Product life cycle

Product life cycle is a matter of few hours. For example.. newspaper,

Life of few months. Seasonal products, heavy clothing, summer season, T shirts and so.
Life of many years, Coca Cola, pepsi, 7up. Life cycle of over 100 years.
Life cycle of two to three years. Mobile phones.
Regardless of the complexity of the length of the life cycle, managers have to design the
products, design the systems that help introduce new products, services successfully.
An organization cannot survive without the introduction of new products and services. This
requires continues efforts of managers to take active participation in the development of
products.

Operations strategy influenced by product life cycle.

Decline;
Here the management has to be very ruthless in identifying those products at the decline stage,
whose life cycle is at the end. Unless the dying products make some contribution to the firm’s
profits, those products could be continued. Otherwise those products that have no contribution
to the firm’s profits, s should be terminated.

Product by value analysis:

TOYOTA deals is Corolla, Camry, crown, passo, prisous, revo, aqua, and so.
Corolla is considered to be more profitable, this brand would appear at the top of the list.
It lists the products in descending order of their individual Rs. Dollars, Dinars contribution to the
firm’s profit.
It allows the management to evaluate possible strategies for each product.

Defining and documenting the product:

Once new products or services are selected for introduction, they must be defined.
First, a product or service is defined in terms of its functions, features, performance that is what
it is to do. The product is then designed, that is to determine how the functions are to be
achieved. Management typically has a variety of options as to how a product is to achieve its
features or performance.
Example, an alarm clock,
Define and design it.
Definition of an alarm clock. Analog or digital.
It has alarm with tune, music
It has a little bulb, date and calendar.
May a very little pendulum.
Design it: it is round in shape, square, octagon, red in color, yellow, white and black
combination, size how big it should be, plastic, glass, material
Location of button. At the top of the clock or back of the clock, bulb inside the radial.
Rigorous specification of products is necessary to assure efficient performance of them.
Equipment, layout and HR resources cannot be decided upon until the product is defined and
designed. Therefore, every organization needs to document, define and design the products.
1. Engineering drawings:

It shows dimensions, tolerance, materials and finishes of that product.

A house map is dimensions
Tolerance means show strong house should be, is it earthquake resistance.
Materials used in house, cabinets may of wood, wooden sheets, red bricks or blocks
Finishes of the house, color scheme, lighting, ceiling, and so
2. Bill of material: (BOM)
A list of materials a contractor gives you for the construction of your house.
Cement, bricks, steel, chemicals, sand, concrete, paint, drainage pipes, electric pipes,
Pakistan cables.
BOM of a cheese burger: cheese, onion, buns, beef petty, tomato catchup, .
Purchasing manager of a restaurant in Holiday Inn.
3. Engineering Change Notice (ECN):
A correction or modification of an engineering drawings.

ECN in potato fries. It comes in finger shapes.

In McDonald: Fries in square. Curlee fries.
4. Make or buy:
For many components of products, firms have the options of producing these
components by itself or purchasing from outside suppliers.

Sialkot produces leather jackets;

Leather Field a leather stitching firm.
Buy leather, zips, buttons, cotton, inside clothing, thread, getting the logo designed.
Make jackets, production means stitching, sewing, polishing, dying and inspection
Sialkot Embroiders. They make logos of Adidas, puma, Nike, Hush Puppies.
 5. Group Technology:
Leather jackets. It comes in different sizes, small, medium, large, extra-large.
if you supposed to make all these four different sizes as a production manager there.
You are going to group small first, then medium, large and then extra-large.
Man works in a small workshop, he makes bolts and nets of different sizes,
Make bolts of 1 inch, then 2 inch, then 3 inches.
It leads to:
1. Improved design.
2. Reduced raw material and purchases
3. Simplified production planning and control
4. Improve machine loading.
5. Reduce time, work in process and overall production time.

6. Computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing: (CAD & CAM)

Example: automobile industry, cars are designed in computer software’s and then being
produced by the help of robotics.
Designing and production of human organics.
Textile firms, fabrics made by machine,

Sawabi, a big textile firm

Cocoa cola in Gujranwala.
7up in I -10 industrial state. Engro food make olper milk, trung milk , omore ice cream.

Benefits of CAD and CAM:

1. Product quality;
CAD provides an opportunity for the designer to investigate more alternatives, potential
problems and dangers.
2. Shorter design time;
Since time is money, the shorter the design phase, the lower the cost.
3. Production cost reductions:
Lower inventory cost, more efficient use of personnel and faster implementation design
changes lower cost.
4. Database availability:
The data could be used for future work.
Production documents

1. Assembly Drawings.
It simply shows an exploded view of the product. It is usually a three dimension
drawings. For example, assembling a computer table
Assembling a bike that we import from China.
These also shows relative location of components to be fitted.
2. Assembly Chart;
It shows a sequence of components. Every component is numbered. It also identifies
point of production where the components flow into subassemblies and ultimately a
final product.
3. Route sheet:
It lists the operations
For example; a carpenter is engage in drilling, cutting, polishing, dying, filling,
hammering, painting,
Which activity(ies) should be done first,
Route sheet will give guidance of right sequence of activities.
4. Job instructions:
How a particular job should be done?
Example, worker in the oil refineries. They have appropriate skills to do a particular
task.
5. Standard manuals.
Different companies have SOPs.
Examples. During COVID -19, every worker wear mask, gloves, sanitize hands
Do not shake hands with anyone.
6. Work order.
A waiter gets the work order.
Sir what would you like to have in meal, what drinks, any soups, or deserts.
Leather factory gets the order of stitching 300 jackets from the client.

End of Syllabus.

GOOD LUCK