Find the meaning of laboratory apparatus with picture

Planimeter
 mathematical instrument for directly
measuring the area bounded by an irregular
curve, and hence the value of a
definite integral.
 consists of a pole arm, or bar, which has a
weight at one end, and a tracer arm, the end
of which has a point that the operator guides
around the boundary of the area in question.
Both arms rest in a carriage that moves as
the tracer arm is moved; a vernier wheel
within the carriage provides directly the area
that is measured, calibration of vernier and
area units being undertaken at the outset

Parts of a Planimeter
Tracing Arm- is an arm which manages Hinge-the tracing arm and
the position of tracing point at one end
anchor arm are connected
with the help of hinge. by hinge to the integrating
Tracing point-is the movable needle unit. With the help of this
point which is connected to tracing arm.
hinge the arms can rotate
This point is moved over the outline of
about their axes.
area to be measured. Index- is a location where all
Anchor arm- is used to manage the the measuring
anchor position or needle point position
arrangements like wheel,
on the plan. Its one end is connected to
dial are located.
weight and needle point and other end to
Wheel- is fixed in the
the integrating unit. integrating unit which helps
Weight and Needle Point-it is also to measure the tracing
called as anchor. A fine needle point is
length. It is used to set zero
located at the base of heavy block. This
on the scale.
needle point is anchored at required
Dial- is nothing but scale
station on the plan.
which is to be set zero at the
Clamp-is used to fix the tracing arm in
initial level using setting
standard length without any extension.
wheel.
Tangent screw- is used to extend
Vernier- is attached to the
the tracing arm up to required
wheel as rounded drum with
length.
How to Use Planimeter? graduations on it. It is
Additional: divided into 100 parts.
Now the area of the plan which boundary is traced
 Planimeter is used to compute the area of given plan of any by the planimeter is determined from the below
shape. formula.
 In the first step anchor point is to be fixed at one point. If Area = M (B – A + 10N + C)
the given plan area is small, then anchor point is placed
outside the plan. Similarly, if the given plan area is large
Where:
then it is placed inside the plan.
 After placing the anchor point, place the tracing point on
 A = initial reading
the outline of the given plan using tracing arm. Mark the
tracing point and note down the reading on Vernier as B = final reading
initial reading A. N = no. of completed revolutions of wheel during one
complete tracing. N is positive if dial passes index in
 Now move the tracing needle carefully over the outline of
clockwise, N is negative if dial rotates in anti-clock
the given plan till the first point is reached. The movement
wise direction.
of tracing needle should be in clockwise direction. Note
M and C = constants which values are provided on the
down the reading on Vernier after reaching the first point
planimeter. Constant C is used only when the anchor
and it is the final reading B.
point is placed inside the plan.

Dead Weight Tester

 is an instrument that calibrates
pressure by determining the weight
of force divided by the area the
 Parts of a Dead Weight Tester

 The dead weight tester apparatus consists of a chamber which is

filled with oil free impurities and a piston – cylinder combination is
fitted above the chamber as shown in diagram. The top portion of the
piston is attached with a platform to carry weights.
 A plunger with a handle has been provided to vary the pressure of oil
in the chamber. The pressure gauge to be tested is fitted at an
appropriate plate.

How to Use Dead Weight Tester?

