E-NOTES Quarter

IN Module 1
EAPP WHAT IS ACADEMIC TEXT?
Academic text is typically used
for textbooks, tests, in classrooms, and
any other discipline related to the field
of academics. It is very different from
the structure of vocabulary and
structure from everyday conversations
through social interactions. Academic
text is a formal way to present words
and terms typical for the field. 
Content and Style of Academic Texts 
⮚ Include concepts and theories related
Submitted by: to the specific discipline 
JAMIRA A. FRANCISCO ⮚ Have clearly structured introduction,
12 STEM 3 body, and conclusion. 
Submitted to: ⮚ Include information from credible
Binah Tolentino sources that are properly cited. 
⮚ Include concepts and theories
that are related to the specific
discipline they explore. ⮚ Usually
exhibit all properties of a well-
written text --- organization, unity,
coherence, and strict adherence to
the rules of language and
mechanics. 
The specific ideas in various
academic texts are dependent on the
field of academic text one is reading in.
For example, Humanities texts discuss
more about the various human
expressions, such as art and languages,
while the sciences contain the scientific
method that discusses the objective
result of an experiment or the specific
research methodology. The specific
ideas in various academic text can be
understood after skimming and closely
reading the text.  Module 2
WHAT IS LINGUISTIC REGISTER?
 The concept of the linguistic
register has been described by
Trudgill (1983:101) as follows: 
 Linguistic varieties that are linked
to occupations, professions, or
topics have been termed
registers. The register of law, for
example, is different from the
register of medicine, which in
turn is different from the
language of engineering---and so
on.  Registers are usually
characterized solely by
vocabulary differences. 
 Registers are simply a rather
special case of a kind of language
being produced by the social
situation.  idea about how texts generally organize
 According to Harold Schiffman
(1997) it is a set of specialized
vocabulary and preferred (or
misreferred) syntactic and
rhetorical devices/structures,
used by specific socio
professional groups for special
purposes. A register is a property
or characteristic of a language,
and not of an individual or a class
of speakers.  blotter may have different appearances.
Quarter 1
 Essay is generally the proforma for all
analytical compositions. However, not all
essays are academic. Only those that are
written for professional audience and
exhibit formal tone in subject matter,
sentence structure, and language can be
considered academic.
 Concept paper defines an idea or
a concept and clarifies its ‘whatness’;
thus, its most prominent structure is the
use of definition. 
 Reaction paper is generally an informed
and insightful perspective on art, popular
culture, and a technical topic.
 Position paper asserts an argument.
Report retells data, incident, or event.
 Research is a highly formal kind of
reports.
 The flow charts below will give you an
their content.
 All compositions in paragraph forms
basically have the three parts:
introduction, body, and conclusion.
However, there may be variations in the
terms used, in the approximate location
(i.e. near the beginning, anywhere in the
body, or about at the end), and in the
preformatted forms prescribed by
agencies. Doctor’s report and police
 The researches that you know may have
chapters 1 to 5. Thesis may be at the
second or later paragraphs but definitely
before the details are given.
 Long texts may also be divided into
several subheadings. You must remember
that there is no single, foolproof method
of successful writing. What you have in
figures 1 and 2 are the general structure
 and content for the common academic
texts.
 Whichever strategy will be fine, but you
need to process them and connect them
to your most important goal in the
introduction – the thesis statement. Your
thesis is the one-sentence gist or
summary of your entire paper. All your
evidence and discussion in the body will
revolve around your thesis. This comes
usually at the end of the first paragraph or
in the second paragraph.
 Summarizing is an important element of
conclusion, but you should find a fresh
and concise way of doing this. You should
not repeat what you said in the body. The
neat final sentence leaves the reader
something to think about. Sometimes, it
can be a call for action; it is something
you want them to do after every point
you raised in the body.
Quarter 1
Module 3
A summary is a short explanation of the
main ideas in a text. Learning to summarize
is a very important skill. When writing and
responding to a text (essay, article, lecture,
story, novel, or video), as you are often
expected to do in college, you will be
expected to summarize what you read,
often in the introduction of each essay you
write. It takes a careful reading of a text to
write a good summary, and writing a good
summary will illustrate your level of
comprehension of a text.
