REVIEWER IN CHEM 1 – 2nd Monthly J. J.

Thomson (1903)

ATOMS  Discovered Electrons – negative particles

within the atom
Democritus – 400BC
 Cathode Ray Tube Experiments – beam
This is the Greek philosopher Democritus of negative particles
who began the search for a description
of matter more than 2400 years ago.

Leucippus and Democritus (400 B.C.)

 First proposed that matter is composed of
tiny indivisible particles
 Greek: Atomos

John Dalton (1807)  Thomson studied the passage of an electric

In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John
Dalton performed a number of experiments that
eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of
atoms.
current through a gas.
 As the current passed through the gas, it
gave off rays of negatively charged
particles.

 Billiard Ball Model – atom is a uniform,  Plum-pudding Model –positive sphere

solid sphere (pudding) with negative electrons (plums)
dispersed throughout.

Dalton’s 4 Postulates

 Matter is composed of small indivisible

particles called atoms.

 Atoms of the same element are identical in Ernest Rutherford (1911)

their properties. Atoms of different elements
are different. Gold Foil Experiment

 Atoms of different elements combine  Discovered the nucleus –dense, positive

together in simple proportions to create a charge in the center of the atom
compound.  Nuclear Model of atom

 Atoms of compounds rearrange during a

chemical reaction to form new substances.

3 Subtonic Particles

 PROTONS James Chadwick (1932)

 NEUTRONS
 ELECTRONS • Discovered neutrons – neutral particles in the
nucleus of an atom
 Neutron Model
 revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model

Erwin Schrödinger (1926)

 Quantum mechanics – electrons can only

exist in specified energy states

 Electron cloud model – orbital: region

around the nucleus where e- are likely to be
found
Niels Bohr (1913)

 Energy Levels –electrons can only exist in

specific energy states

 According to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons

move in definite orbits around the nucleus,
much like planets circle the sun. These
orbits, or energy levels, are located at
certain distances from the nucleus.

 Studied the light produced when atoms
were excited by heat or electricity.
Planetary Model – electrons move in circular orbits
within specific energy levels.
Electron Cloud Model (orbital)
 dots represent probability of finding an e-
not actual electrons
Electron cloud model predicts the likely position
of the location of the electron based on a function
of probabilities. The probability function basically
describes a cloud-like region where the electron is
likely to be found, hence the name. Where the
cloud is most dense, the probability of finding the
electron is greatest; and where the electron is less
likely to be, the cloud is less dense.