F^@KDG]KJGFDHZ, @H^HDJGK H GDDF\KJGÚD HD @HZUGÚD _ÝNIGJK

@^X_F= ;?7??>V>7

_^HZHDUKEF _F^=
IXGZ KIL^HEF ZFIKDF IKBXZ

_^HZHDUKEF K=
IXGZ JK^\KMKI
UXUF^ 

UK^HK := DXH\K @HZUGÚD _ÝNIGJK W @FNGH^DF KNGH^UF

XDG\H^ZGEKE DKJGFDKI KNGH^UK W K EGZUKDJGK - XDKE

HZJXHIK EH JGHDJGKZ K@^ÂJFIKZ, _HJXK^GKZ W EHI BHEGF KBNGHDUH
GD@HDGH^ÂK KBNGHDUKI

 >?>?
 

GDU^FEXJJGÚD

Hi rhjghdth trknkmf prhthdeh rhkigzkr ik ehsjrgpjgúd eh ifs prgdjgpgfs y jkrkjthrâstgjks eh ifs

bfehifs eh Duhvk @hstgúd _ýni_ýnigjk
gjk y @fnghrdf Knghrtf, jfbf ik (D@_) hs hi sgsthbk eh jfdtrfi
eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk bës rhdfvkefr k dgvhi budegki hd ik kjtukigeke y sh hstë hlhjtukdef
hd jksg tfefs ifs pkâshs gdeustrgkigzkefs, quh nusjk rhlfrbkr ifs hdths `unhrdkbhdtkihs quh
 prhshdtkd lrk`gigeke lgdkdjghrk f ik jrgsgs lgsjki, eh g`uki lfrbk sh hbprhdeghrk hi bfehif ehi
@fng
@f nghr
hrdf
df Knghrt
Knghrtff qu
quhh sur
sur`h
`h jf
jfbf
bf ud duh duhvf
vf bfeh
bfehif
if,, qu
quhh rhikj
rhikjgf
gfdk
dk ififss `f
`fnhr
nhrdk
dkdt
dths
hs,, ik
ikss
kebgdgstrkjgfdhs y ik sfjgheke, nkmf trhs hmhs ludekbhdtkihs prhsgegrâk ik hstrkth`gk quh phrbgtk k
`fnghr
`fn ghrdfs
dfs kvkd
kvkdzkr
zkr hd su jfd
jfdjrhj
jrhjgúd
gúd== ik trk
trkdspk
dspkrhdj
rhdjgk,
gk, ik pkrtgj
pkrtgjgpk
gpkjgú
jgúdd y ik jfiknfr
jfiknfrkjg
kjgúd,
úd,
frghdtkef k ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd eh ifs jguekekdfs jfd hi lgd eh hsjujckr if quh hiifs egjhd y
sfigjgtkd, tfbkr ehjgsgfdhs nkskeks hd sus dhjhsgekehs y thdghdef hd juhdtk sus prhlhrhdjgks,
kehbës
keh bës lkj
lkjgig
gigtkr
tkr ik jfi
jfiknfr
knfrkjg
kjgúd
úd eh ifs jgueke
jguekekdfs
kdfs y ludjgfd
ludjgfdkrg
krgfs
fs hd hi ehskrrfi
ehskrrfiif
if eh iks
ludjgfdhs pýnigjks, jfbudgjkr if quh sh ehjgeh y ckjh eh lfrbk knghrtk y trkdspkrhdth .

Iks chrrkbghdtks ehi H-@fvhrdbhdt y ifs bfehifs eh Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk y @fnghrdf
Knghrtf, hstëd hd ik iâdhk eh iks prëjtgjks eh udk `hstgúd pýnigjk bfehrdk, quh sgbpktgzkr pfr ik
 pkrtgjgpkjgúd
 prfyhjtfs, jguekekdk
fnrks kjtgvkquh
f kjtgvgekehs hd puhekd
tfeks iks ehjgsgfdhs
quhnrkdtkr ifs quh tfbh eh
ehrhjcfs ifsiks`fnhrdkdths hd thbks eh
jfbudgekehs.

Iks duhvks thjdfif`âks hstëd k ik frehd ehi eâk, jfd tfeks iks kpigjkjgfdhs quh hi `fnghrdf nrgdek
 pkrk hstkr kjtukigzkefs hd ifs thbks quh hsth bkdhmk, y quh ehnhd shr ehi gdthrçs eh tfefs, yk quh
eh iks egspfsgjgfdhs jfrrhjtks f gdjfrrhjtks quh hstfs tfbhd puhehd ehphdehr bujcfs hihbhdtfs
hd ik jftgegkdgeke eh tfefs ifs jguekekdfs ehi pkâs y sh vhrëd klhjtkefs egrhjtk f gdegrhjtkbhdth
 pfr hstfs.

Eh kiiâ ik gbpfrtkdjgk eh quh ifs jguekekdfs sh kphrsfdhd eh tfef hi kjfdthjhr pfiâtgjf y

kebgdgstrktgvf eh ifs hdths thrrgtfrgkihs hd ifs jukihs ckngtkd, pkrk quh hstçd gdlfrbkefs y
 puhekd fpgdkr h gdjgegr hd ik tfbk eh ehjgsgfdhs quh kpfrthd pfr hi ehskrrfiif eh ik rh`gfdhs y
ehi pkâs.
 