When you write a summary, you are
answering the question, “What was the
essay (or article, or lecture, or story, or
video) really about?” Summaries vary in
length depending upon the purpose of the
summary and/or scope of the specific
assignment given. A general summary
differs from a detailed summary in that
fewer supporting details are stated. 
Summary Dos and Don'ts
DO:
 Report the overall topic right
away 
 Begin with the name of the
essay and the author
 Write in present tense
 Describe the main points
covered in the text
  Include supporting details as
needed depending upon the
length and depth of the
summary desired
 Mention any important
conclusions drawn
 Use reporting verbs (see list
below) to show that these are
the author's ideas, not yours
DO NOT (UNLESS THE ASSIGNMENT ASKS
YOU TO):
 include your own opinion about
the text  implied.
 include quotations from the
original text
 exceed half the length of the
original text
Examples of summaries
Summary of an Article
Below is an example summary of Michael
Moore's article, "Why Doesn't GM Sell
Crack?" 
Notice that the summary has the following
strong aspects:
 It begins with the title and
author.; It is much shorter than
the orginal.; It focuses on the
most important parts of the
argument; It uses reporting
verbs; It remains objective
Quarter 1
Module 4
WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT?
● A controlling idea about the topic that the
writer is attempting to prove. It is usually
found at the beginning of the text or at the
end of it.
● The central idea of a multiple-paragraph
composition. A one-sentence summary that
guides, controls, and unifies ideas when
writing a paper. In simple terms, all other
ideas present in a text revolve around the
thesis statement.
● The thesis statement may be expressed or
Why do we have to write a thesis
statement?
We must write thesis statement:
● to test your ideas by narrowing them into
a sentence or two
● to better organize and develop argument
● to provide the reader with “guide” to the
argument
What are the characteristics of a good
thesis statement?
● A good thesis statement takes a stand on
the prompt.
● A good thesis statement is specific.
● A good thesis statement is unified and
expresses one main idea.
● A good thesis statement does not simply
state a fact but sets the stage for analysis of
a topic.
Generating a thesis statement can be done (2) Tagaytay City is an enthralling city of the
through various methods. Consider the South because of its beautiful landscape,
following: amazing people and sumptuous food.
The topic in the example above is “Tagaytay
Topic: Jogging City.” The first question which was
Question: Why jogging is beneficial? generated may be answered by a thesis
Thesis Statement: Jogging is beneficial statement with implied or abstract details.
because it positively affects physical well- The second question, on the other hand,
being and mental fitness. may be answered by a thesis statement
with explicit and concrete details. Note that
As shown above, one strategy that you can both versions of the thesis statement are
use in writing a thesis statement is through acceptable.
asking a question. After identifying the
topic, ask questions that would answer
multiple details. The answer to this
question is most likely your thesis
statement.
Consider another example.

Topic: Tagaytay
Question:
(1) Is Tagaytay City an enthralling city of the
South
(2) Why is Tagaytay City considered an
enthralling city of the South?
Thesis Statement:
(1) Tagaytay City is an enthralling city of the
South.
 Quarter 1
Module 5
 An outline is a summary that gives the
essential features of a text. It shows
how the part of a text are related to
one another as parts that are of equal
importance, or sections that are
subordinate to a main idea (Valdriz,
2017).
 Writing Outline: The outline that
serves as your guide or blueprint.
 Reading Outline: The outline that you
make after reading a text.
 Outline provides a means of
organizing your information in a
hierarchical or logical order.
 For research papers, a formal outline
can help you keep track of large
amounts of information
 When preparing an outline, you can
either use a decimal outline or
alphanumeric outline.
 A decimal outline only uses numbers
as labels while an alphanumeric
outline uses both letters and numbers
as labels (Barrot, 2016).
a.
______________________
1)
___________________
__
b)
_____________
______
2. Place a period after each number and letter
heading and subheading.
3. Do not place a period after each number or
letter with close parenthesis.
4. Do not place a period after each item
unless it is a complete sentence.
