LÊg*X ekys/mk^ c[Fh;

LÊg*xksm KH>ic[Flr*X ~hs/M L>jYeluYedlg; efjSrqln[.

iluujsh QqjÉ c[Fh;, sfl!, rli[, g![ vk!kdX, fgjao)[ t^J LÖ[
c[Fh*xjhlujMlnjf[.

QlSgl LÊg*xksmuk; aD[yw[ arÍjhl)lrk; flR Qlfk^f[ QlSgl LÊ

g*xksmuk; aD[ywkdxjH rj^[ fs^ulSnl t^ky/k igk\k^fjrk; flsq
ukxx aD[ywkdxk; Liuksm vjYf*xk; KeSulzs/mksa^[ ijCIcj)k^k.

aD[ywkdX arÍjhl)lrkxx asyylgk txk/ iqjuln[ ]fÊg\jsRy

aD[ywlSnl LyjSu!f[ Lfjr[ CS`lmkdosm ckdork; akÙ[ |;c “L” uk;
sdlmk\[ K&gj&lH txk/\jH arÍjhl)lik^fln[.

Kplî “~lL[” sRy aD[yw[ LyjulR t^k;, “flTsRy” sRy

“flTsRy” aD[yw[ LyjulR t^k; K&gj&k Srl)julH afj.

05
 QlSgl LÊg\jsRyuk; aD[ywkdX dlnkd

a`Êg*xlu t^J ao^[ LÊg*xksm aD[yw[î

( )
iluuksm QqjÉ c[Fhaln[

sfl!uksm flsq Lyy;

06
 sfl!uksm aÓU;

sfl!uksm Sahyy;

rlijsRy Sahyyik; SahÑl)k;

07
 ^mk\[ LHe; flsq

rlijsRy aÓUik; LSflm[ Srgjmk^ SahÑl)k;

rlijsRy LgkrJx\jH Ln/#kdSxlm[ SvG^[

08
 rlijsRy LgkijsRy Lyyik; Sash akRe#[ akfH
vjgj/#[ isgukxx KOrk;

sr SaH eyÉ aD[ywjSrlsml/; rli[ Sah[SelM[

KuG\kd
fE[Djal)kSÙlX

rlijsRy fhuk; Sah akRe#jsRy KOrk;. hlajsRy

LHe; flsq.

09
 rlijsRy fhuksm akfkik; Sash akRe#kdxksm
akgmk;

r[ fE[DJa[ rlijsRy fhuksm akfkik; Sash akRe#kdxksm akgmk;

rHdkSÙlqkxx fs^. esÊ, rlijsRy rmk SaHS/lMkugk;
aD[yw[

rlijsRy fhuk; Sash akRe#kdxksm akgmk;.

K&gj)k^ cau\[ rlijsRy rmk
SaHS/lMkugkduk; hk; K; K&gj)k^ cau\[
rli[ flqkduk; sv$k;.

10
fE[DJSalmk
dosmukxx K&gj)k^ cau\[ rlijsRy rmk>lz; LÑl)jSh)[
Kugk;.
sRy aD[yw[

rlijsRy doG\yyik; flsq akRe#jsRy

akdX>lzik;. éLFil, flsquk; aJsfukakxx
akRe#jsRy Tmê

fE[DJSalmk K&gj)k^ cau\[ rlijsRy rmk

dosmukxx SaHS/lMkugkduk; K; rk; K&gj)k^ cau\[
sRy aD[yw[ rli[ flqkduk; sv$k;.

rlijsRy LYzik; Sash akRe#kdxksm flsq

Lyyik;.

11
fE[DJSalmk K&gj)k^ cau\[ rlijsRy rmk
dosmukxx SaHS/lMkugkduk; lhk; lK; K&gj)k^ cau\[
sRy aD[yw[ rli[ flqkduk; sv$k;. aD[ywjH iUfUlcaj#lsf.

flsq vk!k; Sash akRe#kdxksm fhuk;

g![ vk!kdxksm Tm. vk!kdxksm rmk egc[eg;

fMlsf

12
 g![ vk!kdxksm Tm egc[eg; fMk^ ijP\jH.

fgjao)[ éaJak; rork; anj)k^ cau\kxx

( ) aD[ywlnjf[ L#l\ cau\kxx aD[yw[ akÙ[
eyÉjMk![.ê

e#kdX

flsquk; Sashukakxx g![

igjdxjhlukxx SdlMke#k
dX)[ "Ln/#kdX" t^k
eyuk^k.

13
 LÊg*xksm ijSC<n*X
LÊg*X éQlGaujhjgj)lR cIjE\k
cIjE\kdxksm KS`CU*X txk/aldk^ goe\jH dxksm
ilvd*xluln[ sdlmk\f[ê SegkdX
rlijsRy rmk SahÑlS)lm[
SvG^jgj)kd.
rli[ LÑl)kaluj Ld^jgj)kd
sf#jH rj^[ ekys/mk^fjrlH
K&lgn\j^[ Sizik; cOdgUik;
K!ldkd
K&lgn\j^[ Yeulcak!likd
LfjrlH ao^jhPjd; Lc[hj$lu
LÊg*xkxx ep; TO
LÊg*xlH alYf; K!lij#.
eÊj cIgS\lm[ fkhUalu C~[p;
K!likd
aD[ywjH LaG\j K&gj)k^f[
sdl!kxx vhr C~[p;
Tig!jrk; ckdork;
rlijr[ ij<a; domlsf ekys/mH akÙkxx LÊg\jr[
Ef[|kaldkSÙlX(
cIÔ; aD[ywjH rj^[ ayy[
aD[ywjSh)[ vlukd. éylL[
hlajSh)k; hl; xlpjSh)k; vlukd.
rli[ ejm)H éLf[ domkfhldk^f[
coÊj)kdê
sRy aD[yw[ isg dlyy[ eg)H
rlijsRy Lgk rJx\jH C~[p;
rJxH.