JXH^_F EHI U^KNKMF

Kdëigsgs-Zâdthsgs sfnrh ik Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk
K bfef eh cgstfrgk ik Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk kpkrhjgú hd hi bhegf ikt iktgdfkbhrgjkdf
gdfkbhrgjkdf hd ifs kûfs
3? y 7? jfbf prfpuhstks egsjgpigdkrgks y prflhsgfdkihs, pkrk suphrkr ik vuidhrkngigeke lgdkdjghrk
f ik jrgsgs lgsjki hd quh cknâkd jkâef ifs hstkefs sfjgkihs ehskrrfiikefrhs y/f pkrk rhstknihjhr ik
dkturkihzk pýnigjk quh iks pfiâtgjks eh ifs `fnghrdfs kutfrgtkrgfs cknâkd thr`gvhrskef f phrvhrtgef
y/f pkrk bhmbhmfrkr
frkr ifs shrv
shrvgjg
gjgfs
fs pýnigjf
pýnigjfss quh hrk
hrkdd jfds
jfdsgeh
gehrkef
rkefss gdsktg
gdsktgslkj
slkjtfr
tfrgfs
gfs hd jki
jkigek
geke,
e,
jfnhrturk y jfstf hlgjghdjgk.
Ik Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk (D@_) hs hi sgsthbk eh jfdtrfi eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk bës
gddfvkefr k dgvhi budegki y sh hstë gbpihbhdtkdef hd jksg tfefs ifs pkâshs gdeustrgkigzkefs, quh
 nusjk rhlfrbkr ifs kpkrktfs `unhrdkbhdtkihs.
Ik D@_, pfr su pkrth ck prfpfrjgfdkef kthdjgúd k ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk, ck egsjutgef su
hstrujturk kebgdgstrktgvk eh fr`kdgzkjgúd y fphrkjgúd ik jhdtrkigzkjgúd mhrërqugjk y ik rh`uikjgúd
 prhjgsk h gdkithrknih y sh ck prhshdtkef jfbf udk egsjgpigdk prflhsgfdki quh pfshh ifs tçjdgjks eehh
rhfr`kdgzkjgúd y eh trknkmf, kprfpgkefs pkrk kjrhjhdtkr ik hlgjghdjgk y bhmfrkr ik jkigeke eh ik
`hstgúd `unhrdkbhdtki, _fr jfdsg`ughdth, ehseh su gdgjgf ckstk ik lhjck, ik Duhvk @hstgfd
_unigjk
_unig jk k`ukrek k prhvhdg
prhvhdgrr f rhsfivhr hi prfnihbk eh ik hlgjkjgk
hlgjkjgk egrhjtgvk
egrhjtgvk eh ifs `fnghrdfs.
`fnghrdfs.
Kprfvhjckdef sus bçtfefs y thjdfif`âks jfd hi prfyhjtf eh rhgdth`rkr su jkpkjgeke egrhjtgvk
ehngigtkek
ehngigtkek y ik `fnhrdk
`fnhrdkngig
ngigeke,
eke, f nghd jfd hi prfpúsg
prfpúsgtf
tf f hi rhsuitkef eh ekr jkrëjth
jkrëjthrr k ud duhvf
 prfjhsf eh `fnghrdf bës hlgjkz, pfehrfsf y kjksf sfjgkibhdth bës kprfnkef, pfr if tkdtf sh
 prkjtgjk jfd ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd eh ik sfjgheke ckjgk udk duhvk `fnhrdkdzk.
Ik duhvk `fnhrdkdzk hs hi rhsuitkef eh if quh ifs `fnghrdfs hbprhdeghrfd pkrk rhjfdstrugr su
jkpkjgeke egrhjtgvk, y if quh dubhrfsfs `rupfs jguekekdfs jfd hi âbphtu eh ik ehbfjrkjgk,
hbprhdeghrfd pkrk thdhr vfz y pkrtgjgpkr hd ik ehignhrkjgúd eh ifs ksudtfs eh ik rhkigeke pýnigjk
y thdhr jfdtrfi sfnrh su jfdeujjgúd.

_k
_krk
rk ik D@
D@_
rhjfdstrugr _ ifs
jfd ifs bç
bçtf
rkpgehztfefs
ikefs kd
kdki
kiât
hdehnihâtgj
gjfs
fs y fr
fr`kd
jkpkjgeke `kdgz
gzkt
ktgv
gvfs
y hlgjkjgkfsegrhjtgvk,
sh jf
jfdsg
dsgeh
ehrkd
pfrrkd gd
gdeg
egsph
if tkdtf sphdsk
dskni
prgbhrfnihs
hs ehnh
sh pk
pkrk
rk
rhstkni
rhstknihjh
hjhrr hi hqug
hqugig
ignrg
nrgff lgdkdj
lgdkdjghr
ghrff eh ik ckjg
ckjghde
hdekk pýnigjk,
pýnigjk, pkr
pkrkk ksh`urkr
ksh`urkr eh gdbheg
gdbhegktf
ktf ik
hlgjghdjgk hjfdúbgjk eh tfek ik kjtgvgeke eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk.
Ik duhvk @hrhdjgk _ýnigjk tghdh jfbf fnmhtf eh hstuegf ik egsjusgúd prflhsgfdki hd tfrdf k ik
bkdhrk jfbf sh puhehd hstrujturkr, kebgdgstrkr y jfdtrfikr iks flgjgdks f ehphdehdjgks hstktkihs,
juyk rhlihxgúd hs jfsbfpfigtk pkrk iks egsjgpigdks quh sh fjupkd eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk1 y
hd jfdshjuhdjgk, ludjgfdkrgfs y hxphrtfs hd tfeks pkrths ehi budef ckjhd eh hiik su jkbpf eh
gdvhstg`kjgúd (Chrdëdehz, >??7).
Ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk vgstk jfbf udk bkdhrk eh bkxgbgzkr ifs rhjursfs quh sh fntghdhd pfr 
jfdjhptf eh gbpuhstfs egrhjtfs f gdegrhjtfs fnthdgefs eh ifs jfdtrgnuyhdths eh jukiqughr hstkef,
df hs kmhdk k ifs jkbngfs y duhvks phrsphjtgvks y hdlfquhs quh sh puhekd prhshdtkr k dgvhi
 

