QUARTER (N)– GRADE 9 SCIENCE
WEEK (N) SCIENCE
1ST QUARTER │S. Y 2022-2023
TEACHER: CHERYL CABUHAT
MAIN TOPIC
SUBTOPIC
SUB-SUBTOPIC
HISTORY OF ATOMS
ATOM
- The smallest particle of an element. The smallest
amount of substance that can take part in any
chemical reaction.
EUGEN GOLDSTEIN
- Discovered the idea about the positively charged
particle called proton.
DEMOCRITUS
- Greek philosopher who began to search for a
description of matter.
- He named the smallest piece of matter atoms
meaning not to be cut.
- They were small hart particles that were all made
of same material but were different in shapes and
size.
- This piece is indivisible.
JOHN DALTON
- In the early 1800, John Dalton (English Chemist)
performed a number of experiment that
eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of
atoms.
- He deduced that all elements are composed of
atoms.
- Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.
- Atoms of different elements are different.
- Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of
two or more elements.
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON
- In 1987, J.J. Thomson, an English Scientist, provide
the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller
particles.
- He introduced that idea about the negatively
charged particle electron.
- He proposed a model of the atom that is
sometimes called Plum Pudding Model.
CREATED BY: NEIL CZARINA FAITH TOBIAS
- Atoms were made from positively charged
substance with negatively charged electrons
scattered about like raisin in a pudding.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- In 1908, E. Rutherford is an English Physicist was
hand at work on an experiment.
- He reasoned that all atoms that are positively
charged particles were contained in the nucleus.
- Negatively charged particle were scattered
outside the nucleus around the atoms edge.
NEILS BOHR
- In 1913, N. Bohr, a Danish Scientist proposed an
improvement.
- He placed each electron in a specific energy level.
- Electrons move in definite orbits around the
nucleus much like planet circles the sun (solar
system). These orbits or energy levels are located
at certain distances from the nucleus.
ARNOLD SOMMERFIELD
- A. Sommerfield , Physicist, Modified Neils Bohrs
atomic theory to include elliptical orbit.
- Electrons are moving around the nucleus.
- Assumed that orbits don’t have to be spherical
but can also be elliptical.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- A Physicist and a biologist was considered the
father of Quantum mechanics. Today’s atomic
model is based on the principles of wave
mechanics.
- Electrons do not move around an atom in a
definite path like the planets around the sun.
- A space in which electrons are likely to be found.
- Electrons which about the nucleus billions of
times in 1 second.
- They are not moving around in random patterns.
- Location of electrons depends upon how much
energy the electron has.
LOUIE DE BROGLIE
- 1924, proposed that the electron (which is
thought of as a particle) could also be thought as a
wave.
ERWIN SCHRODINGER 2.0
- Used the wave idea to develop a mathematical - Unlike a cation, which is named for the parent
equation to describe the hydrogen atom. atom, an anion is named by taking the root name
- Electrons move around the nucleus in the clouds of the atom and changing the ending.
not orbits. Example:
- Orbital heirs us predict the area where we can - Chlorine-ide Chloride
find electrons.
- The closer position to the nucleus, the higher CARBON STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
chance to find electrons.
- Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in
WERNER KARL HEISENBERG the universe.
- Discovered that for every small particle like the
electron, its location cannot be exactly known and PROPERTIES
how it’s moving. - Electron Configuration
- Uncertainty Principle – You can locate the exact - Lewis dot structure
motion of an electron at any given time (too
small, too fast). CARBON
- Comes from mathematical solution to the - Forms any organic compounds with many atoms.
Schrodinger equation. It views an electron as a
cloud oof negative charge having certain Based molecules have three fundamental structures:
geometric shapes. 1. Straight
- The quantum mechanical model also gives 2. Rings
information about the energy of the electrons and 3. Branched
describes the region of space around the nucleus
consisting of shells. BONDING WITH ITSELF
- Allotropy is a behavior exhibited by certain
FORMATION OF IONS chemicals elements.
- Allotropes – diamond, graphite, ionsdaleite,
IONS
- Are simply charged atoms, they are neither DIAMOND
positive nor negative. - Transparent and has no color.
- Hard
HOW ARE IONS FORMED? - Cannot conduct electricity.
- Ions are formed as atoms gain or lose electrons.
- Metals tend to lose electrons. GRAPHITE
- Opaque and black
ELECTRONEGATIVITY - Soft and spongy
- Is the ability of the atom to attract electron. - Good conductor of electricity

CATION ELECTRON SHARING

- Metals tend to lose electrons and form positively - According to the octet rule atoms need to have 8
charged ion. valance electron.
- Atom bond to become stable.
ANION
- Non-metals tend to gain electron and form HYDROCAKBONS
negatively charged ion. Saturated
- Alkanes - Single Bonds
Take note!
- The number of electrons an atom gains or loses it Unsaturated
is valance. - Alkenes – Double Bonds
- Alkynes – Triple Bonds
HOW DO YOU ASSIGN NAMES FOR ANION?
HYDROCARBONS
- Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon.
SATURATED
- Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are
connected by single bonds only.

ALKANES
- Where n=number of carbon atoms in 1 molecule
of alkane,

METHANE
- Has 1 carbon atom

ETHANE
- Has 2 carbon atoms

PROPANE
- Has 3 carbon atoms

UNSATURATED
- Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are
connected by double, or triple are called
unsaturated hydrocarbons.

ALKENES
- Where n= number of carbon atoms in 1 molecule
of alkene.

ETHENE
- Has 2 carbon atoms

PROPENE
- Has 3 carbon atoms

BUTENE
- Has 4 carbon atoms

- unsaturated hydrocarbons in which the carbon

atoms are connected by at least one double bond.

ALKYNES
- where n= number of carbon atoms in 1 molecule
of alkyne.

ETHYNE
- Has 2 carbon atoms

PROPYNE
- Has 2 carbon atoms

BUTYNE
- Has 4 carbon atoms