14
 ckdorkxx rorjsRyuk; fRiJrjsRyuk; ijPjdX
ckdorkxx rorjsRyuk; fRiJrjsRyuk; rjua*X LÖln[.

1- ‘sixjil)H’ î
¡ ¡ t^J :y[ LÊg*X)[ akÙ[ ckdorkxx roSrl
fRiJSrl i^lH Lf[ g!jsruk; iUd[fal)j K&gj)n;. TO LÊg*
X)[ sRy LÊg*X t^k; sRy LÊg*X t^k; eyus/mk^k.
Kpl|gn;î

SaH eyÉ Tw[alL[ Yedlg; c[Fjgs/Mfln[ é]q[ DlgjKdxk; L*sr

alYfSa QlfjujMkxxoê LfjrlH Lfjr[ tfjg[ YeiG\j)H |ylaln[.

15
2- ‘anj)Shlmk dosm C`[ sdlmk)Hî

( ) t^J rlh[ LÊg*xjH ]sf(jhk; Q^jr[ akÙ[ g!k

il)jhluj ckdorkxx roSrl fRiJSrl i^lH g!jsruk; c|jf;
éanj)Shlmkdosmê C`[ sdlmk\[ épIjfI; sdlmk\[ê K&gj)n;.
Kpl|gn;î

aJajhk; rorjhk; Lmjc[Flregaluj\s^ Kxxf[ sdl![ g!jrkagjsd

eoGÑalujgj)k;. ‘ulT’rk; ‘ilij’rk; Lgjsd LYffs^ eoGnalikduj#,
alYfa# zk^\kxxfk sdl![ rlhjhk; C`[ LeoGÑalujgj)k;. t^lH
ilijhk; ulThk; KxxfjShsy C`[ aJajhk; rorjhk; K!lujgj)k;. TO iUfUlc;
arÍjhl)lR Si!j Cgjul; ijP; L&mj)s/mk^ akc[|EkdxjH rk;
rk; C`[ sdlmk)lsfuk; rk; rk; C`[ sdlmk\kaln[ tqkflykxxf[.
SaH eyÉ rhlÊg\jhk; Sinsa^f[ Tw[alL[ Yedlg;
c[Fjgs/Mfln[. aJajhk; rorjhk; zk^\[ Sinsa^fk; Tw[alL[ fs^.
LS/lX Tfjsr KSeÊj)H dkyydgaln[. t^lH ,
t^J g![ c[Fh*X : rjua\jH rj^[ Qqjiln[. Tf[ g!jhk; zk^\k;
Tp[zlak; sv$lsf rorjsr iUd[fal)juln[ Qlfjujgj)k^f[.

16
t^lH ( ) t^fjsh rlh[ LÊg*xjH ]sf(jhksal^k; ckdorkxx
rork; Qgk il)jH éakdxjH sdlmk\ Kpl|gn*X YCÓj)kaS#l Lisu#l;
g![ ep*xjhlujgk^kê i^lH iUd[fal)H rjG~r[Paln[. Tfk; Tw[alL[
Yedlg; c[Fjgs/Mfkaln[.

Kplî T*jsr DkG:rjH rlh[ c[Fh\[ alYfsaukxxo

Liî

(99 )

.(4 )

.(4 )

(22 )

3- ‘anj)lsf C`[ sdlmk)kd’

t^J LÊg*xksm akÙ[ ckdorkxx roSrl fRiJSrl i^lH
domlsf Tp[zl; sv$n;.

Kpl|gn;î

TO Tp[zlak; Sinsa^f[ Tw[alL[ Yedlg; c[Fjgs/Mfln[. esÊ

zk^\jH L>jYeluiUfUlcak![. zk^\[ domlsfukxx yjS/lGMln[
YecjÓalujMkxxf[. zk^\[ domlsfukxx Tp[zlajH, :pUlÊgs\
g!laS\fk Selsh alSyy!fln[. Kplî t^fjsr
t^ln[ QlSf!f[

17
4-î “anj)Shlmk dosm aJal)j ayj)kd”

ckdorkxx rorjSrl fRiJrjSrl SC<; é~lL[ê i^lH –lmk domj

aJal)j alSyy!fln[. Tfk; Tw[alL[ sdl![ c[Fjgs/Mfln[.

akc[|EkdxjH ‘TD[hl~j’sr fjgj&yjulR T\g; ckdorkxx rorjsRyuk;

fRiJrjsRyuk; akdxjH svyju aJa[ ( ) ilh[ flSqlMluj sdlmk\f[ dlnl;.
Lsfcau; Sisysulgk goe\jhkxx () ilh[ akSÙlMluj sdlmk\f[ dlnl;
Lf[ iD[Ejsr covj/j)lrkxxfln[.