budegki, yk quh hstf tkbngçd ckjh pkrth eh ik tkd dfbnrkek `ifnkigzkjgúd, y hstk kpfrtk bujcf,
yk quh eh hxphrghdjgks pfsgtgvks quh ftrfs pkâshs ckd hxphrgbhdtkef sh puhehd kpigjkr pkrk
if`rkr bkxgbgzkr ik `hstgúd pýnigjk, y fnvgkr ifs lrkjksfs.
Ik Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk (D@_) nusjk jfbf fnmhtgvf prgdjgpki sktgslkjhr iks dhjhsgekehs eh ifs
jguekekdfs eh lfrbk hlgjghdth y hlgjkz, y pkrk pfehr ehskrrfiikr hsth hdlfquh hs gbphrktgvf quh
sh ck`k pfr bheg
bhegff ehi ehskr
ehskrrfi
rfiif
if eh shrvgjg
shrvgjgfs
fs eh bky
bkyfr
fr jkigeke
jkigeke hd ud bkrjf eh sgsthbks eh
jfdtrfi quh phrbgt
jfdtrfi phrbgtkd
kd trkdspkrhdjgk
trkdspkrhdjgk hd ifs prfjhsfs eh hihjjgúd eh pikdhs y rhsuitkefs, ksâ jfbf
hd ifs eh pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk, pkrk knrhvgkr ik D@_ nusjk quh sh gdstkurhd ifs eglhrhdths
 prfjhsfs eh jkbngf hd ik pkrth fr`kdgzkjgfdki y eh `hstgúd eh iks kebgdgstrkjgfdhs pýnigjks,
gdthdtkdef gdtrfeujgr ki`udfs eh ifs hihbhdtfs quh sh utgigzkd hd ik kebgdgstrkjgúd prgvkek.
Gdjfrpfrkdef tfeks hstks duhvks phrsphjtgvks, tçjdgjks, jfstubnrhs y lfrbks eh ckjhr udk bhmfr 
kebgdgstrkjgúd, ik D@_ nusjk fnthdhr bkyfr prfeujtgvgeke hdbkrjkek hd hlgjghdjgk jfihjtgvk,
df sfif pkrk pfehr jubpigr iks bhtks prfpuhstks, sgdf tkbngçd gdjiuyhdef k ifs jguekekdfs pkrk
 pfehr jubpigriks y thdhr çxgtf ki ckjhrif.
Ifs ludekbhdtfs eh ik D@_ sh puhehd sgdthtgzkr eh ik sg`ughdth bkdhrk=
- Gbp
Gbpihb
ihbhdt
hdtkr
kr pfiâ
pfiâtgj
tgjks
ks hdjkbgd
hdjkbgdkeks
keks k ik lfrb
lfrbuik
uikjgú
jgúdd hstrktç`g
hstrktç`gjk
jk ckjgk
ckjgk hi ehskrrfii
ehskrrfiiff y ik
`hstgúd.
- Higbgdkj
dkjgúd `rk rkeeuki eh ifs bfeh ehiifs nurfrfjjrë
rëttgjfs
fs,, if`r
`rkkdef kvkdzk
zkrr ckjgk ik
gbpihbhdtkjgúd eh udk `hstgúd pfr rhsuitkefs.
- Ckj
Ckjhr
hr ud çdlk
çdlksgs
sgs sust
sustkdj
kdjgki
gki ckjg
ckjgkk ik jjrhkj
rhkjgúd
gúd ehi vkif
vkifrr pýnig
pýnigjf.
jf.
- Gbp
Gbpihb
ihbhdt
hdtkjg
kjgúd
úd eh ud kehjukef
kehjukef ehsk
ehskrrfi
rrfiif
if eh iks gdstgt
gdstgtujg
ujgfdhs
fdhs y hi egbh
egbhdsg
dsgfdk
fdkbgh
bghdtf
dtf ehi
hstkef.
- Bhm
Bhmfrkr
frkr ifs if`
if`rfs
rfs bkjrf
bkjrfhjf
hjfdúb
dúbgjfs
gjfs y ik hqu
hqugek
gekee sfj
sfjgki
gki..
Hdtgekehs gdthrdkjgfdkihs tkbngçd ckd kvkdzkef hd bhmfrkr y hdrgquhjhr ik D@_ k trkvçs eh
 pfiâtgjks y prëjtgjks quh bhmfrkd ik jkigeke eh ik `hstgúd pýnigjk gbpihbhdtkek pfr ifs `fnghrdfs
quh iks gdth`rkd, y pkrk hsth jksf sh puheh cknikr eh ik FJEH quh ckjh jfdsgehrkjgfdhs rhsphjtf
eh ik lfrbk eh `hstgúd eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk `hdhrkdef iks sg`ughdths iâdhks eh bkhstrks=
 Ehsrh`uikjgúd. Hsth pikdthkbghdtf nusjk ik egsbgdujgúd eh rh`iks y dfrbks hd hi Zhjtfr 
_ýnigjf, gdthdtkdef k ik vhz quh iks quh hxgstkd phrbgtkd ud pikdthkbghdtf hstrktç`gjf eh ik
`hstgúd k trkvçs eh ik lihxgngigeke hd su kpigjkjgúd.
 Ehsjhdtrkigzkjgúd eh ifs pfehrhs eh ik `hstgúd. Ik gehk eh ehsjhdtrkigzkjgúd supfdh ik
jrhkjgúd eh udgekehs (hdtgekehs, k`hdjgks, htj.) bës rheujgeks, jfd lihxgngigeke hd iks
dfrbks k kpigjkr y knkdefdkeks k bhrjhe ehi bhrjkef.
 Çdlksgs hd iks rhspfdskngigekehs eh ifs `hstfrhs y bftgvkjgúd pkrk ik bhmfrk.
 Hi rhlfrzkbghdtf eh iks jkpkjgekehs hstrktç`gjks ehi jhdtrf, mudtf jfd ik rhfr`kdgzkjgúd h
gbpikdtkjgúd eh ik ludjgúd pýnigjk hd ik `hstgúd y iks rhlfrbks.
 @hstgúd bës frghdtkek ckjgk hi jighdth.
 Ik gdtrfeujjgúd eh ik jfbphthdjgk y hi bhrjkef.
 Xt
Xtgi
gigz
gzkj
kjgú
gúdd eh bçtf
bçtfefs
efs eh hv hvki
kiuk
ukjg
jgúd
úd y tçtçjd
jdgj
gjks
ks eh `h
`hst
stgú
gúdd kp
kpig
igjk
jkek
ekss hd hi ëbng
ëbngtf
tf
hbprhskrgki.
 

 
FJEH (;778= >3 y ;770= :0-8?).
Hmhbpif eh Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk

Xd hmhbpif
ehnhhmhbpi f jikrf
rhlihmkr eh ik D@_
ud bkyfr hs hickjgk
rhspkief bfehif ehi Dhfwhnhr
Dhfwhnhrgkdgsb
ik kjtukjgúd gkdgsbf
hstktki, f Hstktki,quh
nusjkdef hi juki pikdthk
pikdthk quhiks
sh bfehrdgjhd sh
 prëjtgjks nurfjrëtgjks trkegjgfdkihs if`rkdef udk prflhsgfdkigzkjgúd eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk,
ckjghdef bës hlgjghdth ik lfrbk eh kjtukr ehi hstkef y lfbhdtkdef ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk.
_krk hsth jksf sh puhehd tfbkr jfbf ud hmhbpif jikrf eh hsth bfehif, iks jfdsuitks prhvgks quh
sfd ud ehrhjcf ludekbhdtki quh tghdhd ifs puhnifs gdeâ`hdks y ftrfs `rupfs çtdgjfs k ik cfrk eh
tfbkr bhegeks ih`gsiktgvks y kebgdgstrktgvks, f jukdef sh vkykd k gbpihbhdtkr prfyhjtfs, fnrks
f kjtgvgekehs ehdtrf eh su thrrgtfrgf, y k trkvçs eh hstk sh puheh prfth`hr ik gdth`rgeke juiturki,
sfjgki y hjfdúbgjk eh hstfs, hvgtkdef ik vuidhrkjgúd eh sus ehrhjcfs.
Ik jfdsuitk prhvgk hs ud bhjkdgsbf
bhjkdgsbf eh pkrtgjgpkjgú
pkrtgjgpkjgúdd eh iks jfbudgekehs
jfbudgekehs jukdef sh puhekd vhr 
klhjtkeks pfr ik gbpihbhdtkjgúd eh prfyhjtfs jfbf bgdhrâk, cgerfhiçjtrgjks, cgerfjkrnurfs, htj.,
iks jukihs puhehd klhjtkr egrhjtk f gdegrhjtkbhdth ifs ehrhjcfs eh jghrtks jfbudgekehs, quh k
 phskr eh cknhr sgef ehskrrfiikeks pfr prflhsgfdkihs ehi hstkef jfbf if pikdthk hi bfehif
 Dhfwhnhrgkdgsbf Hstktki, tkbngçd pikdthk ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk hd ik tfbk eh ehjgsgfdhs,
 pfr if quh hs eh `rkd gbpfrtkdjgk ik gbpihbhdtkjgúd eh iks bgsbks pkrk hvgtkr jcfquh hdtrh
`fnghrdf y jguekekdâk bhmfrkdef ik hmhjujgúd eh ik D@_.
 