5. Begin each item with a capital letter.
6. Be sure that corresponding main divisions
are of the same level of importance and
that corresponding sub-divisions are of the
same level of importance also.
7. Use parallel grammatical structure for
headings.
8. Avoid the use of the words “Introduction”,
“Body”, “Conclusion” to substitute headings.

Mechanics of Outlining
(for Alphanumeric Outline)

1. Indicate main headings and subheadings

using Roman numerals and capital letters.
To divide the subheadings further, Arabic
numbers are used. Fourth degree ideas are
indicated by numbers and small letters
followed by a close parenthesis.
The descending parts of an alphanumeric
outline are labelled in the following order:
I. _________________________
A. ________________________
1. _______________________
 Quarter 1
Module 6
WHAT IS A CRITIQUE?
 Critique is derived from ancient
Greek (“kritike”). It is defined as a
careful judgment in which you shape
your opinion about the strengths
and weaknesses of a piece of writing
or work of art.
 Depending on the instruction of
your teacher, its length may vary
from 100 to 750 words or more.
 It is not a summary of the piece,
rather, it is the critical evaluation to
further understand validity, worth,
effect, use of the material that
interests readers, and/or the
recommendation or appeal for
further appreciation.
 This could be possible by way of
subjecting the piece of writing on the
critical approaches in analyzing the
piece using appropriate evidences and
arguments.
 Proper and acceptable reasons or
proofs are necessary to ensure quality
and substance of the opinions you
have cited which reinforces relevant
persuasion.
 After all, writing a critique paves to a
better understanding and for you to
respond in a more analytic, balanced,
and convincing manner.
Critical Approaches in Writing a Critique
 Since writing a critique requires a
thorough, careful presentation, and
weighing of arguments, it is necessary
to use a lens or a systematic and
critical analysis to serve your purpose
in writing.
 One approach may be enough;
however, it is not merely exclusive
with other approaches. You may use
one or a mixture of approaches
depending on the length and depth of
your critique. However, it is still easier
for a beginner to simply focus with
one approach
CRITICAL WRITING APPROACHES YOU MAY
CHOOSE FROM DEPENDING ON YOUR
INTERESTS AND NEEDS
1. FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICSM
 This approach claims that all that are
important in analyzing and
understanding the text can be found
in the piece of writing or text itself.
 Outside information regarding the
author, society of the time, politics or
any other external context are no
longer needed. The text is
independent. It has a fixed meaning. It
is timeless and universal. On the
aforesaid principles, formalism
requires a close and intent reading of
the text concentrating on the
relationships within the text that
showcases its distinct characteristics
or form.
2. FEMINISM
  This approach emphasizes the
importance or relevance of women as
subjects and how gender been
perceived in the piece.
 The images of women and the
underlying concepts of femininity
including economic, societal,
psychological and archetypal nature of
women are examined.
 This approach likewise stresses
equality for a male dominated society.
3. READER RESPONSE
 This approach stresses the attachment
or strong connectionism of an
individual reader’s mind to the piece
at hand. The reader herself can put
meaning and interpret every part of
the text.
 The text is nothing unless it has been
read and interpreted by the reader.
 The reader’s reaction and interaction
made out of the piece recreates and
develops a further depth of meaning.
The manner a poem or a short story is
read or delivered strengthens and
invokes visuals and imagination to a
much-sought individual appreciation.
 In such a case, a reader who
happened to read the same text may
find the experience different from the
first against the second time.
4. MARXIST CRITICISM
 This approach tries to unfold how
socioeconomic status affects hierarchy
or conflicts
OTHER APPROACHES
6. Biographical Approach: Focuses on
connection of work to author’s personal
experiences. Understanding authors’ life can
help in comprehending the work. This aspect
amplifies meaning and relevance of the text.
7. Historical Approach: This approach focuses
on connection of work to the historical period
in which it was written; literary historians
attempt to connect the historical background
of the work to specific aspects of the work.
8. Psychological Approach: This approach
focuses on the psychology of characters.
9. Sociological Approach: This approach
focuses on man’s relationship to others in
society, politics, religion, and business.
10. Archetypal Approach: This approach
focuses on connections to other literature,
mythological/biblical allusions, archetypal
images, symbols, characters, and themes.
