Science Reviewer Atom - The basic unit of matter that makes up an
element.
2nd Quarter
Autotrophs – Are organisms capable of synthesizing
nutritive organic molecules from inorganic reagents thru
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis - Utilized in the organelle called
chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll - Gives plant cells its distinct green color.
Chloroplast - A cell organelle that is the site of
Photosynthesis in the plant’s leaf.
Heterotrophic Organism - Organisms that feed on
autotrophs, or other heterotrophs for sustenance.
 Classified into herbivores, carnivores, and
omnivores.
 They rely on cellular respiration for energy.
Cellular Respiration – The process by which the
energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for
biological process.
 Takes place in the Mitochondria of the cell.
 Occurs in all cells and can take place either with
or without oxygen.
ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
 Comes from the Greek word “Atomos”,
meaning indivisible.
 Contains the subatomic particles we know as
Protons, Electrons and Neutrons.
 Was first conceptualized by Democritus between
400-300 BCE.
Democritus’ work - He describes atoms as indivisible
and particularly miniscule.
 His work was not known until 1803 during the
time of John Dalton.
John Dalton (Dalton Atomic Model 1803) – He
proposed his theory of atoms, taking inspiration from the
work of Democritus.
 He describes the atoms as solid and
indestructible spheres.
JJ Thomson (Plum Pudding Model 1897) – Proposed
atoms contain positive and negatively charged particles.
 His work led to the discovery of the proton and
electron.
Ernest Rutherford (Atomic Model 1909) – Conducted
the Gold foil experiment and discovered a more accurate
atomic model
 He confirmed the existence of electron at the
surrounding part with the positively charged
proton.
Niels Bohr (Bohr Atomic Model 1913) – Made
significant improvements in the model that was first
proposed by Rutherford.
Erwin Schrodinger (Electron Cloud Model 1926 –
Present) – Proposed the electron cloud which is the
currently accepted model until today.
 Negative Ions – Called “anions”
 Formed when the atom gains electrons.
 Non-metals

Ionic bonds – Formed between metals and non-metals.

 Form when electrons are transferred between
atoms.

Covalent bonds - Form when electrons are shared

Element - A pure substance that cannot be separated or between atoms.
broken down into simpler substances by chemical  Form between two non-metals.
means.
Ionic compounds – Results in a Neutral Compounds
Atom - The smallest unit of an element that maintains  Strong bonds
 High melting point
the chemical properties of that element.
Covalent compounds – Results in a Neutral Molecule
Compound - A substance made up of atoms of two or
 Weak bonds
more different elements joined by chemical bonds.
 Low melting points
Chemical Formula – Sometimes there are subscripts Metallic bonds - Are metal to metal bonds formed by
present. the attraction between positively charged metal ions.
 A subscript is a small number that is in a
chemical formula.

Atoms with unfilled valence shells are

considered unstable.
Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by
bonding with other atoms.

Chemical bond - The attractive force that holds atoms

or ions together in a compound.

3 main types of chemical bonds

 Covalent
 Metallic
 Ionic

Covalent bonds form between two non-metals.

Groups 14-17 on the Periodic Table

Atoms - Can share more than one pair of electrons to

create double and triple bonds.

Chlorine Molecule – A single bonding pair so it is

called a single covalent bond. The compound is now
called a molecule.

Ions – Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

Positive Ions – Called “cations”

 Formed when the atom loses electrons.
 Metals