Directions: Choose at least 3-5 words from the list below then write a short scenario

or story.
1. Sun
2. Car
3. Laughter
4. Dark
5. Social
6. Two
7. Walk
8. Airplane
9. Pool
10. Fire
Q1: How did you decide what to write about?
Q2: What did you use in order to connect
ideas from another ideas?
GRAMMATICAL
SIGNALS OR
EXPRESSIONS
to each pattern of
idea development
 OBJECTIVES
a. To identify the grammatical signals expressions
suitable to each pattern of idea development (A)
b. To identify and explains the different patterns of
idea development (M)
c.To use appropriate grammatical signals suitable to each pattern of idea
development a) general to particular b) claim and counterclaim
c) cause and effect(T)
GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS

These are writing devices that serve to maintain text coherence.

They signal the relationship between new sentences and the ones before
them.
Patterns of IDEA
Development
What is the idea
development?

This pertains to the manner or

pattern by which a writer or
speaker explains the idea about a
topic in a paragraph/s.
Most Common Patterns
of Idea Development

General to Particular
Claim and Counterclaim
Problem-Solution
Cause-Effect
 GENERAL TO
PARTICULAR
PATTERN
It is a pattern of development that begins with
general idea or statement and is followed by
specific details to support and explain it. The
details may become specific as development
continues. The pattern ends with general
statements that summarizes all the details.
 The signal
words used in
this pattern are:
For example
Namely
In fact
Such as
For instance
In other words
Like
That is
Indeed
Example of a General-to-Particular Pattern

Writing is a complex sociocognitive process involving the

construction of recorded messages on paper or on some other material, and,
more recently, on a computer screen. The skills needed to write range from
making the appropriate graphic marks, through utilizing the resources of the
chosen language, to anticipating the reactions of the intended readers. The first
skill area involves acquiring a writing system, which may be alphabetic (as in
European languages) or nonalphabetic (as in many Asian languages). The
second skill area requires selecting the appropriate grammar and vocabulary to
form acceptable sentences and then arranging them in paragraphs. Third, writing
involves thinking about the purpose of the text to be composed and about its
possible effects on the intended readership. One important aspect of this last
feature is the choice of a suitable style. Because of these characteristics, writing
is not an innate natural ability like speaking but has to be acquired through years
of training or schooling (Swales & Feak, 1994, p. 34).
Example of a Particular -to-General Pattern

The skills needed to write range from making the appropriate

graphic marks, through utilizing the resources of the chosen language, to
anticipating the reactions of the intended readers. The first skill area involves
acquiring a writing system, which may be alphabetic (as in European
languages) or nonalphabetic (as in many Asian languages). The second skill
area requires selecting the appropriate grammar and vocabulary to form
acceptable sentences and then arranging them in paragraphs. Third, writing
involves thinking about the purpose of the text to be composed and about its
possible effects on the intended readership. One important aspect of this last
feature is the choice of a suitable style. Unlike speaking, writing is a complex
sociocognitive process that has to be acquired through years of training or
schooling (Swales & Feak, 1994, p. 34).
 Claim and
Counterclaim
It is a statement that presents an arguable
position. Reflects your interpretation, belief or
opinion. The claim typically answers the
question: “What do I think?”
To respond to a claim by denying it with
corresponding reasons or evidences is to
make a counterclaim. A counterclaim is the
strongest argument against your claim.
 The signal
words used in
this pattern are:
Lexical items:
claim, assert, truth, false

Evaluative Words: denial

contradict, challenge, correct

Transition: affirmation
affirm, agree, confirm
(According to, apparently believe, estimate,
evidently, imagine, likely, might, perhaps,
probably, seem, suggest
CLAIM: “More Americans are choosing low-carb diets because
the media promotes Low-carb diets as the new way to a skinnier body.”

COUNTER CLAIM: “Some Americans don’t watch television commercials

because they own a DVR or Tivo, but most Americans are exposed to
other forms of advertisement in magazines, newspapers, and highway billboards.”
Do Practice Exercise A on page 126.
 Problem -
Solution
It is one method of organization, composed of
two main sections: (1) the problem (2) the
solution. The problem-solution pattern is used
in persuasive writing with the writer’s aims to:

A. Convincing the reader to change and to

support a certain course of action
B. Making the reader changes his/her opinion
or behavior by showing that problem
exists, then provides solution
 The signal
words used in
this pattern are:
The problem is
The question is
Solution next
One answer is
A difficulty is
Clearly
Obviously
To solve
Do Practice Exercise A on page 145-146.
Cause -Effect
It is a pattern of development which is used to
show the relationship between ideas, topics,
etc. It describes how one event influenced a
later event or what caused an event to take
place.
In CAUSE AND EFFECT essay , the author discusses the relationship
between two or more events or experiences. He/ she either focuses on
both causes and effects or addresses only the cause or the effect.

A cause essay dwells on the reasons why something happened.

An effect essay focuses on what happens after a particular
incident.
A cause and effect development techniques are typically discussed
together. However, in a particular paragraph, one or the other will be
emphasized. A paragraph emphasizing the causes of something typically
begins with an effect; the purpose of the paragraph is to explore how that
effect came to be—to show what caused it. In a paragraph emphasizing
the effects of something, a writer begins with a particular cause, then
explores the consequences or effects of this cause. Look at the examples
below:
paragraph emphasizing causes:
Several factors contributed to the instability of the economy today.
paragraph emphasizing effect:
Jack should never have quit his job, as a result he is really in trouble.
 The signal
words used in
this pattern are:
As a result
If …then
Because
Therefore
Due to
Thus
Do Practice Exercises A on page 265-266
Resources

https://www.thoughtco.com/general-to-
specific-order-composition-1690812
https://coursedev.umuc.edu/WRTG999A/cha
pter3/ch3-11.html

Essential English: pages 108-109,125-126-

145,168,265
THANKS