LOOP ACTIVITY

Try it! Solution

Directions: Arrange the jumbled letters of each word. Write the

arranged word in the first blank and state your prior knowledge
about each word on the second line.

1. minaust - _____________ - __________________________________________

2. lauft - _____________ - __________________________________________
3. kequatearh - __________ - __________________________________________
4. cenipeter - ___________ - __________________________________________
5. emicsis - _____________ - _________________________________________
 1 describe fault; and

determine the different

Objectives 2 types of faults.
At the end
of the explain how earthquakes
lesson, you 3 are generated;
should be
able to:
differentiate active and
4 inactive faults; and
 Earth
Learn about it! Crust Movement
Tectonic Plates
● Large pieces of rocks
that makes up the
Earth’s crust

Earth divided into several tectonic plates

 Asthenosphere
Learn about it!

Asthenosphere from Greek word asthenes “weak”

● Upper part of the mantle

● Partly molten

● Allows the movement of

overriding plates at relatively
slow rates.
The layers of the Earth
 What
Learn about it!
is FAULT ?

Faults
● Fracture along which block
of rocks have moved

● Found at the boundaries of

tectonic plates

Fracture after an earthquake

 Parts of a Fault
Learn about it!

Parts of a Fault
● Fault line - the trace of
the fault

● Dip - angle that the fault

cuts through the soil
layers

Parts of a Fault
 Parts of a Fault
Learn about it!

Parts of a Fault
● Hanging wall blocks -
portion above the fault

● Footwall blocks - the

surface below the fault

Parts of a Fault
 Learn about it!Types of Faults
Different types of Faults
Dip-slip faults - refers to faults where movement of blocks is
parallel to the dip of the fault surface

Dip-slip faults
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Dip-Slip Faults
● Normal Fault - formed by
tensional stresses that pull
rocks apart hanging wall moves
down relative to the footwall
associated with divergent plate
boundaries

Normal faults
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Dip-Slip Faults
● Reverse Fault - formed by
compressional forces that push
the plates towards each other.

● Hanging wall moves upward

relative to the footwall

Reverse Fault
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Dip-Slip Faults
● Thrust Fault - a type of reverse
fault whose dip is less than 45
degrees

Thrust Fault
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Different types of Faults

Horsts and Grabens - alternating
uplifted and down-dropped blocks.

● Horst - uplifted or raised areas

● Grabens - down-dropped or
lowered areas Horsts and Grabens
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Strike-slip Faults
● Strike-slip Fault - result of
sideways movement of
blocks of rocks. Blocks
move laterally.

Strike-slip Fault
 Types of Faults
Learn about it!

Different types of Faults

Oblique Fault - has both the dip-slip and strike-slip
component formed by shear stress, and tensional or
compressional stress.

Oblique Fault
Types ofabout
Learn Faults
it! observed on a large scale

Reverse fault in the

Strike-slip fault in Normal fault on the Grands Causses in
San Andreas Fault coast of Somerset, Bédarieux, France
England
Key Points

Faults are breaks in rocks where slippage has

1 occurred.

2 Faults is composed of a fault line, dip, and blocks.

Faults can be classified as dip-slip fault, strike-slip

3 fault, and oblique fault.
Earthquakes

● The shaking of the Earth’s

surface, resulting from the
sudden release of energy.

Seismic waves released during

earthquakes
 Active Fault vs. Inactive Fault
Active Fault
● a fault where movement or slippage is expected to occur
● mark certain areas that are prone to earthquakes
● clear breaks in the soil layers from the surface down the
bottom.

Inactive Fault
● fault that has ceased activity for a long time
● do not disturb or break all the layers of the soil
Elastic Limit
● The threshold of stress that rock
can hold before it undergo
deformation
● As rocks surpass its elastic limit,
rocks release its stored potential
energy
breaking of rocks
 Parts of an Earthquake
Objectives

Hypocenter
● location where the slippage
or movement took place
Epicenter
● point on the ground directly
above the hypocenter

Parts of an Earthquake
 Parts of an Earthquake
Objectives

Fault Scarp
● elevated surface caused by
the movement of the fault

Parts of an Earthquake
 How does movement along Fault Lines
Objectives Generate Earthquakes?

● Earth is made up of distinct

layers: Crust (oceanic and
continental), upper and
lower Mantle, and outer and
inner Core

● Earthquakes originates
somewhere between the
crust and the mantle.
 How does movement along Fault Lines
Objectives Generate Earthquakes?

● Asthenosphere (upper mantle)

consists of several semifluid
materials or partially molten
rocks that due to pressure and
temperature makes the rocks
ductile and less rigid.

● This property of rocks enable to

flow in different directions of
lithosphere (subside and rise)
 How does movement along Fault Lines
Objectives Generate Earthquakes?

● Asthenosphere lies beneath the

lithosphere above 100-200 km
deep.
● Lithosphere – rocks here are quite
stronger and more rigid than those
of in the asthenosphere.
● Lithospheric plates are thought to
“float” above asthenosphere.
● The upper portion of
asthenosphere (rocks moves at
rates of deformation and become Faults are formed when
brittle. ) these rocks break
 How does movement along Fault Lines
Objectives Generate Earthquakes?

● Movements of rocks trigger the

Earth’s Crustal plate movement.

● A slowly but continuously

movement of this plates with
friction and the rigidity of the
rocks causing the build up of
stress. Once the level of stress
threshold, rocks break and Rupturing rocks release massive
accumulated energy will be amounts of energy resulting to
released causing earthquake. devastating earthquakes
 How does movement along Fault Lines
Objectives Generate Earthquakes?

● Approximately 80% of most

earthquake occur alongside the
edge of the continental and
oceanic plates.

● People living near where the

edges of plate are located will be
able to feel the bump and rub of
this plates by means of
earthquake.
Rupturing rocks release massive
amounts of energy resulting to
devastating earthquakes
 Where an Earthquake Generally Occurs
Objectives

Earthquake Belt
● Place where earthquakes are felt more often
is located.
Where an Earthquake Generally Occurs
Objectives

Identified Countries Bordering the Pacific Ocean that are

mostly hit by Earthquakes:

● Philippines
● Japan
● China
● Canada
● New Zealand
● North and South America
● Chile
● Russia
● Indonesia
● Antarctica
Where an Earthquake Generally Occurs
Objectives
Where an Earthquake Generally Occurs
Objectives

Circum- Pacific Belt

● Commonly known as
“Pacific Ring of Fire”
● Countries included here are
constantly affected by
earthquakes.
● Here 75% of the most dormant and
active volcanoes are found
(volcanic activities and eruptions)
● 90% of the worlds earthquake
occur here
 Check Your Understanding
Identify the specific type of fault in each illustration.
(Normal, Reverse, Strike-Slip or Oblique)
Write true if the statement is correct while write
Bibliography
false if the statement is incorrect
____________1. Inactive faults are fault that has ceased activity
for a long time.
_______________2. Epicenter is the location where the slippage or
movement took place.
_______________3. Earthquakes originates somewhere between
the crust and the mantle.
_______________4. Philippines is one of the country that is included
and lies in the Circum-Pacific Belt.
_______________5. Faults are found at the boundaries of tectonic
plates