1 Legal requirements

regarding the use of waste fuels

Martin Oerter
Research Institute of the Cement Industry (Düsseldorf)
Seminar S11-03, September 16, 2011
 European environmental law affects…

…the activities of:

• 268 installations producing cement
clinker and finished cement with a
total of 377 kilns,
• in addition a further 90 grinding
plants and
• 2 plants without mills (data of 2008)
Outline
Legal requirements and state of the art in 2010

1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive

– Impact on the cement industry

2. The new BREF document for the cement industry (May 2010)
– Best available techniques and associated emission limit values
in the cement industry; outcome of the „Sevilla process“
1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive

Existing legislation in 2010:

• Operators of cement plants must comply with the provisions of the
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive, that
is based on the following 4 principles:
– Integrated approach IPPCD

– Best Available Techniques §

– Flexibility 2008/1/EC WID

– Public participation
§
• Emission limit values for cement kilns co-incinerating waste
are laid down in the Waste Incineration (WI) Directive 2000/76/EC
1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive

IPPCD review conclusions (2007):

• key principles offer a sound platform for future abatement of industrial
emissions, but there is an urgent need for improvement because of
– shortcomings in its implementation that hinder full exploitation
– insufficient implementation of BAT in Europe → market distortions
– unnecessary administrative burdens due to complexity
– insufficient scope and unclear provisions

Only full application of BATs by industry will

achieve the EU 2020 environmental targets!
1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive

Idea: Recast of 7 existing Directives into a single

clear and coherent legislative instrument!

IPPCD

§ LCPD Industrial
WID § Emissions
Directive
§ VOCD (IED)

§ 3 Directives
§
on TiO2

§
 1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive
2007 2008 2009 2010

21 Dec 2007: 07 July 2010:

Commission proposal Final agreement after 2nd
reading in Parliament
December 2010:
2008 / 2009:
Official adoption of
Co-decision procedure between the European the new Directive
Commission (DG Environment), the Parliament,
the Council and the Committees

Monitoring of the process:

http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=196594
Directive 2010/75/EU

 The member states have to

implement the directive into
national law by the end of 2012
 The emission limits for cement
kilns co-incinerating waste remain
almost unchanged (major
exemption: emission limit for
NOx = 500 mg/m3 for new and
existing kilns)
Comparison - Old and new Emission limit values (ELV)
ELV [mg/Nm³]

IPPC / WID New IED

Total dust 30 30

HCl 10 10

HF 1 1

NOx 800 / 500 500

possible exemptions for long and
existing / new kilns
lepol kilns (max. 800)
Cd + Tl 0.05 0.05

Hg 0.05 0.05

Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V 0.5 0.5

Dioxins + Furans (ng/Nm³) 0.1 0.1

SO2 50 50
raw material exemptions possible raw material exemptions possible
Total organic carbon 10 10
raw material exemptions possible raw material exemptions possible
CO ELV can be set by the competent ELV can be set by the competent
authority authority
1. The IPPC and the new Industrial Emissions Directive

Most important issues concerning cement production:

• No tightening of ELVs
for cement kilns co-incinerating waste
→ special provisions of former WID secured
but Member States could take the opportunity
to introduce more stringent rules when
implementing the new Directive
• Derogations (exemptions) from BAT still possible, but
only if costs were disproportionate when compared with the
environmental benefits, due to technical reasons or local circumstances
→ justification to be documented in the permit (annex)
2. The new BREF document for the cement industry

• The IPPCD and the new IED respectively

require the use of BAT:
– for the industry to design and operate
their plants
– for the authorities to set appropriate
permit conditions (e.g. determination of ELVs)
• Determination of BAT is the result of an exchange
of information between EU Member States and
industries concerned (“Sevilla Process”)
• BAT is described in BREF documents:
http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/
→ revision on a regular basis: first revision of CLM BREF finally
approved and published in May 2010
2. The new BREF document for the cement industry

The use of waste is considered as BAT!

The revised European BREF Document

strengthens the role of co-incineration / co-
processing (c.f. para 1.5.4)
Waste quality control is mentioned as a decisive
pre-requisite
Technical requirements according to the current
European WID (2000/76/EC)
2. The revised BREF document for the cement industry

• The BREF document does not yet propose ELVs but BAT-AELs:
mg/Nm³

– ELVs shall be based

ELV setting upon BAT without
BAT-AEL range
prescribing the use of
any technique or
specific technology

– ELVs shall take into account the technical characteristics of the

installation concerned, its geographical location and local
environmental conditions
– ELVs ≥ BAT-AELs but not: ELV < BATAEL!
– deviations from BAT possible, but only in specific cases!
Comparison - Old and new ELVs and BATAELs (daily average value)
ELV [mg/Nm³] BATAEL range [mg/Nm³]

IPPC / WID New IED Old BREF 2001 New BREF 2010
20 - 30 < 10 - 20
Total dust 30 30
(kiln firing) (kiln firing)

HCl 10 10 - 10

HF 1 1 - 1

500 < 200 - 450 (500)

NOx 800 / 500 (preheater kilns)
possible exemptions 200 - 500
existing / new kilns for long and lepol 400 - 800
kilns (max. 800) (long and lepol kilns)

Cd + Tl 0.05 0.05 - < 0.05

Hg 0.05 0.05 - < 0.05

Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V 0.5 0.5 - < 0.5

Dioxins + Furans (ng/Nm³) 0.1 0.1 - 0.05 - 0.1

50 50
SO2 raw material raw material 200 - 400 < 50 - 400
exemptions possible exemptions possible
10 10
Total organic carbon raw material raw material - -
exemptions possible exemptions possible
ELV can be set by ELV can be set by
CO the competent the competent - -
authority authority
 Conclusions and open questions

 The IED strengthens the role of the BREF documents (c.f. Articles
13, 15 emission limits based upon the BAT conclusions)
 The legal framework is subject to constant and manifold changes
(new IED, revision of NEC Directive, new requirements on Hg,…)
 Implementation of the new IED into national law may entail more
stringent requirements on Member States level

The use of alternative fuels in cement kilns preserves natural resources

The cement industry provides ecological and economical viable solutions
Major future challenge: Competition for suitable alternative materials