Kdëigsgs-Zâdthsgs sfnrh hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf

Hi
sh jfdjhptf
shrâ
râk
k bu ehehskjhrt
buyy ehskj @fnghrdf
hrtke Knghrtf
keff ehjgrr quh shhihdjuhdtrk
ehjg @fng
@fnghr dfhdKn
hrdf pihdk
Knghrtff hxpkdsgúd
ghrt jf
jfbp
bprh dehy phrbkdhdth
rhdeh sfi
sfiff ik
ikss kj rhehlgdgjgúd
kjtg
tgvg
vgek
ekeh
ehss eh
trkdspkrhdjgk, jfiknfrkjgúd y pkrtgjgpkjgúd, kehbës eh hstfs pgikrhs, hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf ehnh
ksubgr udk shrgh eh jkbngfs gdchrhdths k su gbpihbhdtkjgúd h gdthrkjjgúd. Ehnh `hdhrkrsh ud
jkbngf juiturki hd ik `hstgúd pýnigjk quh phrbgtk udk trkdslfrbkjgúd ludekbhdtki hd ifs
fnmhtgvfs `unhrdkbhdtkihs, quh ehnhd hstkr frghdtkefs k shrvgr k ifs jguekekdfs.
Hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf jfdstgtuyh ud hmh ludekbhdtki pkrk jubpigr jfd ifs Fnmhtgvfs eh ik K`hdek
>?:? pkrk hi Ehskrrfiif Zfsthdgnih, juyf fnmhtgvf jfdsgsth hd jfdlg`urkr ud duhvf bkrjf eh
`fnhrdkdzk pýnigjk y udk rhdfvkek krqugthjturk hstktki quh phrbgtkd prfbfvhr sfjghekehs
 pkjâlgjks h gdjiusgvks pkrk hi ehskrrfiif
ehskrrf iif sfsthdgnih.
Kehbës prfbfvhr ik trkdspkrhdjgk, kubhdtkr ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk hd hi ehnkth y hd ik
ehjgsgúd eh ifs ksudtfs pýnigjfs, jfbnktgr ik jfrrupjgúd y kprfvhjckr iks duhvks thjdfif`âks
 pkrk rfnusthjhr ik `fnhrdkdzk ehbfjrëtgjk y ik jkigeke eh ifs shrvgjgfs pýnigjfs.
Ik Kigkdzk pkrk hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf (K@K) hs ud hsluhrzf `ifnki pkrk kbpigkr ik lrfdthrk hd ik
bhmfrk ehi ehshbphûf y eh ik jkigeke eh ifs `fnghrdfs. Hd hi hdjuhdtrf kduki eh ik K@K quh hd
>?;: tuvf iu`kr hd Ifderhs, sh prhshdtú udk `uâk eh frghdtkjgúd sfnrh pfiâtgjks eh @fnghrdf
Knghrtf quh jfbpihbhdtk hi bkthrgki hxgsthdth pkrk ifs pkâshs quh, pfjf k pfjf, vkd subëdefsh
k hstk gdgjgktgvk `ifnki. Egjcf hsluhrzf, gdthdtk sgsthbktgzkr ifs prgdjgpkihs hihbhdtfs f vkrgknihs
quh ehnghrkd jfdsgehrkrsh pkrk pfehr jfdlg`urkr udk hstrkth`gk gdth`rki y kbpigk hd bkthrgk eh
 pfiâtgjks eh @fnghrdf Knghrtf y hiif sh rhlihmk hd quh kiiâ kpkrhjhd ;7 thbks, >;? dfrbks
d frbks y `uâks1
y ::3 hmhbpifs eh pkâshs y hxphrghdjgks ehstkjkeks.
Ik (K
(K@K
@K)) hs udk
udk gd
gdgj
gjgk
gktg
tgvk
vk bu
buititgi
gikt
kthrk
hrkii y vfiud
vfiudtk
tkrg
rgk,
k, bheg
bhegkd
kdth
th ik ju
juki
ki if
ifss `f
`fng
nghrd
hrdfs
fs sh
jfbprfb
jfbprfbhth
hthdd jfd ik jgu
jgueke
ekekdâ
kdâkk pkrk prfb
prfbfvh
fvhrr ik trk
trkdspk
dspkrhdj
rhdjgk,
gk, kjjgfd
kjjgfdhs
hs eh jfi
jfiknf
knfrkjg
rkjgúd,
úd,
lfrt
lfrtki
kihj
hjhr
hr ik pkrtg
jfbudgjkjgfdhs pkrpkrk
tgjg
jgpkj
pkjgú
gúdd y kp
lfrtkihjhr kprf
ik rfvhj
vhjck
ckrr ik
`fnhrdkdzk.ikssJfifbngk
du
duhvk
hvkss th
thjdf
jdfif
hstë if`â
`âks
ksifseh<8ikpkâshs
hdtrh gd
gdlfr
lfrbk
bkjg
jgúd
úd yy ik
bghbnrfs iks
shs
vgdjuikk jfd ik gdgjg
vgdjui gdgjgktgvk
ktgvk eh Jfifbn
Jfifbngkgk jfbprk hlgjgh
hlgjghdth
dth qugzës udk eh iks bës gbpfrtkdths
gbpfrtkdths jfd
iks quh juhdtk hi pkâs hd ik kjtukigeke.
Jfifbngk Jfbprk Hlgjghdth jfbf hdth rhjtfr ehi sgsthbk eh jfbprk y jfdtrktkjgúd pýnigjk hd hi
 pkâs hsphjâlgjkbhdth, trknkmk hd iks ërhks eh rhdegjgúd eh juhdtks y bhmfrk eh sshrvgjgfs
hrvgjgfs tghdh hd
juhdtk ifs sg`ughdths ksphjtfs=
 Hi ehskrrfiif ehi ZHJF_ GG, Jfbf chrrkbghdtk quh kubhdtk ik vgsgngigeke eh ik gdvhrsgúd
hd hi `kstf pýnigjf, lkjgigtk hi usf eh ik gdlfrbkjgúd k ifs pkrtâjgphs ehi sgsthbk eh
jfbprks, bhmfrk ik `hstgúd pkrk if`rkr bkyfr vkifr pfr egdhrf y phrbgth prfvhhr 
gdlfrbkjgúd rhihvkdth sfnrh ik jfdtrktkjgúd pkrk tfefs ifs gdthrhskefs, hd tghbpf rhki.
 