11.Philosophical Approach: This approach
focuses on themes, view of the world, moral
statements, author’s philosophy, etc.
WRITING STRUCTURE
 Since our focus is on the appropriate
use of critical approaches in writing a
critique, our outputs must likewise be
more on critiquing a piece of literature
like a short story, a poem, a novel and
other literary genre. In this accord, let
us denote salient structures and parts
appropriate to include in the output
along with the outlined questions you
have included.
 There have been no strict rules in
terms of structure for it varies
depending on your teacher’s task
requirements, however, for uniformity
purposes, let us generally use the
 following parts below ranging from at
least 100 to 750 words.
 Remember that the heart of your
critique shall focus on its strengths
and weaknesses and to relay how
effective is the material.
A. Introduction (Short
paragraph/paragraph/s - one to three
sentences or more)
 This must include the title of the
material, the author, and your
assessment of the material.
 For a short story, this part may also
include the background of the piece,
your opinion and the thesis. The thesis
includes the subject, your opinion and
your main point. For example:
SUBJECT: The Blind Assassin
OPINION: show’s Atwood’s skills as a writer
MAIN POINT/S: because of the visual
imagery, the strong characters and the
memorable message.
B. Plot Summary/Description (Short
paragraph/s – one to three sentences or
more)
 This involves the gist or the
description of the material. For a short
story, this is the understanding of plot
or summary of the piece examined.
C. Analysis and Interpretation/ Evaluation
(One to three or more paragraph/s)
 In this phase you will retrieve the
guiding questions of your choice to
include in your outlined discussion. It
does not necessarily mean that you
will include all in one but rather only
those you think are needed depending
on the arguments or points you
wanted to stress.
 Likewise, though critical approaches
are not exclusive and may be used at
the same
 time, it is better to focus and use at
least one among the many
approaches.
 For the formalist view for example,
any among the character, dialogue,
setting, conflict, suspense, ending and
plot would speak by itself. Analysis of
the poem for formalists may involve
imagery, sound, figurative language,
language and other elements.
D. Conclusion/Closing paragraph (One to
three paragraphs)
 At this point, you shall be able to link
your thoughts reinforced with your
assessment in the introduction. If in
any case it is possible for you to
compare the masterpiece to a similar
work, the better. Your
recommendation depends on how you
have perceived the material observing
all fair judgment and appreciation.
Note: The length and the depth of your
critique depends on the task required to you.
Two to three paragraphs could even be
possible to include all the parts cited above.
For academic texts and researches the
following parts may be adopted:
 STRUTURE FOR CRITIQUE OF ACADEMIC
TEXTS AND RESEARCHES
A. INTRODUCTION (around 5% of the paper)
This includes the title of the
book/article/work, the writer’s name and the
thesis statement which will preview your
analysis.
B. SUMMARY (around 10%)
In this phase, objective or purpose must be
cited. Methods used if applicable could be
included along with major finding, claims,
ideas or message highlighted in the material.
This also includes arguments and findings on
the material
C. REVIEW (around 75%)
In this phase, the following must be observed:
1. Appropriateness of methodology to
support the arguments (for books and
articles) or
appropriateness of mode of presentation
(other works) must be cited.
2. Theoretical soundness, coherence of ideas
3. Sufficiency and soundness of explanation in
relation to other available information and
experts.
It is likewise best to ask the following
questions during this part:
a. What are the assumptions mentioned
in the work? Are they explicitly
discussed?
b. What are the contributions of the
work to the field where it belongs?
c. What problems and issues are
discussed or presented in the work?
d. What kinds of information are
presented in the work?
e. How are information used to support
the arguments or thesis?
f. Are there other ways of supporting
the arguments or thesis aside from
the information used in the work?
g. Is the author or creator silent about
the alternative ways of explanation?
h. Discuss the article’s pros and cons and
state your opinion about its clarity and
accuracy.
Use the data and examples from the article to
support your arguments.
D. CONCLUSION (around 10%)
1. Your overall impression of the work shall
be stated.