TD[hl~jsRy Kpl|gn;î

iD[EjsRy cau\[ aJa[ Lmulxaluj sdlmk\fjsRy Kpl|gn;î

18
5- “anj)Shlmk dosm LiUd[fal)kd” î
glzS\lmk domj LiUd[fal)kd. akÙ[ ijCpJdgj&fjH seml\ ~l)jukxx
LÊg*xluî

. ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
t^J efjrÖ[ LÊg*X)[ akÙ[ ckdorkxx roSrl fRiJSrl i^lH
glzS\lmk domj Lig!jsruk; LiUd[falS)!fln[. Tfk; Tw[alL[ fs^.
Kplî
codorlu rork; T codorlu rork; TD[
L
fRiJrjsRy D[ElTsRy LÊg ElTsRy LÊgik;
Êg-
Kpl|gn;î ik; g![ep*xjhluj QSg ep\jhluj i^
*X
S.
i^fjsRy Kî fjsRy Kî
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

19
 ckdorkxx aJajsRy ijPjdX
ckdorkxx aJajsRy rjua*X ao^ln[ Liî Tp[zl;, TD[ElL[, Tc[|ly[
t^jiuln[. ( )
1-
ckdorkxx ‘aJ;’ ( ) aJSalmmk\[ i^lH glzS\lm[ ( ) domj Tp[zl; sv$n;.
Tf[ Tw[al:n[.
aJ; :ulhk; fRiJSrl roSrl egjiG\r; svu[f[ i^ aJalulhk;
Tsf rjuaaln[. Kpl|gn;î

egjiG\r; svu[f aJ; Lc[hjulu aJ;

2-

ckdorkxx aJ; é~lL[ê Srlmmk\k i^lH Lfjsr glzS\lm[ domj

LiUd[fal)nsa^ln[ ~hs/M L>jYelu;. zk^\[ domlsf
iUd[fal)lsa^k; L>jYeluak![. Kplî

egjiG\r; svu[f aJ; Lc[hjulu aJ;

fw[iJp[ rjua*X elhjs&qkfju akc[|EkdxjH fRiJrkdX)mk\[ Lisu

aJal)nsa^yjuj)lR svyju aJakdX ( ) sdlmk\fluj dlnl;.

20
 3-
~lL[, aJa[ Qqj&kxx 26 LÊg\jrk sflM[akÙ[ ckdorkxx aJ; i^lH Lfj
sr iUd[fal)n;. éElL[, ili[ê t^J LÊg*X)k akÙ[ YeSfUd;
iUd[fal)j Qlfn;. Tfk ao^k; éaJa[, ElL[, ili[ê QSg aD[ywjH évk!jHê
rj^kxx LÊgalsn^fln[ dlgn;. LS/lX YeSfUd; YCÓj&j#(jH aJ;
LiUd[falujS/dk;. esÊ iUd[fal)lR Si!j akyj)lR elmj#.

Kpl|gn;î

C`kxx t#l aJajsruk; rorjsruk; anjS)!fln[. Kplî

21
 Zrj/j)hk;, SrG/j)hk;

Zrj/j)kd, SrG/j)kd T*sr LÊg*X)[ g!ic[Fdxk![. rli[

SahÑl)jSh)[ Kugk^f[ sdl![ “fE[DJak;” Kuglfjgk^lH “fGDJDk;”
K!luj\Jgk^k.

sRy LÊg*xlu t^jisu Zrj/jS)!fk;

sRy LÊg*xluî
( )
t^jisu SrG/jS)!fkaln[.
t^lH t^ji vjhS/lX fE[DJak; vjhS/lX fGDJDk;

svS$!fln[. Tisu c;~r[Pj&[ ej^Jm[ ijijg)k^fln[.

sRy LÊg*xjH rj^[ sRy LÊg*xlu

t^jiujH rli[ domkfH Kugk^f[ sdl![ Liu[)[ domkfH fE[DJ;
K!lugj)k^fln[. Tf[~lDjsRy LÊg*X dqj&lH éL#l|k
t^fjhkxx hlajê ^ln[ domkfH fE[DJakxxf[. ayykxxi LfjH flsquln[.

asyylgk iJÊn\jH fE[DJajsr LÖluj >lzj)l;. pJGZS\lm[ domj

‘L’dlgakxxf[ ]yyik; domkfH fE[DJakxxfln[. pJGZaj#l\ ‘L’dlgakxxf[
LfjH flsquk;. ‘K’dlgakxxf[ Lfjhk; flsq. ckdorkxxf[ Lfjhk; flsq,
‘T’dlgakxxf[ Lfjhk; flsq.
Kplî

fw[iJpjH eln[}jfUakxxigksm K&lgn\jH rj^[ fE[DJajsRy iUfUlc;

Yz|j)lR clPj)k;.

fE[DJak; fGDJDk; DkGylTH rj^k; ]ddn[Aaluj h>j&fldulH

rjG~r[PdlgU\jH seMfln[.

22
ylTsr fE[DJa[ :S)! ZM*X
LÊg*X)[ Zrj/j)kd, SrG/j)kd t^j*sr g!ic[Ffdxk!^[
eyÉs#l. t^lH Tc[fjElhjsRy LÊg*xjH rj^[ t^ji
vjhS/lX fE[DJak; vjhS/lX fGDJDk; svS$!fln[. g![ ZM*xjhk;
aD[yw[ Q^[ fs^uln[. iUfUlc; fE[DJajH rli[ SaHS/lMkugkduk;
fGDJDjH flqkduk; sv$ksa^fln[.