 A known weight is placed on the platform. Now by
operating the plunger, fluid pressure is applied to the
other side of the piston until enough force is developed
to lift the piston-weight combination.
 When this happens, the piston weight combination
floats freely within the cylinder between limit stops. In
this condition of equilibrium, the pressure force of fluid
is balanced against the gravitational force of the weights
puls the friction drag. Therefore, PA = Mg + F
 Thus the pressure P which is caused due to the weights Hence : P = Mg + F / A
placed on the platform is calculated. After calculating where, P = pressure
P , the plunger is released. M = Mass; Kg
 Now the pressure gauge to be calibrated is fitted at an g = Acceleratoion due to gravity ; m/s²
appropriate place on the dead weight tester. The same
known weight which was used to calucated P is placed
F = Friction drag; N
on the platform. A = Eqivalent area of piston – cylinder
 Due to the weight, the piston moves downwards and combination; m²
exerts a pressure P on the fluid. Now the valve in the
apparatus is opened so that the fluid pressure P is
transmitted to the gauge, which makes the gauge
indicate a pressure value.
 This pressure value shown by the gauge should be equal
to the known input pressure P. If the gauge indicates
some other value other than p the gauge is adjusted so
that it reads a value equal top. Thus, the gauge is
calibrated.
Vacuum Gauge Tester
 It is a pressure measuring instrument that measures
pressure in a vacuum. Generally, this pressure is
usually below atmospheric pressure. These vacuum
gauges can be used either in receivers of air pumps or
in steam condensers. Vacuum pressure is the additional
pressure in any system that is relative to the
atmospheric pressure. It is also known as pressure
gauge.
 Vacuum pressure is zero-referenced against ambient
air pressure and is equal to the difference between
absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure. The
negative signs are generally omitted when measuring
vacuum pressure and in order to measure system
pressure continuously different types of gauges are
combined. Most of the tools that measure pressure give
the pressure of system with regard to pressure gauge
and opposed to absolute pressure. Vacuum pressure is
referred to as positive pressure when it is higher than
ambient pressure and a vacuum or negative gauge
pressure when lower than atmospheric pressure.
 Variable Speed Tester

- is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency
and voltage of its power supply. The VFD also has the capacity to control ramp-up and
ramp-down of the motor during start or stop, respectively .

Viscometer
 A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to
measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary
with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a
rheometer can be considered as a special type of
viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition.
 In general, either the fluid remains stationary and an object moves
through it, or the object is stationary and the fluid moves past it. The
drag caused by relative motion of the fluid and a surface is a measure of
the viscosity. The flow conditions must have a sufficiently small value
of Reynolds number for there to be laminar flow.
 At 20 °C, the dynamic viscosity (kinematic viscosity × density) of water
is 1.0038 mPa·s and its kinematic viscosity (product of flow time ×
factor) is 1.0022 mm2/s. These values are used for calibrating certain
types of viscometers.

Temp. Comparison Bath

-It is a uniform enclosure with a stirred fluid that can
be adjusted to various temperature test points. By
using a stirred baths provide excellent thermal
contact, uniformity, and stability for temperature
sensor calibration.

Bomb Calorimeter
 Bomb calorimetry is used to determine the
enthalpy of combustion, DcombH, for
hydrocarbons:
CxHYOz (s)  +  (2X+Y/2-Z)/2 O2 (g)  ®  X CO2 (g) + Y H2O (l)
 Heats of combustion as determined in an
oxygen bomb calorimeter are measured by a
substitution procedure in which the heat
obtained from the sample is compared with the
heat obtained from combustion of a similar
amount of benzoic acid or other standardizing
material whose calorific value is known. These
measurements are obtained by burning a
representative sample in a highpressure oxygen
atmosphere within a metal pressure vessel or Four essential parts are required in any bomb
“bomb”. The energy released by this calorimeter:
combustion is absorbed within the calorimeter  a bomb or vessel in which the combustible
and the resulting temperature change within the charges can be burned,
absorbing medium is noted. The heat of  a bucket or container for holding the bomb in a
combustion of the sample is then calculated by measured quantity of water, together with a
multiplying the temperature rise in the stirring mechanism,
 Orsat Apparatus How it is used?
The apparatus consists essentially of a water-jacketed
An Orsat gas gas burette, connected by a common line of coarse capillary
analyser is a piece tube and tapped connections to three absorption pipettes,
of laboratory containing, respectively, solutions of potassium hydroxide,
equipment used to analyse a alkaline pyrogallol and ammoniacal cuprous chloride.
gas sample (typically fossil By means of a rubber tubing arrangement, the gas to
fuel flue gas) for be analyzed is drawn into the burette and flushed through
its oxygen, carbon several times. Using the stopcocks to isolate the absorption
monoxide and carbon pipettes 100ml is typically withdrawn into the main burette for
dioxide content. Although ease of calculation and the leveling flask is raised until the
water is level between it and the burette. This ensures that the
largely replaced by
sample is of a known volume and is in equilibrium with the
instrumental techniques, the pressure of the room. The water or glycerin jacket further
Orsat remains a reliable assures that the sample is kept at room temperature.
method of measurement and The gas is then passed into the Potassium
is relatively simple to use. Hydroxide (caustic potash) burette by opening the stop cock
and lifting the leveling flask. This siphons water into the
burette which pushes the gas into the absorption vessel. The
gas is left to stand for about two minutes and then withdrawn,
isolating the remaining gas via the stopcock arrangements. The
process is then repeated to ensure full absorption. Afterward
the leveling flask is once more adjusted until the fluid level is
equal between both vessels and a measurement of the new gas
volume is taken. If 100ml of gas was present initially the new
volume indicates the percentage of carbon dioxide absorbed. If
a sample after absorption contained 88ml of gas, then it would
be recorded as 12% carbon dioxide.
The same technique is repeated for oxygen, using the
pyrogallol, and carbon monoxide using the ammoniacal
cuprous chloride though depending on any additional
absorption media the process may be different. Potassium
Hydroxide for example will also absorb sulfur dioxide, and so
the step to measure SO2 would need to come first.
Hygrometer