 Ik gbpihbhdtkjgúd eh hsquhbks eh ksgsthdjgk tçjdgjk, vgrtukihs y hd sgtgf phrbgth pkrk

udk bkyfr lkjgigeke y k`gigeke hdtrh Jfifbngk Jfbprk Hlgjghdth, ik jguekekdâk y iks
Hdtgekehs Hstktkihs y hi shjtfr prgvkef.
 Ik lfrb
lfrbkjg
kjgúd
úd eh jfbprk
jfbprkefefrhs
rhs pýnig
pýnigjf
jfs,
s, pk
pkrk
rk bhbhmf
mfrkr
rkr sususs jk
jkpkj
pkjge
gekeh
kehss sh`ýd
sh`ýd sus
rhspfdskngigekehs lrhdth ki sgsthbk eh jfbprk y jfdtrktkjgúd pýnigjk.
 Ik puni
punigj
gjkj
kjgú
gúdd eh ekektf
tfss kn
kngh
ghrt
rtfs
fs eh jf jfdt
dtrk
rktk
tkjg
jgúd
úd pýpýni
nigj
gjk,
k, pk
pkrk
rk nr
nrgd
gdek
ekrr bkyf
bkyfr r 
trkd
trkdspk
spkrhd
rhdjg
jgkk h gd
gdjrh
jrhbh
bhdtk
dtkrr hi gb
gbpk
pkjt
jtff pfsgt
pfsgtgv
gvff eh ik
ikss jfbprk
jfbprkss pý pýni
nigj
gjks
ks sf
sfnr
nrhh hi
ehskrrfiif ehi pkâs bhegkdth hi kdëigsgs jruzkef jfd ektfs knghrtfs eh ftrfs shjtfrhs eh
`fnghrdf.
_krk if`rkr bkyfr pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk ik k`hdjgk prhpkrk, hd jfdjhrtkjgúd jfd gdstgtujgfdhs
rhprhshdtktgvks, ud pikd eh lfrtkihjgbghdtf eh ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk hd hi jfdtrfi eh iks
jfbprks kigdhkef jfd ik hstrkth`gk eh h-_rfjurhbhdt1 y nusjk bfstrkr h gdjhdtgvkr hi usf ehi
ZHJF_ GG jfbf udk luhdth gbpfrtkdth eh gdlfrbkjgúd pkrk ik jguekekdâk hd thbks eh jfbprk
 pýnigjk.
Kprfvhjckdef iks pfsgngigekehs quh prfpfrjgfdkd iks Uhjdfif`âks eh ik Gdlfrbkjgúd y iks
Jfbudg
Jfb udgjkjg
jkjgfdhs
fdhs (UG
(UGJ)
J) jfbf
jfbf duhv
duhvks
ks lfrb
lfrbks
ks eh gdthrk
gdthrkjjg
jjgúd
úd hdtrh
hdtrh hstkef
hstkef y sfjghek
sfjgheke,
e, hdtrh
hdtrh
`fnghrdf
`fnghrdf y jgueke
jguekekdâk,
kdâk, quh phrbgtk
phrbgtk pkrtgjgpkr
pkrtgjgpkr hd ifs
ifs prfjhsfs eh
eh tfbk eh ehjgsgf
ehjgsgfdhs
dhs eh ifs
`fnghrdfs, hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf hs hi jkbgdf quh gbpuiskrë udk trkdslfrbkjgúd vkigfsk hd iks
gdstgtujgfdhs pýnigjks eh
eh prfpgjgkr `fnghrdfs ik ehbfjrëtgjfs
bës rh`gúd, quh ihsy phrbgtgrë rhphdskr prfjhsfs, pfiâtgjks y shrvgjgfs k lgd
trkdspkrhdths.
_krk hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf iks UGJ ckd jrhkef duhvks pfsgngigekehs eh rhspfdehr k ifs ehsklâfs eh
ik `hstgúd pýnigjk, shk pkrk jfdfjhr bhmfr iks dhjhsgekehs eh ifs jguekekdfs, bhmfrkr hi
ludjgfdkbghdtf gdthrdf eh iks kebgdgstrkjgfdhs pýnigjks f prhstkr shrvgjgfs pýnigjfs k jfstfs bës
 nkmfs y eh bhmfr jkigeke.
Kjtukibhdth, ifs sgtgfs whn ehnhd= k) hstkr knghrtfs ki gd`rhsf eh jukiqughr phrsfdk1 n) pkrk su
çxgtf, ifs sgtgfs puhehd shr utgigzkefs tftkibhdth ehseh ud dkvh`kefr1 j) ik gdlfrbkjgúd ehnh
 pfehrsh gdtrfeujgr y hxtrkhr jfd lkjgigeke1 e) ifs usukrgfs ehnhrâkd jfdtrfikr su prfpgk
gdlfrbkjgúd1 y h) ik utgigzkjgúd eh igdas hs ud rhqugsgtf ludekbhdtki.
Ik egspfdgngigeke eh egspfsgtgvfs búvgihs lkjgigtú hi ehskrrfiif eh kpigjkjgfdhs jfd hi lgd eh quh
ifs jguekekdfs
kef eh ikpuhekd
gdlfrbkef
gdlfrb tfbk eh thdhr kjjhsf k gdlfrbkjgúd
ehjgsgfdhs, phrf sh ehnhehthdhr
jkrëjthr pýnigjf,quh
hd juhdtk rhkigzkr sus kpfrths
ik jfnhrturk y hstkr 
eh gdth
gdthrdht
rdht
quh pfsgngigtk
pfsgngigtk ik gthr
gthrkjgúd
kjgúd quh sh nusjk pfr bhegf eh iks UGJ hdtrh `fnghrdf
`fnghrdf y jguekekdfs
jguekekdfs df
junrh
junrh tfef
tfef hi thr
thrrg
rgtf
tfrg
rgff ehi pkâs,
pkâs, pfr tki bft
bftgv
gvff hs ud pud
pudtf
tf k th
thdh
dhrr hd juhdtk
juhdtk yk quh ik
 pkrtgjgpkjgúd sfif ik pferëd ckjhr udfs pfjfs shjtfrhs, y jfbf sghbprh ifs sgtgfs bës kihmkefs y
jfd ik pfnikjgúd bës dhjhsgtkek df vkd ckjhr hsjujckefs dg lfrbkrkd pkrth eh iikk pkrtgjgpkjgúd,
quh hs udk eh iks kjtgvgekehs hdjkbgdkeks k ik jfdstrujjgúd eh @fnghrdf Knghrtf.
  _krk Jfifbn
Jfifbngkgk ck sge
sgeff ud rhtf ik jfdsfi
jfdsfigek
gekjgú
jgúdd eh @fng
@fnghrdf
hrdf Kng
Knghrt
hrtff yk quh hxgs
hxgsth
th pfjk
vfiudtke pfiâtgjk pkrk egludegr h gbpfdhr sus kpigjkjgfdhs, jfd tfeks iks jfdshjuhdjgks quh hiif
gbpigj
gbp igjk,
k, df nkstk sfif jfd gdjiug
gdjiugrr jfb
jfbprf
prfbgs
bgsfsfs trkdslfrbk
trkdslfrbkefrh
efrhss k pikdhs
pikdhs eh kjjgúd
kjjgúd quh sh
quhehd hd hi pkphi f sfif pkrk shr rhjfdfjgefs hd hi ëbngtf rh`gfdki.
Hd tçrbgdfs
tçrbgdfs bës hdthdegni
hdthdegnihs
hs hd Jfifbngk cknikr eh @fnghrdf
@fnghrdf Knghrtf hs rhlhrg
rhlhrgrsh
rsh k udk nuhdk
 prëjtgjk quh nusjk quh jkek jfifbngkdf sgd egstgd`f ki`udf, thd`k kjjhsf k ik gdlfrbkjgúd ifs
 

