Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF OLONGAPO CITY
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN ENGLISH 8 (Q3: LESSON 6)
NAME: ____________________________________________________ GR&SEC: _______________
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this activity sheet, you are expected to:
1. identify cohesive devices; and
2. use appropriate cohesive devices in composing various types of speech.
II. (Reference/s: Locally Developed Modules by SDO Pampanga)
III. DISCUSSION:
Topic: Parallel Stuctures
Parallelism is balance between two or more related words; phrases or clauses. Parallelism is also called
parallel structure or parallel construction. Using parallel construction can develop and give clarity to your writing
style.
Using parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas
are of equal importance. Words and phrases should not only match in structure, but also in tense. Writers use
parallel structure to add clarity to their writing and to make it easier to understand. It also adds value to a writer's
overall composition and shows that their writing is structurally and grammatically correct.
1. Parallel Structure with Items in a Series
Incorrect: The walls in my room are painted white, gray, and they are painted pink, too.
Discussion: This sentence is unparalleled because the last item in the series is treated differently than the first two
items.
Correct: The walls in my room are painted white, gray, and pink.
Discussion: Now all the words in the series—white, gray, and pink—are single-word adjectives. They are parallel.

Incorrect: Some of my favorite activities are playing board games, dancing, and to swim.
Discussion: This sentence is not parallel because the first two series items start with -ing words and the last item
starts with an infinitive phrase—to swim.
Correct: Some of my favorite activities are playing board games, dancing, and swimming.
Discussion: Now all three ideas are expressed equally.
2. Parallel Structure with Comparisons
Incorrect: I think multiplying numbers is easier than to divide numbers.
Discussion: The two items being compared are treated differently.
Correct: I think multiplying numbers is easier than dividing numbers.
Discussion: Now the two items being compared are treated equally.
Proper Use of Parallel Structure
Writers use parallel structure within the words and phrases in their sentences. This grammatical form will be
used in different structures including infinitives, words, clauses and lists. Parallel structure should be used after you
connect clauses with a coordinating conjunction such as: for, and, nor, or, but, so, or yet. Some samples of this
include:
Correct: Every morning, we make our bed, eat breakfast and feed the dog.
Incorrect: Every morning, we make our bed, eating breakfast and feed the dog.
Correct: I will not sing a song, nor will I dance.
Incorrect: I will not sing a song, nor dance.

In addition to coordinating conjunctions, parallel structure is also used with correlative conjunctions such as:
either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also. Some examples of this use include:
Correct: They argued not only about the article, but also about the review.
Incorrect: They argued not only about the article, but they argued also about the review.
Correct: Either she likes to see him or she doesn't like to see him.
Parallel structure
Incorrect:should
Eitherbe used
she likeswith infinitives.
to see Some examples
him or doesn't of him.
like seeing parallel structure with infinitives:
 Correct: Ashley likes to ski, to swim and to jump rope.
Incorrect: Ashley likes to ski, to swim and jump ropes.
Correct: She likes to dance and to sing songs.
Incorrect: She likes dancing and to sing songs.

Be consistent and use parallel structure with words that end in -ing. Some examples of parallel structure of
words that end in -ing:
Correct: Joe likes running, walking and being active.
Incorrect: Joe likes running, walking and outdoor activities.
Correct: We enjoy relaxing and sitting out in the sun.
Incorrect: We enjoy relaxing and like to sit out in the sun

Parallel structure should be used when writing clauses. Some examples of clauses using parallel structure are:
Correct: The teacher told them that they need to study and that they should practice their words
every night.
Incorrect: The teacher told them to study and that they should practice their words every night.
Correct: My parents said get a good education and do not settle for less.
Incorrect: My parents said to get a good education and not settle for less.

Some more examples of parallel structure include:

Correct: Mary wanted to make sure that she made her presentation creatively, effectively and
persuasively.
Incorrect: Mary wanted to make sure she made her presentation creatively, effectively and
persuaded others.
Correct: Tim was considered to be a good employee because he was always on time, he was very
motivated and he was a good leader.
Incorrect: Tim was considered to be a good employee because he was always on time, he was very
motivated and led the team well.

IV. ACTIVITY PROPER

A. Directions: Identify whether or not the sentences have parallel structure. Write P for parallel and write NP
for not parallel.
____ 1. They stopped at the beach park, the mall and the office.
____ 2. This month I have to write a thesis, do a book report and a poem.
____ 3. Achieving a post graduate degree is neither cheap nor will it be easy.
____ 4. They need to buy potatoes, apples, and cherries from the market.
____ 5. Mary’s rabbit is fat but he is lively.
____ 6. There are as many chairs as there are spectators.
____ 7. Tomorrow, I want to be watching movie and eat lunch with Tania.
____ 8. That play we read for audience was really short, concise, and didn’t make any sense.
____ 9. Martha likes reading the classic novels and to listen to radio.
____ 10. My cat is not only friendly but she is also playful.

B. Directions: Rewrite each sentence to create parallel structure.

1. She spent the weekend working in her yard, painting a door, and to fix a cracked window.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Laura said she would fix supper, set the table, and that she would clean up afterwards.
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 3. That candidate has energy, concern, and he is honest.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. When Mark got home, he found mud on the carpet, scratch marks on the furniture, and having broken glass
on the floor. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Jossa likes people who are kind, thoughtful, funny, and when they are rich.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. The fortune teller told Elsa that she would get a great job that she would lose money, and she should move to
another city. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

7. The speaker explained to us how to speak clearly, appearing skilled, and how to ask for a raise.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. When Miguel had the flu, she took aspirin, drank plenty of fluids, and she slept a lot.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

9. Long ago he discovered that he could relax by sipping a cup of hot tea or if he listened to soft music.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10. One of life’s greatest sorrows is to have a child, to care for him lovingly as he grows, and then when you lose
him to drugs. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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