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Everything About TXV
Everything About TXV
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NEED to KNOW
About TXVs
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With the higher
SEER air conditioners,
technicians need to
reacquaint themselves
with thermostatic
TXV does this by keeping the coil sup-
plied with enough refrigerant to main-
tain the right superheat of the suction
gas leaving the evaporator coil.
There are three forces that govern
the TXV operation. Refer to Figure 1,
which shows the basic force balance
diagram of a TXV. In the chart:
P1: Power element and remote
bulb pressure.
needed to initiate movement of the
valve pin to just start to move. This is
defined as .002-inch of stroke.
® Gradient. The amount of super-
heat required to move the pin from
the static set point to the rated stroke
is called gradient. Figure 2 depicts
how a TXV regulates flow in
response to changing superheat.
Starting from the origin, no
expansion valves P2: Evaporator pressure. change in valve stroke occurs as the
P3: Superheat spring equivalent superheat slowly increases. It is not
pressure. until the static setpoint is reached
BY AL MAIER For the valve to be stable, the that the valve begins to open. From
forces need to be balanced, or P1 = this point forward, further increase
P2 + P3. in superheat results in a proportional
efore the 13 SEER mini-
L
duced in this manner are termed
internally equalized valves.
In most a/c systems, the evapora-
tors are quite large and, therefore,
have significant pressure drop across
them. For the TXV to sense the evap-
orator outlet pressure, a separate
line is needed from the suction line
(near the TXV bulb location) to the
external equalizer connection on the
valve body.
If a distributor is used to supply
refrigerant to various evaporator cir-
cuits, an externally equalized valve
must be used. Distributors typically
have between 15 psi and 30 psi pres-
sure drop across them. Hence, use
them only with externally equalized
valves.
Figure 2 ® Balanced-ported valves. With
A TXV regulates flow in response to charging superheat. a conventional TXV, the pressure dif-
ferential across the valve results in a
force that tends to “open” the valve.
increase in valve stroke until the suction gas temperature measured in As operating conditions vary, this
maximum stroke position is attained. step 3. The difference is the operat- pressure differential changes and
Gradient is an important aspect to ing superheat. results in a variation of the original
TXV performance in a system. Too ® Internally and externally equal- superheat. Engineers have developed
low a gradient and the valve will be ized TXVs. In a system with a rela- the balance-ported TXV to compen-
unstable and tend to “hunt” (more tively small evaporator, the pressure sate for this (Figure 4).
on this later). If the gradient is too drop across that evaporator is so In this design, the inlet pressure is
high, more superheat will be needed small you can assume it is zero. applied across the valve pin as well
for the valve to open, resulting in Therefore, the TXV outlet pressure as an undercut on the push-rod.
high operating superheat and poor Since these forces are in opposite
evaporator efficiency. directions, they cancel or balance
® Measuring superheat. Since one another resulting in no change
good superheat control is the criteri- In most a/c systems, in superheat, regardless of operating
on of TXV performance, accurate conditions.
measurement of the superheat is the evaporators Balanced-ported valves are ideal
vital. This involves four steps, as for use in systems that operate over
shown in Figure 3. They are: are quite large and, large changes in operating condi-
1. Measure the suction pressure at tions. An example of this is a com-
the evaporator outlet with an accu- therefore, have mercial a/c system that must operate
rate gauge. If a gauge connection is both winter and summer, resulting
significant pressure
GRAPHICS COURTESY OF EMERSON CLIMATE TECHNOLOGIES
L
• Internal check valve (if supplied
on original valve).
• Inlet/outlet connection size and
type.
2. To maintain system cleanliness,
replace the filter-drier whenever
opening the sealed system. While this
always has been a recommended
service procedure, it is of even greater
importance with HFC/POE systems
due to the hygroscopic nature of the
POE oils and their greater solvency.
3. Do not overheat the valve dur-
ing the brazing process. Overheating
can cause deterioration of the inter-
nal seals, which could lead to frosted
equalizer lines. To avoid this:
• Wrap the valve with wet rags as
shown in Figure 5. Figure 6
• Keep the torch flame pointed Here is a diagram of an internal check valve.
away from the valve body.
