5. It is also soluble in organic solvents like
methanol, chloroform, and ethylether and freely soluble in ethylacetate.

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 Figure x above shows the effect of temperature on surface activity of
rhamnolipid (50 mg/l in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2). It shows that there
was no reduction in surface activity upon exposure to 100°C for up to 1 h. It also
can be seen that autoclaving at 121°C for 10 min did not reduce surface activity to
any degree. Surface activity was expressed in terms of percentage reduction in
surface tension.

Furthermore, they also tested the stability of rhamnolipid on different

salinities. it is stated that the surface activity of test rhamnolipid was not affected
by high sodium chloride concentrations up to 6%. Sodium chloride alone has nearly
no effect on surface tension of the used buffer. Other than that, the effect of pH on
test rhamnolipid showed an almost stable surface activity profile over a wide range
of pH (from 2 to 13). However, the maximum surface activity was reached at pH 7
to 8, and a slight reduction in surface activity was observed at pH values less than
6.

1.2.2.5 Sorbitol

Sorbitol is a compound having the chemical formula C6H14O6. Sorbitol is

very soluble in water; difficult to dissolve in ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid.
Sorbitol is a relatively inert chemical and is compatible with most excipients.
sorbitol is non-inflammatory, non-corrosive, and non-volatile (Boylan, 1986).

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 Chemical structure of Sorbitol
(Source: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)

Sorbitol is a white, hygroscopic, sweet-tasting powder, granule, or flake,

usually melts at a temperature of around 96ºC. Sorbitol solution is a liquid like a
syrup that is colorless, clear, sweet, has no characteristic odor, and is neutral in
nature. Boiling point 295 °C at 3.5 mm Hg, solubility 2750000 mg/L (at 30 °C),
density 1.489 g/cu cm 20 °C, pH: about 7.0

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/39-Biochemical-Properties-of-Sorbitol-
Solution_tbl16_305374629

1.2.2.6 Natrium Bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate or commonly known as baking soda is a salt that breaks

down to form sodium and bicarbonate in water. This breakdown makes a solution
alkaline, meaning it is able to neutralize acid. pH (of freshly prepared 0.1 molar
aqueous solution) is 8.3 at 77°F, while pH (of saturated solution is 8-9. Natrium
bicarbonate is a non-toxic compound. Therefore, it is safe for use because it will
not contaminate the fluid on the pipe or the product’s mixture. Soluble in water.
Insoluble in ethanol. Sodium bicarbonate starts decomposing when heated over 50
°C. When heated to decomposition, it emits acid smoke, fumes, and carbon dioxide,
with total decomposition at 270 °C (OECD, 2002).

1.2.2.7 Water

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 Water is used to adjust the viscosity of the mixture to the desired level so
that the appropriate concentration is obtained. Water is a chemical compound
consisting of two atoms of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen. The stable phase
of water is known as cold, and vapor is considered the gas phase.

1.3 Problem Identification

1.3.1 A

1.3.2 B

1.3.3 C

1.3.4 D

1.3.5 E

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Brand
A brand of a product acts as an identity and a value for customers to
purchase a product because the interaction between the product and the consumers
is achieved by how the company creates the brand for its product. Branding is a
process that involves creating simple yet memorable name and image for a product,
mainly for advertising campaigns and products to the society. The aim is to establish
a significant and unique presence in the market to then be able to attract and retain
customers on purchasing the company’s product.
The brand for our Anti-Biofilm product is ‘Ozy+’. The word Ozy stands
for the combination of the 2 base materials for our product, that are Brassicacea
oleracea var. acephala (Kale) and Protease which is an enzyme for the product.
From the word Ozy, we expect customer to know the base materials that are used,
which is a combination between enzyme and natural ingredient. The ‘+’ means that
our product acts both as a Biofilm Inhibitor as well as an EPS Penetrator to the
structure of biofilms in pipelines. As a whole, we want our brand to highlight the 2
in 1 benefit of our product, while using natural ingredient as our unique selling
point.