trëbgt
trëbgths
hs y ifs shrv
shrvgjg
gjgfs
fs ehi Hstkef,
Hstkef, _rf
_rfbfv
bfvhrhr udk keb
kebgdg
gdgstrk
strkjgú
jgúdd bës hlg
hlgjgh
jghdth,
dth, hlg
hlgjkz
jkz y
trkdspkrhdth pfr pkrth eh ifs `fnghrdfs k tfef dgvhi, bhegkdth hi flrhjgbghdtf hd iâdhk eh ik
gdlfrbkjgúd, bhjkdgsbfs eh jfdtrfi eh `hstgúd, shrvgjgfs, trëbgths y jfdtrktkjgúd hstktki eh
 nghdhs y shrvgjgfs k trkvçs eh iks rhehs
r hehs eg`gtkihs.

Ifs jkbngfs k rhkigzkr pkrk gdth`rkrsh k ik gehk eh @fnghrdf Knghrtf sfd

 Jkbngf juiturki= Hs gbprhsjgdegnih hdthdehr juëi hs hi fnmhtgvf eh ik kebgdgstrkjgúd y eh
tfefs ifs quh trknkmkd hd hiik, quh hs shrvgr k ifs jguekekdfs y hi jguekekdf ehnh hstkr hd
hi jhdtrf eh ik `hstgúd.
 Jkbngf hd ifs prfjhsfs= Ifs prfjhsfs hd ik kebgdgstrkjgúd pýnigjk df ckd sgef egshûkefs
 pkrk shrvgr k ifs jguekekdfs
jguekekdfs,, df sfd júbfefs pkrk hi jguekekdf f df ih kyuekd,
kyuek d, y pfr if
tkdtf cky quh rh-gd`hdgkrifs pkrk jfdsh`ugr quh ksâ shk, cky quh higbgdkrifs f jkbngkrifs.
 Jkbngf
Jkb ngf hd ik fr`k
fr`kdgz
dgzkjg
kjgúd=
úd= Hs gbp
gbprhsj
rhsjgde
gdegni
gnihh rhfr`kd
rhfr`kdgzk
gzkrr iks kebgdg
kebgdgstr
strkjg
kjgfdhs
fdhs,, iks
 pikdtgiiks y ik ehlgdgjgúd eh ifs puhstfs eh trknkmf pkrk pfehr kjtukr nkmf ud bfehif hd
rhe, frghdtkef k prfyhjtfs y k ik jfdshjujgúd eh rhsuitkefs.
 Jkbngf hd iks lfrbks eh rhikjgúd= ehi bfstrkefr k ik bhsk rhefdek, ehi jfrrhf jhrtglgjkef
k ik jfbudgjkjgúd hd iâdhk, eh ik fnig`kjgúd k ik prhshdjgk lâsgjk k iks lkjgigekehs eh
rhikjgúd, hdtrh ftrks.

Hmhbpif eh @fnghrdf Knghrtf

Uki vhz udf eh ifs hmhbpifs bës jikrfs y hlgjkjhs eh `fnghrdf knghrtf hs ik prëjtgjk quh jkek vhz
sh ckjh bës jfbýd hd ifs hdths thrrgtfrgk
thrrgtfrgkihs,
ihs, y hs hi eh iks Kueghdjg
Kueghdjgks
ks eh ^hdegjgúd
^hdegjgúd eh Juhdtks
_ýnigjks, efdeh sh hxpfdhd tfefs ifs rhjursfs quh sh gdvgrtghrfd y ik lfrbk jfbf sh gdvgrtghrfd,
if`rkdef quh sh `hdhrh bkyfr hlgjghdjgk y hlgjkjgk, pfrquh ehdtrf ehi pýnigjf puheh ksgstgr 
juki
jukiqu
qugh
ghrr phrs
phrsfd
fdkk if
ifss ju
juki
kihs
hs pu
puhe
hehd
hd ckckjh
jhrr vh
vhhe
heur
urâk
âk jg
jgue
ueke
kekd
kdkk ck
ckjg
jghd
hdef
ef pr
prh`
h`ud
udtk
tkss y
juhstgfdkdef
juhstgfdkdef ifs prfyhjtfs quh jfdsgehrhd
jfdsgehrhd quh df hstëd jubpighdef
jubpighdef jfd ifs tghbpfs
tghbpfs y rhjursfs
hjfdúbgjfs utgigzkefs, hstk prëjtgjk `hdhrk bkyfr gdjiusgúd y pkrtgjgpkjgúd pfr pkrth eh tfefs
ifs jguekekdfs eh ik rh`gfdhs y pfr hdeh bkyfr jfdlgkdzk hd sus `fnhrdkdths, yk quh ki hxpfdhr 
tfek su `hstgúd ki pýnigjf, trkdsbgthd trkdspkrhdjgk y hvgtkd ik jfrrupjgúd.
 

JFDJIXZGFDHZ

_fehbfs jfdjiugr quh ik pçregek eh jrhegngigeke ehi shjtfr pýnigjf jfbf `hstfr ehi nghdhstkr 
jguekekdf vghdh kjfbpkûkef eh bkdglhstkjgfdhs quh hxg`hd y fnig`kd k quh iks gdstgtujgfdhs
 pýnigjks kjtýhd kpigjkdef prgdjgpgfs eh hjfdfbâk, hlgjghdjgk y hlgjkjgk, ik D@_ luh gbpuiskek
jfbf udkhdsfiujgúd
`fnghrdf k ifsyprfnihbks
jrgsgs lgsjki eh ik vghmk nurfjrkjgk,
jfbf ik jfdmu`kjgúd jfbf
eh ifs bhmfrhs ik rhspuhstkehk `hstgúd
gdstrubhdtfs ifs egihbks eh ud
ehi shjtfr 
 prgvkef.