2. Scholarly or literary value of the reviewed
article, book, or work
3. Benefits for the intended audience or field
4. Suggestion for future direction of research
5. Clarify and summarize judgments
6. Comment about why such research matters
or what else needs to be researched in the
field.
OTHER GUIDELINES IN WRITING A REACTION
PAPER, REVIEW, & CRITIQUE FOR ARTICLES
OR JOURNALS
Show your agreement with the writer’s or
creator’s ideas and present an explanation for
this agreement. ON A GENERAL NOTE, your
reaction paper’s conclusion may focus on the
following ideas.
a. Did the work hold your interest?
b. Did the work annoy or excite you?
c. Did the work
prompt you to raise questions to the author?
d. Did the work lead you to some
realizations?
e. Did the work reminds you of other
materials that you have read, viewed or
listened to in the past?
 ● Value Communicated
Sound critical judgement – This pertains to
giving description of the object without
value judgements. It also means that you

Quarter 1 must give your assessment or judgement to

an object by carefully assessing or
Module 7
evaluating it. A fair and balanced
REVIEW/CRITIQUE
assessment of situations or events, people
● This is a specialized form of writing in
and things.
which a critic or a reader evaluates any of
● Basic Content
the following:
A. The content should answer the
a. a scholarly work (academic books
following questions:
and articles)
 What is your impression upon
b. a work of art (performance art,
seeing the artwork?
play, dance, sports, film, exhibits)
 What is the title and who is (are) the
c. designs (industrial designs,
artist(s)?
furniture, fashion designs)
 Describe the subject matter. What is
d. graphic designs (posters,
it all about? Are there recognizable
billboards, commercials, and digital
images?
media)
 Describe the elements of the work.
What style did the artist use?
STEPS IN WRITING
 If the work has subjects or
1. Planning
characters, what are the
2. Drafting
relationships between or among
3. Reviewing
them?
4. Editing
5. Proofreading  How does the work relate to other
ideas or events in the world and/or

GUIDELINES IN WRITING A in your other studies?

REVIEW/CRITIQUE
B. May take the form of a reflection, an
appeal, a protest, a tribute
denunciation, a speculation.
C. In general, the content would include
the following topics:
1. For human situations:
● A brief description of the event
● People involved, their roles and
contributions
● Other driving force/motivation, it
may be out in the open, hidden, or
unsuspected
● Implications and consequences
● Assessment and predictions
2. For cultural affairs, people, works,
performances:
● The central purpose of the event,
product, or art
● The means, devices, strategies
employed to achieve the purposes
● An evaluation of the achievement.
Is it a success or failure?
FORMAT OF A REVIEW/CRITIQUE OF AN
ART, EVENT, OR PERFORMANCE
INTRODUCTION
● Contains the first impression on the work.
You may begin with a hook.
Note: A hook catches the attention of the
reader. It ignites the reader’s curiosity.
● Basic details about the material or the
or event that happened (title, director, or artist
name of exhibition/event)
● Main assessment of the material (for films,
performances, artwork).
● Thesis statement or the focus of your
review.
BODY (ANALYSIS OR INTERPRETATION)
● Discussion of the main points of the
analysis or interpretation.
● Discussion or analysis of the work (critical
approach). You may use the critical
approaches discussed in the previous module.
● Aspects that make the art, event, or
performance a success or a failure.
● Relationship of the work to other ideas and
events in the world.
● The movements, acts, lines, or elements
that are distinct to the work, performance, or
event.
● Identify some of the similarities throughout
the work (i.e., repetition of lines, two songs in
each act).
● Identify some of the points of emphasis in
the work (i.e., specific scene, figure,
movement).
● The relationships of subject, movements,
and characters.
Note: You should also take note about the
guidelines in writing a review/critique. You
may focus
on one critical approach to analyze the art or
event.
CONCLUSION (EVALUATION)
● A statement indicating the overall
evaluation of the work.
● A summary of the key reasons identified the term through the use of illustration,
during the critical evaluation, why this examples and description.
evaluation was formed.
A definition can be presented in three ways:
● The significance of the event/work
informal, formal and extended
● Comparisons to a similar work
a. An informal definition is done
● Recommendation
through a parenthetical or brief
explanation.