LÖ[ c[Fh*xjhln[ ylTsr fE[DJa[ svS$!f[î

1- -lTsRy |G)\[ Ef[S|l sxlS+l :uj igkSÙlX.
yl)[ Ef[|[ i^fjsRy Kpl|gn;î

*
yl)[ sxl+[ i^fjsRy Kpl|gn;î

TO fE[DJa[ Dky[ylTsRy Tw[alKxxfk; CyT$lu ilwj~kaln[.

2- Ef[|jSrl sxl+jSrl SC<; ‘ylL[‘ ckdorkxxfluj igjd.

TO ckdoR Lc[hjSul, iD[EjrlH ekfkfluk!luSfl :ulhk; Cgj.

ylTr[ Lc[hjulu ckdork; akÙkxxfjr[ Ef[|kalufjsRy Kplî

*
ylTr[ Lc[hjulu ckdork; akÙkxxfjr[ sxl+kalufjsRy Kplî
*

ylTr[ iD[E[ dlgn\lH ckdork; akÙkxxfjr[ Ef[|kalufjsRy Kplî

ylTr[ iD[E[ dlgn\lH ckdoR igjduk; akÙkxxfjr[ sxl+kalufjsRy

Kplî
*
TO fE[DJak; Tw[alKxxfln[.

23
3- QSg ep\jH ylTr[ ckdork; akÙkxx LÊg\jr[ dc[yk;
SC<akxx LÊg; dc[ykxxf#l\ ‘Tc[fjL[hl’ TsRy
LÊgikal ujgj)kd.
Kplî
(7 )

(107 )

(122 )

(21 )

(14 )

T*sr TO dX alYfalnkxf[. TO fE[DJak; Tw[alL[ fs^uln[.

t^lH ylTr[ SC<akxx sRy LÊg; dc[ykxxflulH fE[DJak;

fGDJDk; :)lik^fln[. ]yyik; r#f[ fGDJDln[. Kplî
(63 )

Lsfcau; ylTr[ SC<akxx sRy LÊg; asyylgk H :sn(jH

ylTsr fGDJDl)kd fs^ Sin; Kplî
(1 ) (18 )

(5 )

24
4- ckdorlu ylTr[ akÙkxx dc[y[ Lmjc[Flrega#l\Sfl,
ylL[ asyylgk ep\jhkxxSfl :ujgk^lH ylTsr fE[DJ;
sv$n;.
Kpl|gn;î
(37 )

(99 )

(50 ) (4 )

(28 )
TO fE[DJak; Tw[alKxxfln[.
5- iD[E[ sdl![ ckdoR cjÓj)k^ ylTr[ akÙkxxf[
ckdorkxx “u” L#l\ LÊgalikduk; Lfjrk akÙkxxf[
Ef[S|l sxlS+l :ujgj)kduk; svu[flH ylTsr
fE[DJalS)!fln[.
(8 )

( )

( )

( )

25
 Zrj/j)hk;, SrG/j)hk;

ylTsr fGDJD[ :S)!k^ “SrG/jS)!k^” ZM*Xî

SaH eyÉf#l\ t#l ylTsruk; fGDJD[ :S)!fln[. L*sr rlh[

c[Fh*X K![î

1- ylL[‘ dc[yl)s/MSfl Talh\[ sv$s/MSfl

:ujgj)kdî
Kplî
(81 ) (94 )

(44 )

(41 ) ( )
t^fjH alYfSa Talh\[ svu[fjMkxxo.

2- Lc[hjulu dc[yjrk SC<; LSf il)jH ckdorlu ‘y’

igjduk; Lfjr[ SC<; Lsf dhja\jH sRy LÊg;
T#lfjgj)uk; svu[flHî
Kplî
(26 )

(49 )

(132 )

(1) )

(5 )

26
 2- ckdorkxx ulTr[ SC<; ylL[ ck)orkxxfluj igjd
éiD[E[ akSDrêî
Kplî

(61 )

( )

(110 )

3- ckdorkxx ‘y’)[ akÙ[ ul L#l\ ckdorkxx LÊg;

igk^ eÊ; Lfj^[ akÙkxxf[ dc[ylujgj)k;î
Kplî
(6 )

t^lH ylTsRyuk; dc[yjsRyuk; Tmujhkxx ckdorlu LÊg;

‘Tc[fjL[hlT’sRy LÊgalujgk^lH ylTsr fE[DJak; fGDJDkal)l;.
Kplî
(12 )

iD[E[ sv$lfjgj)kSÙlX t^fjH ylT^[ Ef[|k; t^fjH dc[yk

:ujgj)ulH sr egjznj&k sdl![ t^fjH fE[DJak;
t^fjH fGDJDkaln[ K\a;. TO g!k ep*X alYfSa TO ijP\jH
DkG:rjH i^jMkxxo.

dc[ykxx ‘y’ ep\jsRy :pU\jhlulhk; rmkijhlulhk;, Qmkijhlulhk; fGDJD[

sv$nsa^f[ Tw[alL[ Kxxfln[. dc[yjr[ SC<; ckdorluj igk^
ylTsruk; fGDJD[ sv$nsa^f[ Tw[alL[ fs^uln[.