• Never allow the torch to come
in contact with the bulb. the ball against the seat, forcing it Systems using TXVs are quickly
closed. All the flow must then pass becoming the norm in this post 13-
TXVs in heat pumps through the main valve port and the SEER world. Understanding their
In heat pump applications, the liquid valve operates as a normal valve. function and operation will enable
refrigerant must flow through or When the flow is reversed the inlet you to properly service systems
around the TXV when operating in pressure pushes the ball up, allowing using these devices. Follow the
the reverse direction. Historically, flow through the check port. In this basic troubleshooting and replace-
this was accomplished by installing a mode, the flow bypasses the main port ment guidelines discussed here, to
check valve around the valve. and liquid will flow through the valve ensure optimal system performance
However, in recent years TXV with only a small pressure drop. and prevent permanent compressor
manufacturers have modified their When replacing a valve in a heat damage.N
products with internal check valves. pump verify if the original valve had
Many oems have adopted these since an internal check. If it did, be sure Al Maier has over 30 years of refriger-
they eliminate joints and the poten- the replacement has one too. If none ation system and component design
tial for leaks. is available, use a standard valve. experience. He is currently vice presi-
Figure 6 is a cross-sectional draw- You must install a check valve to dent of application engineering for
ing of one such valve. In the forward bypass the TXV when reverse flow is Emerson Climate Technologies, Flow
flow direction, inlet pressure pushes encountered. Controls Division.
P1
and troubleshoot a system with a
TXV as its flow control device.
➦
maintains the evaporator closer to the optimum superheat at
all operating conditions, and it enables the system to pull- BY AL MAIER
down to optimum conditions faster after an off cycle.
TXV function
➦ P2
and operation valve is in
Although TXVs offer many oper- balance when
ating advantages, they are viewed
as a somewhat mysterious device
P1=P2+P3
by those not familiar with them
and as a result are often replaced
needlessly. The TXV has only one
function. It meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evap-
orator in exact proportion to the evaporation rate of the
refrigerant in the evaporator. By responding to the tempera-
ture of the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator and the bulb decreases and the valve pin
pressure of the evaporator, the TXV can control the gas leav- then moves in a “closing” direction.
ing the evaporator at a predetermined superheat. A TXV’s factory superheating set-
Superheat is the temperature of a vapor above its satura- ting is made with the valve pin just
tion temperature. It is found by measuring the actual temper- starting to move away from the seat.
ature at the outlet of the evaporator and subtracting the tem- A further increase in superheat is
➡
perature corresponding to the evaporating pressure from it. needed for the valve to open to its
In order to correctly troubleshoot a TXV, first under- rated position. This is an important
stand how the valve works. There are three forces shown concept to understand since it means
that govern a TXV’s operation. These are P1, the pressure that a valve with a factory setting of
created by the remote bulb and power assembly; P2, the
evaporator or equalizer pressure; and P3, the equivalent
P3 8° will not maintain an 8° super-
heat at a rated load. Additional
spring pressure of the superheat spring. superheat is needed to get the valve
The pressure in the remote bulb assembly (P1) corre- to “stroke” to its rated capacity.
sponds to the refrigerant temperature leaving the evaporator.
As this pressure increases, it tends to move the valve in an Troubleshooting TXVs
“opening” direction. Opposed to this force on the diaphragm’s There are three principle modes of failure of a TXV. The
underside and acting in a closing direction is the force exert- valve may feed too much refrigerant (flooding); it may not
ed by the evaporator pressure and the pressure exerted by the feed enough refrigerant (starving); or can alternately feed
superheat spring. The valve will assume a stable position too much and then too little (hunting). Each of these will
when these forces are in equilibrium (P1=P2+P3). be discussed in greater detail:
As the temperature of the refrigerant leaving the evapora-
tor increases above its saturation temperature—correspon- Flooding
ding to the evaporator pressure—the pressure in the remote Flooding occurs when the refrigerant amount being fed to
bulb in-creases, causing the valve pin to move in an “open- the evaporator is more than can be evaporated, resulting
ing” direction. Conversely, as the refrigerant gas temperature in liquid refrigerant going back to the compressor.
leaving the evaporator decreases, the pressure in the remote Symptoms of flooding include frosting of the compressor