Example:
1. Tocopherol (Vitamin E) is
usually found in vegetable oil,
Quarter 1
fish and nuts.
Module 8
2. A business plan contains
A concept paper has several uses:
business goals is a formal
1. It serves as a foundation of the full
written
proposal.
document.
2. It helps determine whether a certain
3. Clamps are used to secure
research/project is feasible
and grip pieces of wood and
or not.
lumber so your hands can be
3. It used to pique the interest of the
free to saw, cut or perform
panel/potential funding
other woodworking tasks more
agencies
efficiently.
4. It is used to obtain informal feedback on
b. A formal definition explains a term
the ideas prior to
by incorporating a pattern:
preparing the full proposal.
species (the term being
defined);
THREE WAYS OF EXPLAINING A CONCEPT
genus (the general
Before writing your concept paper you have
category/group to where the
to learn how to explain your concept first.
term belongs)
You can accomplish this through using
differentia (the quality which
definition, explication and clarification.
makes the term different from
other terms in the same
1. DEFINITION is the method of identifying a
category/group)
given term and making its meaning c. An extended definition is a detailed
clearer. Its main purpose is to answer the way of defining a term and is usually
question, “What does it mean?” This composed of at least one paragraph.
This type of definition incorporates
mode of explanation contains the term to
various patterns of development such
be defined and the detailed exposition of as formal and informal definition,
 comparison and contrast narration,
description, classification, functional
analysis, process, analogy, and cause
and effect to explain a given concept.
2. EXPLICATION is a method of explanation
in which sentences, verses, quotes or
passages are taken from literary or
academic work and then interpreted and
explained in a detailed way. When using
this technique, you need to clearly
present your 1. thesis (your claim/premise
about the literary or academic work you
are analysing/interpreting) in the
introduction and follow it up with a 2.
detailed analysis of the passage or text.
You may begin the body of the explication
by analyzing and explaining how the text
is constructed. Your explication should
end with a concise 3. conclusion by
stating your thesis and major arguments.
3. CLARIFICATION is a method of
explanation in which the points are
organized from a general abstract to
specific and concrete examples. It entails
the analysis if the concept by looking and
the examples and specifying some of its
characteristics to arrive at one working
definition which can be used throughout
the paper.
Quarter 1
Module 9
WHAT IS A CONCEPT PAPER?
 A concept paper enables in putting
thoughts and ideas into paper for
consideration for research. It is from the
concept paper that one develops the
research proposal which can either be
business or academic oriented.
 Most students usually go directly to the
research proposal. As good as concept
paper and research proposal may seem
similar, they are different in the process
and presentation.
 The aim of the concept paper is to
capture the thoughts and ideas while
the research proposal captures the
ideas in a structured manner for
approval to research (Lango, 2019).
PARTS OF A CONCEPT PAPER
CONCEPT PAPER FOR A PROJECT
Use the following structure when you want to
propose a certain tangible project in your
discipline.
1. Cover Page
● State the name of the proponents
and their affiliations.
● State the addresses, contact
numbers, and email addresses of the
proponents.
● State the head of the agency and
his/her contact information.
● State the date of submission.
2. Introduction
● State the information about the
funding agency to show that you
understand its mission.
● State the mission of the agency that
the proponents represent and align it
to the funding agency’s mission. Also,
state the year the proponents’ agency
was established, its major
accomplishments, and other details
that demonstrate its capability to
undertake the proposed project.
● Present and describe other partner
agencies and why they are qualified as
such.
● Provide reasons why the funding
agency should support the project.
3. Rationale or Background
● State the gap in knowledge to be
addressed by the project.
● State the problems to be solved.
● State the project’s significance.
4. Project Description
● State the goals and objectives of the
project.
● Present the methodology
(sometimes termed as Action Plan,
Project Activities, or Approach)
● Present the timeline expressed in
months and year.
● State the benefits or anticipated
outcomes.
● State how success of outcomes will
be evaluated.
5. Project Needs and Cost
● Outline the main budget; include
the item description and amount.
● Explain or justify how the budget
will be used.
● List the personnel or equipment
needed for the project.