27
 hlajr[ fE[DJa[
hlaj^[ fE[DJa[, fGDJD[, t^J g![ ijPjdxk![î

é ê t^ il)[ Ef[|jSrl xI+jSrl SC<; i^lH Lfjsh hlajsr

SvS$!fln[, Tf#l\ t#l hlajsruk; fGDJD[ sv$n;. Tf[
DkGylTsRy Tw[alL[ :ujgj)ulH CyT$lu ikwo~ln[. whlh\jsRy hl;
dc[yj^[ SC<; i^lH sv$nsa^fk; Tw[alL[ fs^.
Kplî

fE[DJ; sv$s/mk^ hlakH whlh\[ Ly~j >l<uksm Lmjc[Flr

LÊg*xlu 29 LÊg*xjH seMf#. ~|kalrcovdalu K&lgn\jrk
Si!j YeSfUdaluj ejgjÉk!lu 30-las\ LÊgaln[.

]dSpC; sRy C~[p\jhln[ Ly~jdX Lfjsr K&gj)k^f[. Ligksm

K&lgn; ejReyylR r~j dHej&jMk![
‘Ly~j LÊg\jsRy K&lgn; Ly~jdxjH rj^[ cIJdgjS)!fln[’. ayyk
>l<)lsg Tfjr[ alf{dul)j)oml.

28
 DkGylTsRy Tw[alL[ t^lHî
DkG:R ivr*X Kxxf[, Kxxf[ t^j*sr g![ ijPak![.

e\[ DlgjKdxk; Qgk goe\jH alYf; Qlfjufjr[ t^[ eyuk^k.

akc[|EjSrlmk; iUldgnS\lmk; Sulwj&ksdl![ LYedlg; alYfSa r~j
ujH rj^[ cI|J|luj h>j&jMkxxo. Lfksdl!ln[ DkGylTsRy
Sulwj/k!ldk^f[.

Kpl|gn;î Tf[ t#l DlgjKdkxk; TYedlgSa QlfjujMkxxo.

LfkSelsh t^f[ e\[ DlgjKdxk; TYedlgaln[ Qlfjuf[.
t^lH t^[ ‘plhjr[’ dc[yk sdl![ Tijsm DjylL\k![. esÊ Tf[
e\[ DkGylKdX)k; tfjglujgj)ulH :uj fxxs/mk^k.
DkGylTsRy t^lHî

t^fjH e\[ DlgjKdxjH seM

" "
t^jiG aJaj^[ SC<; SvG\[ t^ln[ Qlfjuf[. Lsf cau; e\[
DlgjKdxjH seM
" "
t^jiG LhjEj#lsf t^kaln[ Qlfjuf[. Tfjr[ t^k eyuk^k.
TO g![ goeik; r~j QlfjS)X/j&fk; akfilfjykaln[. Q^jr[
aSyyfjSr)lX YePlrUaj#.

t^lH ao^Êg\jrk; Ef[|lujM[ t^k; dlEjr[ fRijrluj t^k;

Tijsm DjylL\k![. LfjsRy crp[ akfil\jy#l\f[ sdl!k; ayyk e\k
DlgjKdxjH :gk; TYedlg; QlfjujMj#^fk sdl!k; Lf[ K; é~|k
>ogeÊ\jH rj^k; Qyys/M[ eky; fxxs/Mfln[ Cl`[ê L*jsr QlfH
|ylakaln[. LS/lX DjylL\jsRy ij<u\jH eyuk^ t^lH
L>jYelu iUfUlca#. QlSglgk\G)k; T<[makxxf[ efjil)j t^[ alYf;.

29
dGaClc[Yf en[}jfgksm K; DkGylTsRy K; iUfUc[faln[.
dGaClc[Yf en[}jfgksm zSi<n rjzar*xksm Lmjc[Flr
\jhkxxfln[. TfjH Q^k alYfaln[ ulFlGÒU; é>lgUsu sflMlH
akyjuk; , akyjukduj#. t^j*sr g!>jYelu*xkxxfjH Q^[ alYfaln[
ulFlGÒU;.ê t^lH DjylL\jsh LYedlga#. t#l; r~j
ujH rj^[ :uj h>j&fln[. t#l; cfUik; ulFlGÒUikaln[. TiujH
QSgl goe; QlSgl TalaJ*X efjil)j. Lfksdl![ : goe\jhkxx
DjylL\jH : Tal; YecjÓaluj. TO goe; LiG L>jYelus/MSfl, cIu;
rjG+j&Sfl, zSi<n; rm\juSfl L#. r~j ujH rj^[ h>j&f[
alYfaln[.

SaH Yec[flij& Yedlg; e\[ L#(jH ]q[ DlgjKdxksm Tw[alKxxf[

L;zJdgj)H CyTH ikwo~ln[. Lfjs^fjgluj DjylL\[ Cl`k;
|ylakaln[. a|lrlu Tal; T~[rk |wykH ss|faj uksm Ef[i
dlnkdî
:

.
“DkGylL[ akqkirk; Qgk ivr; QSg cIg\jH alYf; Qlfj t^fjH rj^[
Lyjus/mk^f[ r~j LYedlgSa QlfjujMkxxo t^ln[.
eoGijdRalsg ejReyyj LiG Qlfju Yedlg; alYf; Qlfkdsu^fln[
DkG:R elglun\jsRy alrpn[};. LS/lX Tw[alTs^fjgluj Qlfk^iR
DkG:rjH ekfkfluj rjG+ln; rm\ju :uj\Jgk^fln[. ekfju goe;
DkG:rjH sdMj&au[)k^f[ dmk\ rj<jÓdlgUaln[”.