2.2 Logo

The logo of our product is shown below in the figure.

Figure x.x

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2.3 Tagline

The tagline for our product is ‘Cleaning by Nature’. Existing anti-biofilm

products tend to use highly concentrated chemical ingredients that are less
environmentally friendly as the base ingredients. From our tagline, we want to
highlight that companies can gain a 2-in-1 benefit, Inhibition and EPS Penetration,
with natural ingredients as our base ingredients. We want to make a product that is
more effective than existing products, while keeping the environment clean of
unwanted contaminations.

2.4 Product and Packaging Prototype Design

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 CHAPTER 3
PRODUCT MANUFACTURE

3.1 Market Analysis

One of substantial steps to make a product is by analysing target market or
targeted customer. Market analysis is the thorough process of data collection to
choose whether the product or the service that is going to come will cater to
customers’ needs. Effective market analysis can help in getting valuable insights
into shifts in the economy, competitors, ongoing market trends, demographics, and
the traits of customers’ expenditure.
3.1.1 Market Segmentation
To determine the production capacity of our antibiofilm product, we need
to segment the market to find a more specific target market for our product. Market
segmentation, based on trends on the demand side of the market, reflects a rational
and more detailed adaptation of the product and marketing strategy to the needs of
the consumer and is usually required to recognize the common needs and
characteristics. Segmentation consists of geographic segmentation, demographic
segmentation, and behavioural segmentation. Geographic segmentation restricts
home-based costumers, such as countries, cities, regions or even sub-districts.
Demographic segmentation restricts costumers based on demographic values such
as age, gender, marital status, employment, properties, education, and others. At the
same time, behavioural segmentation restricts consumers based on attitude, cultural
values, and regularly activities.

- Demographic
From the previous survey, the highest demand for Anti-Biofilm product is
for FMCG and Water and Waste Treatment Industries, due to both
companies have higher risk of microbial contamination.
- Geographic
- Psychometric
- Behavioral
3.1.2 Demand Approximation
a. Benchmark: PT Kevin Chemindo

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 - Companies that uses Oxyquart : 89
- Amount of Oxyquart sold per month : 84016 L
- Estimate the amount of oxyquart for each companies per month : 944 L
- Operation Days : 27 days
- Production Capacity per day : 3111,702 L
- Our Chosen Production Capacity : 1555,851 L

b. Demand Driven

3.1.3 Production Capacity Approximation

- Give basic info on sales of Biofilm Product/Anti Microbial Product for

Industries in general
-

3.1.3.1 A

3.1.3.2 B

3.1.3.3 C

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3.1.3.4 D

3.1.4 D

3.1.4.1 A

3.1.4.2 B

3.1.4.3 C

3.1.4.4 D

3.2 Main Production Process

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3.2.1 Raw Material Supply

Specification Vendor and Price Picture

Brassicaceae
Extract (Brassica
oleracea L. var. Xi’an Ceres Biotech
Capitata L.) Co., Ltd.
$5.00/kg
Formula:

Proteinase K Shandong Zhi Shang

CAS : 39450-01-6 Chemical Co., Ltd.
pH : 7.5-12 $10.00/gram

Xi’an Leader
Rhamnolipid Biochemical
Formula: Engineering Co., Ltd.
$20.00/kg

Dalian Future
Propylene Glycol International Co., Ltd.
Formula: $800/metric ton

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Sorbitol
Formula: C6H14O6
Fustate Nutrition Co.,
Density at 1.489
Ltd $1.80/kg
g/cu cm 20°C

Natrium Inner Mongolia Junsai

Bicarbonate Chemical Co., Ltd
Formula: CHNaO3 $0.26

Obtained from PDAM

Tirta Tarum Karawang,
but processed with
Deionized Water
plant’s ultrafiltration
system to remove
minerals.