Ik rhkigeke
rhkigeke ck jkb
jkbngk
ngkef
ef y sg`uh
sg`uh jkbngkde
jkbngkdeff kjhihr
kjhihrkek
kekbhdt
bhdth,
h, sg ifs hstkefs
hstkefs df if ksubh
ksubhd,
d,
kekptëdefsh jrhktgvkbhdth pkrk kprfvhjckr iks duhvks fpfrtudgekehs quh sh knrhd, sh phrehrë
udk vkigfsk pfsgngigeke pkrk bhmfrkr ik jkigeke eh duhstrks gdstgtujgfdhs y phrbgtgrdfs jfbf
jguekek
jguekekdfs
dfs shr vhreke
vhrekehrfs
hrfs prftk
prftk`fd
`fdgst
gstks
ks eh duhstr
duhstrff ehstgdf
ehstgdf,, hi usf eh iks thjdfi
thjdfif`â
f`âks
ks eh ik
gdlfrbkjgúd hstëd egspuhstks pkrk quh jfbf sfjgheke pkrtgjgpktgvk klrfdthbfs hi rhtf eh ik
rhlfrbk
rhlfrbk eh ik keb kebgdg
gdgstr
strkjg
kjgúd
úd pýnigj
pýnigjkk pkrk kehjukri
kehjukrikk k iks hxg`hdj
hxg`hdjgks
gks eh udk ehbfjrkjg
ehbfjrkjgkk
 pkrtgjgpktgvk y jfiknfrktgvk.

Ifs bfehifs eh H-@fvhrd

H-@fvhrdbhdt,
bhdt, Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnig
_ýnigjk
jk y @fnghrdf
@fnghrdf Knghrtf, vkd eh ik bkdf yk
quh sh jfbpihbhdtk hdtrh sâ pkrk jkek udf eh hiifs shk bës hxgtfsf, pfr bhegf ehi H-
@fvhrdbhdt sh kbpiâk ik pkrtgjgpkjgúd jguekekdk k trkvçs eh tfeks iks piktklfrbks vgrtukihs quh
flrhjh hi `fnghrdf iks jukihs k su vhz ih gdlfrbkd k hsth eh tfefs ifs prfjhsfs quh sh hstëd
iihvkdef k jknf rhsphjtf eh ik `hstgúd pýnigjk ehskrrfiikek hd iks eglhrhdths rh`gfdhs ehi pkâs y
hd ifs prfjhsfs eh `fnghrdf knghrtf quh sh vghdhd prhshdtkefs jkek vhz eh lfrbk bës gdthdsgvk y
jfdstkdth, if quh gdjhdtgvk y bftgvk k ik jguekekdâk k hstkr bës phdeghdth y pkrtgjgpkr bës
kjtgvkbhdth eh hstks, pkrk pfehr gdjgegr hd ik ehjgsgfdhs quh ifs puhehd nhdhlgjgkr f phrmuegjkr 
quh sh tfbkd pfr pkrth eh ifs `fnhrdkdths.

Hs eh vgtki gbpfrtkdjgk quh ifs jguekekdfs jfdfzjkd hi bkrjf dfrbktgvf quh ihs phrbgth ik
 pkrtgjgpkjgúd hd ifs prfjhsfs eh ik D@_, y hi @fnghrdf Knghrtf pkrk hd tfefs ifs prfjhsfs sh
`hdhrh trkdspkrhdjgk y sh rfbpk jfd iks jfstubnrhs eh jfrrupjgúd tkd krrkg`keks hd ik pfiâtgjk
dk
dkjg
jgfd
fdki
ki,, keh
kehbë
bëss eh
ehii us
usff eh ik
ikss ch
chrrk
rrkbg
bghd
hdtk
tkss gd
gdlf
lfrb
rbët
ëtgj
gjks
ks pk
pkrk
rk ik sf
sfiu
iujg
jgúd
úd eh ki
ki`u
`udks
dks
 prfnihbëtgjks quh sh puhekd prhshdtkr, hvgtkdef `kstfs gddhjhskrgfs pfr ehspikzkbghdtfs quh hd
fjksgfdhs sh ckjhd pfr hi ehsjfdfjgbghdtf eh hstks chrrkbghdtks.
 

^HLH^HDJGKZ NGNIGF@^ËLGJKZ

K`ugikr, I. (>??0) Hi kpfrth eh ik _fiâtgjk _ýnigjk y eh ik Duhvk @hstgúd _ýnigjk k ik

`fnhrdkdzk. Jkrkjks. ^hvgstk ehi JIKE ^hlfrbk y Ehbfjrkjgk. Jhdtrf Iktgdfkbhrgjkdf eh
Kebg
Kebgdg
dgst
strk
rkjg
jgúd
úd pkrk
pkrk hi Ehsk
Ehskrr
rrfi
fiiif. ^h
^hju
juph
phrkef eh cttp=//www.rhekiyj.fr`/krtgjuif.fk6
rkef
ge2:808::<7:??;  
ge2:808::<7:??;

Nkrzhiky,
Nkrzhiky, B. & Krb
Krbkmk
kmkdg,
dg, N. (;77>).
(;77>). Nrh
Nrhkag
kagd`
d` Ucr
Ucrfu`c
fu`c Nurhkujrk
Nurhkujrkjyjy = K Dhw \gsgfd
\gsgfd lfr 
Bkdk
Bk dk`g
`gd`
d` gd @fvhr
@fvhrdb
dbhd
hdt.
t. Nhra
Nhrahi
hihy
hy== Xdgvh
Xdgvhrsg
rsgty
ty fl Jkig
Jkiglfr
lfrdg
dgkk _r
_rhs
hss.
s. ^hjup
^hjuphr
hrkef
kef eh=
cttp=//hes.n.hnsjfcfst.jfb.ngnigft
cttp=//hes.n.hnsjfcfst.jfb.ngnigfthjkvgrtuki.udke.heu.jf/he
hjkvgrtuki.udke.heu.jf/hes/ehtkgi/ehtkgi
s/ehtkgi/ehtkgi6vge2?&sge2e?;8
6vge2?&sge2e?;8n?35-8570-
n?35-8570-
530>-n>><-n035nj<?37:k%5?pej-v-
shssb`r?;&nektk2Mbxcnbj7]SBbj>i?]U;
shssb`r?;&nektk2M bxcnbj7]SBbj>i?]U;i]CBtn@i>]Z]zW>
i]CBtn@i>]Z]zW>7w]U;zkS^i#KD
7w]U;zkS^i#KD28005&en2dihna 
28005&en2dihna  

Nkrzhiky, B. & Krbkmkdg, N. (;77>). Nrhkagd` Ucrfu`c Nurhkujrkjy= K Dhw \gsgfd lfr 
Bkdk
Bk dk`g
`gd`
d` gd @f
@fvh
vhrd
rdbh
bhdt
dt.. Nhra
Nhrahi
hihy
hy== Xdgv
Xdgvhr
hrsg
sgty
ty fl Jkig
Jkiglf
lfrd
rdgk
gk _r
_rhs
hss.
s. ^hju
^hjuph
phrk
rkef
ef eh
cttp=//ngnigfthjkvgrtuki.udke.heu.jf=>;:7/hes/ehtkgi/ehtkgi6vge2?&sge2e7>8;>en-:3:e-5;:5-
7?8k-nl?8j057:k<0%5?pej-v-shssb`r?8&nektk2Mbxcnbj7]SBbj>i?]U;i]CBtn@i>][%:e
%:e#KD28005&en2dihna  