Qgk ivr; DkG:rluj L;zJdgj)lR ao^[ rj~r[Prdxk![î Q^[î

ijCIlcSulzUalu ~|kakD egÙg é ê. g![î Kc[alrj akc[|EjsRy
tqk\jr[ Sulwj&jgj)kd. ao^[î Ly~j iUldgnS\lm[ Sulwj)kd.
t^jiulni.
LFil ~|kakD egÙgsu^lHî r~j akfH flsq Lyy;
isgukxx yjS/lGMGalgjH QSgl dÑjujhk; dksy :xkdX K!lujgj)kd
t^fln[.

30
 éa`[ê
Ef[|jrk SC<; 'LhjEk;' sxl+jrk SC<; ckdorlu 'ilik;' dc[yjrk SC<;
ckdorlu 'ulKk;' igkSÙlX TO LÊg*X sdl![ : |G)\kdxksm
C~[ps\ pJGZj/j)k^fjrln[ "a`[" t^k euk^f[.

Tf[ "Lc[hj$[" ( ) "EGT$[" ( ) t^j*sr g![ ijPak![. a`kxx

LÊgs\ K&lgn\jH sdl![iglR :iCUalu pJGZ\jrln[ ‘Lc[hj$[’
t^[ eyukd. Qgk LhjEjsRy Dp[yln[ TfjsRy pJGZ;. ég![ |G)\jsRy
Dp[Gê Kplî t^fjr[ Lc[hjulu a`[ sdlmk\lH t^luj LS/lX
t^k&gj)k^ cau; fs^uln[ t^k&gj)lrk; tmkS)!f[.
"fGfJh[" écalPlr;ê. "fp[iJG" éajf;ê "|pG" éSizfê TO
ao^[ ijP\jhk; DkG:R elglun; sv$l;. esÊ rjua; ayjdm)gkf[.
LS/lX fGfJhluj QlfkSÙlX t#l LÊgik; calPlr\jH K&gj)
s/mk^fjrlH a`k; Lfrkgj&[ domk^fk; fp[iJG, |pG t^jiujH
Lfrkcgj&[ dkyuk^fkaln[.
Lc[hjulu ‘a`[’ ep\jsRy rmkijhlulhk; Qmkijhlulhk; iD[Ejhlulhk;
SvGS\lfkSÙlqlulhk; SaH eyÉ Dp[yjSr)lX ]yyhk; vkgk)hk;
|ylaln[. ahulx >l<ujH flmj, ao)[, pJr; fkm*ju ep*X tmk\k
Srl)kd. Ti domkfH rJMk^f[ ixsg L>;zjulujgj)jS#? rJMlfjgj)kd
ulsn(jH flmj t^f[ ‘fmj’ t^k; ao)[ t^f[ ‘ak)[’ t^k; pJr; t^f[
‘pjr;’ t^kalujà LGFik; alyjà.

Kplî

t^fjsh t^ ep; Srl)kd TfjH ‘c#jao’ t^fjsh aJajrk;

‘fc[hJal’ t^fjsh hlajrk; Lfjsh\s^ Liclrs\ ‘aJajrk;’ QSg
sspGZU; alYfSa elmkxxo. LfkSelshî

fkm*ju c[Fh*xjH iD[E[ sv$kSÙlX vjhG domkfH rJMlyk![ Lf[

rj<jÓaln[.

31
 EGTulu a`[
i# dlgn\lhk; ‘LcI[hj$j’Sr)lX rJSM!jigk^ a`jrln[ ‘EGT$[’ t^[
eyus/mk^f[. TO dlgn*X " " ¡ " " t^j*sr g!k ijPak![.
a|fI; SpUlfj/j)kd, ~haluj rjS<Pj)kd rjÕUfsu covj/j)kd
akfhluiuln[ ‘aL[rij$l’u dlgn*X. ‘i#l\ Sipr’, ‘d!jSMuj#’,
‘a|lSalC;’ ts^ls) eyukSÙlX dlgU\jsRy zOgilic[F covj/j)kilR
Si!j domkfH rJMlyk!S#l. TfkSelsh , , fkm*ju
c[Fh*xjH vjh DlgjKdX domkfH rJMjujMk![.
é ê t^fjsh hlakH whlh\jsr g!Êg\jsRy Dp[y[ rjMk^f[ a`[
“:pgij” sRy Tr\jH seMfln[.
rjc[dlg\jsh Sel)kigijsRy fd[~JykdX T*sr :iCU\jr[
rJMlik^fln[.
LS/lX hlakH whlh\jr[ DkG:R L#l\fjH ]q[ LhjE[ isg a`[
sv$H LrkiprJulan[. Lfjhk; domkfH rJMH |ylakaln[. DkG:rjH
hlakH whlh\jsr g![ LhjEjsRy Dp[y[ rjMlik^fln[.

hE[xjulu dlgn*X akSDsrukxx EGTulu a`[.

a`Êg\jr[ SC<; |;cSul ckdoSrl K!lik^ eÊ; Lc[hj$jsr )lX
domkfH rJMn;. |;cuksmuk; ckdorjsRyuk; K&lgn; ckDdgal
)lrlnnjf[.
EGTulu a`[ LÖ[ Tr*xln[

t^jiulnf[. QlSgl^k; ijCpJdgj)l;. :pUalujî

a`Êg\jr[ SC<; LSf ep\jH fs^ |;c[ ( ) i^lhk!ldk^ a`jrln[

'a`[ ak\cjH' t^k eyuk^f[. Lc[hjulu a`jSr)lX Tfjsr
rJMnsa^fjH DkGylKdX t#ligk; Sulwj&fk sdl![ Tfjr[ a`[ ilwj~[
t^k; Segk![. Tf[ CyTulu ilwj~jH seMfln[. r+ksm
DjylL\rkcgj&[ aoS^l ao^gSul LhjEjsRy Dp[G a`[ sv$lik^fln[.
Kplî
(77 )

(141 )

(99 )
ak\cjhlu g![ a`[ Lmk\[ i^lH Lisu caal)H rjG~r[Paln[.
sflMkakdxjhkxx Kpl|gn\jsh t^fjhkxx g!k a`kdX
Kpl|gn;.