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3.2.2 Block Flow Diagram Commented [DC6]: 1.Kenapa ada 2 mixing? 1 mixing
untuk active agent, 1 untuk bahan lain
2.Mixing kanan: POWDER DISPERSION karena sorbitol
powder biar jadi liquid gabung sm si propylene sm glyc,
MIXING KIRI: Sama2 powder and sama2 dry, emg
togetherforever, karena lebih work-efficient ya bro ok
mantap. Proses MXING KANAN LEBIH LAMA karena
properties ke-3 component emg has different properties,
mixing kanan 4 jam
3.BLENDING, tambahin natrium bicarbonate sampe
menyentuh pH yang kita inginkan.
4.COOLING. Protease rawan sama suhu tinggi, biasa
idealnya di suhu ideal.
5.BLENDING. Barudeh masukin protease.
6.Storage Tank: DIDIEMIN BBRP MENTI SAMPE HOMOGEN
7.Bawahnya tinggal produksi.

Figure xx. Block Flow Diagram

3.2.3 Process Description

3.2.3.1 Preparation of Raw Materials

Before proceeding with the raw materials following the process shown
above, we need to prepare each of the different raw materials to make sure that it’s
ready to proceed. Each of the raw materials is stored in different storage tanks, for

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example, the raw materials in form of powder are put in the SILO tank and the ones
with liquid form are stored in liquid storage tanks before being delivered into the
process.

3.2.3.2 Weighing and Delivering Raw Materials

Another initial step to take is to prepare the feed flowing into the very first
process which is to weigh the desired amount of product in the feed. The accurate
weighing of raw materials is conducted by the formulation of the given ratio
decided in the beginning. This step is very important because otherwise, the final
product will be different from what is desired. After the weighing is done, the next
step is to carry out raw materials from the storage room into the operation
equipment by using centrifugal pump and pipe from storage tank to mixing tank.

3.2.3.3 Mixing

At the start of the process two mixing tanks are used to make two different
mixtures. The machine used is a static mixer / interface surface generator which is
defined as a static device that mixes the liquid with the fluid passing through the
interface surface generator. In this process temperature plays an important role
because it will affect the homogeneity of the antibiofilm product.

1. Mixing 1
In the first tank, 49.5% Brassicaceae Extract as the active agent and 15%
Rhamnolipid which acts as a surfactant were added and mixed until
homogeneous in dry powder form for about 15 minutes to get the mixture A.
2. Mixing 2
In the second tank, 6% propylene glycol and 6% sorbitol which functions as a
stabilizer and are added gradually with 15% deionized water as a solvent. Then
the mixing proceeds as powder dispersion mixing until it is homogeneous and
takes about 4 hours to produce a mixture of B. At this stage it was carried out
by batch heating to 75oC.

3.2.3.4 Blending

The mixture A and B is then pumped into the blending tank and gradually
added sodium bicarbonate into the blender until it reaches the desired pH and stirred

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until it is homogeneous to get the antibiofilm liquid for 5 hours. This is done to mix
the ingredients from the mixing tank 1 and 2 before the cooling process is carried
out, including the process of powder dispersion in the mixer.

3.2.3.5 Cooling

After blending occurred, the flow then is cooled before being blended for
the second time with lower set of temperature. Cooling is needed because there is a
certain raw material that is not resistant to thermal or high temperature in the
operation and require lower temperature to proceed. Mixture is then cooled to room
temperature, around 25oC, for about 20 minutes.

3.2.3.6 Blending

The second period of blending is required only to add enzyme into the
mixture of antimicrobial and biosurfactant blended with specific viscosity acquired.
In this step, proteinase K is added to the mixture in powder form. Blending also
requires emulsion to reach the viscosity of 1000 cP as desired at ambient pressure
and temperature for about 20 minutes.

3.2.3.7 Storage Tank

After all ingredients are blended into the mixture, its then stored
temporarily in a vessel tank in order for the product to remain in a homogeneous
condition and to be inspected for a quality control before being packed becoming
the final product. Temperature and pressure in the storage tank are engineered to be
equal to room condition.