Hygrometer
 instrument used in meteorological science to measure
the humidity, or amount of water vapour in the air.
Several major types of hygrometers are used to measure
humidity.

 are single point sensors with velocity

pressure output for indication of air flow
Set of Pitot Tubes rate. Some products are stainless steel
and there are different shaped pitot tubes
to be used with different instruments and
have different applications
 used in wind tunnel experiments and on
airplanes to measure flow speed. It's a
slender tube that has two holes on it. The
front hole is placed in the airstream to
measure what's called the stagnation
Set of U-tube manometers
Pressure measuring devices
using liquid columns in vertical or
inclined tubes are called manometers.
One of the most common is the water
filled u-tube manometer used to
measure pressure difference in pitot
or orifices located in the airflow in air
handling or ventilation system.

Set of Calipers

 it is a precision tool that can be used

for measuring internal as well as
external ranges/intervals with
exceptionally high accuracy. The
measured results are interpreted
from the tool’s scale by the operator.
Dealing with a Vernier and
interpreting its readings is rather
difficult compared to using a Digital
Caliper, its advanced version, which
comes with an LCD digital display
where all the readings are shown. As
for the manual type of the tool - both
imperial as well as metric scales are
included.

Using The Vernier:

Set of flowmeters
 A flow meter (or flow sensor) is an instrument
used to measure linear, nonlinear, mass or
volumetric flow rate of a liquid or a gas. When
choosing flowmeters, one should consider
such intangible factors as familiarity of plant
personnel, their experience with calibration
1. To measure outer dimensions of some item, the item is put within the jaws, which are then moved together
and maintenance, spare parts availability, and
until they secure the object.
mean time between failure history.
2. The first significant figures are read immediately to the left of the “zero” of the vernier scale.
 It is design to measure the flow rate
3. The digits remaining are taken from the vernier scale and placed after the decimal point of the basic reading.
This remaining reading corresponds to the mark that is lined up with any main scale mark (or division). Only
one division of the vernier scale fits together with one on the main scale.
Set of Weights

Laboratory weights are used

for two-pan balances. The object to be
weighed is placed on one pan, and
weights are placed on the other pan
until the scale is balanced. The weights
add up to the weight of the contents of
the other pan. Weights are also used to
calibrate and/or check the accuracy of
other weighing instruments

Platform Scale (100 kg)

 It is used in laboratories for
measuring small quantities of
chemicals, in kitchens to measure
ingredients and in homes to measure
body weight. They also have several
commercial applications such as in
the construction industry.

Flash & Fire Points Apparatus

Flash & Fire point
apparatus are used to
determine the temperature
at/above which any liquid
may/ will catch fire on
exposure to any kind of flame
or arc.