32
Qgk ep\jsRy Liclr\jH a`Êgik; Lmk\ ep\jsRy :pU\jH
|;cuk; i^lH Lfjr[ a`[ akREcjH t^k eyuk^k. Tijsmuk; aoS^l
ao^gSul LhjEjsRy Dp[G a`[ sv$lik^fln[. esÊ TO a`[ ilwj~#.
t^lH, g![ akREcjhlu a`[ Lmk\[ i^lH LfjH Q^jr[ a`[ sv$kduk;
aSyyfjr[ sv$lfjgj)kduk; sv$lR elmj#. Dp[yjH iUfUlcs/mk\lrk;
elmj#. Kplî

(4 )

(9 )
|lKxxaJyjr[ ( ) SC<; |;c i^lhk; TfkSelsh akREcjhlu a`jsRy
ijPjuln[. Kpl

(75 )

(255 )

33
a`Êg\jSrl, hJrÊg\jSrl ( ) SC<; LSf dhja\jH 'iD[Ejhk;' 'icI[hjhk;'
c[FjgalSul Tp[zlajrkSi!j hlcjaluSfl :u ckdork!lulH : a`jr[ t^k
eyuk^k. t#l DlgjKdxk; ao^[ LhjEjsRy Dp[G a`[ svu[ffk sdl!ln[ Tfjr[
t^k Segk h>j&f[. Tfjsr ao^[ |GEjsRy Dp[yln[ rJSM!f[. Tf[
CyTulu ilwj~kaln[.

143

hlcjalu gS!l LfjH LPjdSal a`[ Lmk\k i^lH rJMk^fjH caal)H

ilwj~ln[.

34
a`Êg\jsRy SC<; iD[E[ sv$kSÙlX ckdoR ekfkfldk^fjrlhk!ldk^
a`jr[ t^k eyuk^k. Tfjr[ hlcjajH eyÉ ao^[ LhjEjsRy Dp[G
rJMH r#fln[. rjG~r[Paj#.

hJrjsRy LÊg*xlu t^jiujH Q^jr[ SC<; iD[EjH ckdoR

ekfkfldk^fjrlH K!ldk^ a`jrln[ 'a`k#JR" t^k eyuk^f[. Tijsm g![
|G)\jsRy Dp[G rJMhln[ r#f[. Kplî

35
 fkm)ik; ijglaik;
iD[Ejsr)kyj&kxx Lyji[ ixsg YePlrs/Mfln[. DkG:rjsRy LGf[F;
Lyjuk^iG)#lsf iD[Ek; T~[fjplK; “fkm);” Cgj)[ Lyjukd clPUa#.
dlgn; LGf[Fs\ :c[epal)jun[ g!k; c[Fjfj sv$k^f[.

iD[E[ sv$H LrkiprJualdk^ t#l c[Fh\[ rj^k; fkm*H

LrkiprJua# LGf[F; eoGnaldk^ c[Fh\k rj^[ alYfSa fkm*lio.

:
.
‘r~j u[)k QlSgl coy\k; Ty*kSÙlqk; LfjH |ylak; |hlhk;
dHeruk; rjSglPik; tijsm iD[E[ svS$nsa^k; B*X eAj&jgk^k’.

iD[EkdX eAj)l\iG DkG:R eAj&jMj# t^[ Tal; L~o |lfj; eyuk^k.

Ql\jr[ rlh[ Lic[Fuk![î

.
t^jiulnf[î
eplrkep; SvG\[ Qlfk^fjr[ t^[ eyuk^k.
Ql\jH fkmgk; t^ KS`CUS\lmk domj CIlc; Lu)lR Si!j rjyk\k^fjr[
t^k;.
CIlc; Lu)lsf LHe; Lm*k^fj^[ t^[ eyuk^k. DkGylL[ cd[\[
svu[f c[Fh\l#lsf cd\[ elmj#^ln[ Ye~hl>jYelu;.

Ql\jH rj^[ ijgaj)k^fjr[ t^k; eyuk^k.

T*sr svu[flH ej^Jm[ fkm*kSÙlX LKOpk; ~jc[ajuk; QlfH

ck^\ln[.
LKopjr[ |pJcjH i^ il)[î

t^ln[.

:u\jsRy Liclr\jH alYfSa Df[L[ sv$lio. vjh YeSfUd dlgn*X

sdl!#lf DkG:rjH Qgjm\k; iD[E[ sv$Shl sv$lfjgj)Shl
rjG~r[Paj#.

36
iD[EjsRy Tr*Xî
YePlraluk; g!k ijP iD[Ekdxk![î

CIlc; akMkdSul ej^Jm[ iluj)lrkxxf[ Lyjulsf igjdSul aSyyl

sv$kSÙlX rjG~r[Pjfrluj sv$k^ iD[Ejr[ "iD[E[ Tx[fjylgj' ( )
t^k eyuk^k. T*sr iD[E[ svu[flH LGf[F; eoGnalil\
c[Fh\lsn(jH eoGnaldk^ ep\jH rj^[ am)j QlfH rjG~r[Paln[.