Jfifbn
Jfif bngkgk Jf
Jfbp
bprk
rk Hlgjg
Hlgjghdt
hdth.
h. (Z
(Z.L)
.L).. Ki
Kigk
gkdz
dzkk pk
pkrk
rk hi `fngh
`fnghrdf
rdf kn
kngh
ghrt
rtf.
f. ^hjup
^hjuphr
hrkef
kef eh=
cttps=//www.jfifbngkjfbprk.`fv.jf/jfdthdt/kigkdzk-pkrk-hi-`fnghrdf-knghrtf

Jfbgsgúd Gdthrkbhrgjkdk eh Ehrhjcfs Cubkdfs (JGEC). ^hiktfrâk Hsphjgki pkrk ik Ignhrtke eh

Hxpr
Hx prhsg
hsgúd.
úd. Hi eh
ehrhj
rhjcf
cf eh kjkjjh
jhsf
sf k ik gd
gdlfr
lfrbk
bkjg
jgúd
úd hd hi bkrjf
bkrjf mu
murâ
râeg
egjf
jf gd
gdth
thrkb
rkbhr
hrgj
gjkdf
kdf..
cttp=//www.fks.fr`/hs/jgec/hxprhsgfd/efjs/punigjkjgfdhs/KJJHZF%>?K%>?IK
%>?GDLF^BKJGFD%>?LGDKI%>?JFD%>?_F^UKEK.pel  

Jfdjck, @., & Dkshr, K. (>?;>). Hi ehsklâf ckjgk hi `fnghrdf knghrtf hd ik cfrk eh ik
g`ukieke. Jfbgsgúd Hjfdúbgjk pkrk Kbçrgjk Iktgdk y hi Jkrgnh (JH_KI).
Jfdstgtujgúd _fiâtgjk eh Jfifbngk. (;77;). Krtâjuif >0?. ^hjuphrkef eh
cttp=//www.jfrthjfdstgtujgfdki.`fv.jf/gdgjgf/Jfdstgtujgfd%>?pfigtgjk%>?eh%>?Jfifbngk.pel  

Jrgkef, M, @úbhz
Jrgkef, @úbhz,, H. (>?;<). ¶[XÇ HZ W [XÇ ZH HDUGHDEH _F^ @FNGH^DF KNGH^U KNGH^UF6 F6
Kdëigsgs eh ik phrjhpjgúd h gbpihbhdtkjgúd ehi @fnghrdf Knghrtf hd hi ëbngtf ifjki hspkûfi.

^hjuphrkef eh cttp=//`fnknghrtf-
jebx.fr`.bx/ngnigf`rklgk/>?;<VDfvk`fnKjkehbgkV;V@fnghrdfKnghrtf-KKII.pel 
 
 

@fnhrdk (>?;
@fnhrdk (>?;5)
5) @uâk
@uâk prëj
prëjtgj
tgjkk pkrk knrgr
knrgr `fnghrdf
`fnghrdfs.Bk
s.Bkduk
dukii eh "Fphd
"Fphd @fvhrdb
@fvhrdbhdt
hdt"" pkr
pkrkk
`fnhrdkdths y jguekekdfs
Chrdëdehz, M. (>??7). @hrhdjg
Chrdëdehz, @hrhdjgkk pýnig
pýnigjk
jk hd Jfifb
Jfifbngk,
ngk, ckjghdef çdlksgs hd hi kjtuki `fnghrdf,
 pë`. ;8:. ^hjuphrkef eh lgih=///J=/Xshrs/BKSUH^Z/Efwdifkes/Egkidht-
@hrhdjgk_unigjkHdJfifbngkCkjghdefHdlksgsHdHiKjtuki-:77::8:.pel .

Mfdhs, I. (>??>). Uch Dhw _unigj Bkdk`hbhdt= Gbprfvgd` ^hshkrjc kde _figjy Egkif`uh, ny
Bgjckhi Nkrzhiky. Mfurdki Fl Jfbpkrktgvh _figjy Kdkiysgs, 5(;),
78.efg=;?.;?>:/K=;?;57>0<?0>;3. ^hjuphrkef
eh cttp=//ngnigfthjkvgrtuki.udke.heu.jf=>?8;/if`gd.kspx6
egrhjt2truh&en2hen&KD20:;70<>3&ikd`2hs&sgth2hes-igvh  
egrhjt2truh&en2hen&KD20:;70<>3&ikd`2hs&sgth2hes-igvh

Bgdtgj Ehjrhtf Ýdgjf ^h`ikbhdtkrgf ehi Zhjtfr UGJ - Ehjrhtf ;?03 ehi >< eh bkyf eh >?;8.
^hjuphrkef eh cttps=//www.bgdtgj.`fv.jf/pfrtki/<?5/w:-krtgjih-;:<80.ctbi 
cttps=//www.bgdtgj.`fv.jf/pfrtki/<?5/w:-krtgjih-;:<80.ctbi 

 Dkshr, K., & ^kbârhz Kiumks, Ë. (>?;0). _ikd eh `fnghrdf knghrtf= udk cfmk eh rutk pkrk ifs
`fnghrdfs eh ik rh`gúd.
FHJE (>?;5). ’Gddfvktgd` tch _unigj Zhjtfr= lrfb Gehks tf Gbpkjt‒. _krgs. FHJE. ^hjuphrkef
eh cttp=//www.fhje.fr`/gddfvktgd`-tch-punigj-shjtfr/Nkja`rfude-rhpfrt.pel  

FHJE (>?;0) ^hjfbhdekjgfdhs FJEH `fnghrdf eg`gtki. ^hjuphrkef

eh cttp=//www.fhje.fr`/`fv/eg`gtki-`fvhrdbhdt/rhjfbbhdektgfd-fd-eg`gtki-`fvhrdbhdt-
ehcttp=//www.fhje.fr`/`fv/eg`gtki-`fvhrdbhdt/rhjfbbhdektgfd-fd-eg`gtki-`fvhrdbhdt-
strkth`ghs.ctb
^hjuphrkef eh= cttps=//`fnhrdk.fr`/punigjkjgfdhs/`ugk-prkjtgjk-knrgr-`fnghrdfs-bkduki-fphd-
`fvhrdbhdt-`fnhrdkdths-jguekekdfs/

\hrk B Ifs ektf

\hrk ektfss kng
knghrt
hrtfs
fs y hi pikd eh kjjkjjgúd
gúd eh `fnghrdf
`fnghrdf kngh
knghrtf
rtf hd Bçxgjf
Bçxgjf >?;:->?;8
>?;:->?;8..
^hjuphrkef eh cttps=//www
cttps=//www.rhekiyj.fr`/mkts^hpf/
.rhekiyj.fr`/mkts^hpf/387/3878;??<?
387/3878;??<??;/3878;??<??;
?;/3878;??<??;.pel 
.pel