3.2.3.8 Filling and Packaging

Filling and Packaging is the process in which products are filled into
packages using machine power that can measure exactly how much capacity each
package needs to fill. The next process is to provide a product label that contains
composition, precautions, batch number, expiration date, logo, and manufacturer.
After labeling is complete, the antibiofilm product is ready to be transferred to
storage.

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3.2.3.9 Warehouse

The warehouse in this process is used as a storage area for antibiofilm

products that are ready to be shipped to consumers. In the warehouse, quality
control is also carried out to ensure that products are not defective before they are
sent to consumers.

3.3 Profile of Main Process Equipment

3.3.1 Solid Raw Materials Storage Tank

figure x.x solid raw materials storage tank

(https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Powder-Storage-Tank-Powderstorage-
1000-
Liter_62345484713.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.topad_creative.d_image.1d6
1255ea2iN8p)

This type of storage tank can be used to store powders including the raw materials
such as Brassicaceae Extract, rhamnolipid, sorbitol and natrium bicarbonate. The
detailed specifications of the storage are stated in the table below.

Table x.x storage tank specification

Product Name Powder Storage Handling Tank

Brand KADOYAEVERBRIGHT

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 Drive Electrical
Power 7.5 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Medium Powder
Capacity 1000L
Dimension (L*W*H) 1140*1140*1615 mm
Price $1000

3.3.2 Liquid Raw Materials Storage Tank

figure x.x liquid raw materials storage tank

(https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/stainless-steel-liquid-storage-
tank_60668136231.html?spm=a2700.details.0.0.626f3a9bjlEcuw)

This type of storage tank can be used to store liquid including the raw materials
such as Propylene Glycol. The detailed specifications of the storage are stated in
the table below.

Table x.x storage tank specification

Product Name Stainless Steel Liquid Storage Tank

Brand Makwell

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 Drive Electrical
Power 3 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Medium Liquid
Capacity 1000L
Dimension (L*W*H) 1400*1400*2650 mm
Price $1000

3.3.3 Horizontal Ribbon Mixer

figure x.x horizontal ribbon mixer

(https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Ribbon-Mixer-Ribbon-Ribbon-Mixer-
Horizontal_60772886013.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_image
.4ff332bbc6bFxl&s=p)

This type of mixer is commonly used in industry to mix powders with different
particle sizes, which in this process is used for the first mixing of Brassicaceae
extract and rhamnolipid. Knowing that both of the ingredients combined construct
more than half of the product composition, mixing of both needs a quite huge
capacity with specifications stated below.

Table x.x Ribbon Mixer Specification

Product Name Horizontal Ribbon Mixer For Different Powders

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 Brand GUOFENG
Drive Electrical
Power 7.5 kW
Material Stainless Steel
Mixer Type Ribbon
Barrel Volume 1000L
Working Capacity 700yb L
Price $2800

3.3.4 D

3.3.5 E

3.3.6 D

3.3.7 E

3.4 Classification and Rank of Needs

3.4.1 A

3.4.1.1 A

3.4.1.2 B

3.4.1.3 C

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3.4.1.4 D

3.4.2 B

3.4.2.1 A

3.4.2.2 B

3.4.2.3 C

3.4.2.4 D

3.4.3 C

3.4.3.1 A

3.4.3.2 B

3.4.3.3 C

3.4.3.4 D

3.4.4 D

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3.4.4.1 A

3.4.4.2 B

3.4.4.3 C

3.4.4.4 D

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 CHAPTER 4

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

4.1 List of Specification Metrics

4.2 List of Metrics Needs

4.3 Benchmarking Existing Products

4.4 Marginal Valie and Ideal Value

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

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Maryuni. 2008. Aktivitas Antibakteri Tanaman Bandotan (Agerantum conyzoides
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