YeSfUd; dlgn; domlsf LGÒ; eoG\juldk^ ilvd\jr[ SC<; sv$k^

iD[Ejrln[ TD[fjulgj ( ) t^k eyuk^f[.
TO iD[E[ rlhk ijPak![î

SC<akxxfkaluj ep\jhk; LGÒ\jhk; ~r[Paj#l\ ep\jsRy SaH iD[E[

sv$k^fjrln[ fl+lu iD[E[ écÙoGÑalu ijgla;ê t^[ eyukd. Kplî
Elfj|jujsh.

t^fjSh 'pJR' t^ ep\jH iD[E[ sv$k^fk Selsh.

:Cu\jH SC<akxx epikaluj ~r[Pakxx ep\jH iD[E[ sv$k^fjrln[

éeoGÑalu ijgla;ê Kplî flsqukxx :u\jsh "DhJE" t^ ep\jH iD[E[
sv$k^fk Selshî

T\g; c[Fh*xjH iD[E[ sv$H LrkiprJualsn(jhk; ekydsdukxxfjH

rj^[ fkm*k^fln[ r#f[. Lfjsr covj/j)lR akdxjH t^[
Lmulxs/mk\jufluj dlnl;. éSvG\jSulfhln[ r#f[ê t^fjsRy
vkgk)S/glnjf[.

ildU; eoGnaluSflsm\s^ ejysdukxxfjr[ akÙkxxfkaluj :u ~r[P;

Kxxjm\[ sv$k^ iD[Ejrln[ 'LrkiprJu ijgla;' t^k eyuk^f[.
Kpl|gn;î Elfj|ujsh

t^fjsh 'akc[fDJ;" t^jm\[ iD[E[ sv$k^fkSelsh.

37
LGÒ; eoGnalil\ Qgk ep\jsRy SaH iD[E[ sv$k^fjr[ "LCk>
ijgla;" t^k eykuk^k. Kplî coy\k^jclTshî

t^fjH t^ ep\jH iD[E[ sv$k^fkSelsh.

T\g; ep*xksm SaH iD[E[ svu[flH K`j<[Aa#l\ QgGF;

KO|j)s/mlsa^fjrlH ar/oG%; L\g; c[Fh*xjH iD[E[ sv$H
|ylan[. LFil svu[flH akÙjH rj^[ am)jSulfH ilwj~kaln[.
DkG:rjH vjhc[Fh*xjH T*sr ar/oG%; iD[E[ svu[flH akG\`lilR
isg clPUfuk![. L#l|k dl\kgÊj)sM. vjh Kpl|gn*X dlnkd.
coy\k zlEjyjsh flsqukxx :u\jsh

"u|[pJ” t^ ep\jsRy SaH iD[E[ sv$k^fkSelsh. LGÒ; ixsg

SalCaluj alyk;. 'L#l|k |jplu\l)k^ir#' t^ldk; LGF;
Lfk Selsh

t^fjsh 'hl Thl|[" t^jfsRy SaH iD[E[ sv$k^fk; TfkSelshuln[.

38
 iD[EjsRy Lmulx*X

Kpl|gn; KS`C; eoGngoe; Lmulx;

iD[E[ sv$H
rjG~r[Psa^ln[
clsgsa(jhk;
CyTulu ilwj~[
t^kS`CUaj#.
akL)plu ck
^\ln[.

iD[E[ sv$kduk;
sv$lfjgj)kduk;
sv$l;.

iD[E[ sv$kduk;
sv$lfjgj)kduk;
sv$l; t^lhk; Sv
G\j Qlfhln[
r#f[.

g!k; LrkiprJu
aln[ t^lH iD[E[
sv$hln[ K\a;.

g!jshlgk c[Fh\[
iD[E[ sv$l;. g![
. .
c[Fh\k;domj .. ..
iD[E[ sv$lR
elmj#

39
 |lL[ t^ LÊg;

|lL[ ( ) ao^[ ijPak![. Q^[î éLf[, LiR, ts^ls) LGf[F;

dkyj)k^ LÊgalnjf[ê TfjsRy akÙk; ejÙk; |G)\lsn(jH SvGS\l
fkSÙlX Lfjr[ Lc[hjulu a`k!ldk;. Kpl|gn;

T*sr rJSM!k^ c[Fh*xjH fw[iJpjsRy rjua*xrkcgj&[ tqkfs/M

akc[|EkdxjH sxl+[ sdl![ rJSM!k^ c[Fh\[ Qgk svyju ilik; dc[yk
sdl![ rJSM!k^ |lKdX)k SC<; Qgk svyju ulK; Lmulxaluj
sdlmk\jMk!ldk; akdxjhkxx Kpl|gn*xjH Li g!k; dlnl;.

Trj SC<akxx LÊg; |;culsn(jH a`[ akREcjhlu\Jgk^fln[.

LS/lX ao^[ akfH ao^g isg LÊg\jsRy Dp[y[ rJMlik^fln[. Kplî

Trj TO |lTsRy akSÙl SC<Sal ckdorlsn(jH rJMlR elmkxxf#.

L\g; c[Fh*xjH TO svyju ilSil ulSLl K!lujgj)k^fka#. Kplî

TO eyus/M t#lfg; |lKdxjhk; iD[E[ sv$kdulsn(jH a`[ sv$lsf

ckdoR sdl![ iD[E[ sv$kdulnk Si!f[.

40