CONCEPT PAPER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Use the following structure when you intend ● Provide a brief synthesis of the
to present an idea or a concept for a research reviewed literature and studies.
you would like pursue. 4. Statement of the Problem/Objectives
1. Title Page ● State your general problem in one
● State your research title. sentence.
● State your name and school. ● State your specific research
● State the date of submission. questions or objectives.
2. Background of the Study 5. Abridged Methodology
● Provide the current state of the field ● Provide the contexts and
you are researching on. participants of the study.
● State the gap in knowledge and ● Provide the instruments to be used.
problems to be addressed by the ● Provide the data collection
research. Provide statistics and procedure.
previous studies to prove your claims. ● Provide the data analysis scheme to
● State the reasons why you want to be used.
investigate on the chosen topic. 6. Timeline
● State the theoretical and practical ● Provide a timeline (e.g. Gantt chart)
implications of your proposed set in months and year.
research. 7. References
3. Preliminary Literature Review ● Provide a list of books, journals, and
● Provide a theoretical framework. other resources cited in your paper.
This includes the theory that will guide
you in the conduct of your research. GUIDELINES IN WRITING A CONCEPT PAPER
● Provide related literature that Barrot and Sipacio (2016) presented the
supports your topic. following guidelines to come up with a well-
● Provide related studies that will help written concept paper.
you in conducting the research or 1. Cost and methodology should be
analyzing and discussing the data. reasonable.
2. The budget, methodology, and timeline
should be clearly aligned.
3. Use statistics and figures when discussing
the rationale for the project.
4. Use no more than five pages (single-
spaced) excluding the cover page. Do not
overwhelm the readers with details.
5. Never request funding for planning the
proposal.
6. Adjust your language to the intended
readers. You may use technical terms if
readers are scholars and scientists. However,
refrain from using jargon when your target
readers are lay persons.
7. Include the overview of the budget if it is
required. If not, then skip the budget section.
In place of this, you may simply include the
type of support you may need such as
personnel, travel and communication, and
equipment.
8. Be sure that basic format details, such as
page numbers, are incorporated.
9. Cite your references
 can only be achieved if the reader
fully understands the argument that
is accompanied with
evidences(reasons) that the author
is trying to emphasize. To do that,
take a look at these steps below.

Quarter 2: Module 2
Quarter 2: Module 1
LOGICAL FALLACIES are ERRORS IN
WHAT IS A MANIFESTO?
Manifesto is a document publicly REASONING that INVALIDATE AN
declaring the position or program of its ARGUMENT. As a critical thinker you have
issuer. It advances a set of ideas, opinions, to identify and examine fallacies and
or views but it can also lay out a plan of manipulative language. It is therefore
action. While it can address any topic, it important that you know some of the
most often concerns art, literature, or common fallacies.
politics. Manifesto are generally written in FALLACY DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
the name of a group sharing a common FALSE DILEMMA Occurs when Either you fully
perspective, ideology, or purpose rather an arguer devote
than in the name of a single individual. presents yourself to
If you are going to notice the highlighted his/her company or
words from the characteristics of the argument as you quit.
different categories of manifesto, the one of only
common thing about them is that a, two options
MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto, despite the
aims for a change in state or in other words, presence of
the author is trying to convince the reader multiple
to believe the concept that he/she is trying possibilities
to convey by giving arguments or logical
APPEAL TO Occurs when The writer
reasons that will catch the attention of the
IGNORANCE something is does not talk
reader and eventually believing it.
instantly about the
 Arguments is defined as a reason or
concluded to connection
the reasoning given for or against a
be true just between the
matter under discussion — compare
because it is victim’s killer
evidence, proof However, change
not proven to and his sister,
 be false, and so there must APPEAL TO PITY Occurs when Please do not
vice versa be none the element fire me for
of pity is used being absent
SLIPPERY SLOPE Occurs when If we ban
instead of all month; I
a series of computer
logical have a sick
increasingly shops, then
reasoning mother and a
superficial students will
special child to
and not be able to
support.
unacceptable do research.
consequences And if they do APPEAL TO Occurs when You can’t
is drawn not have tools CONSEQUENCES unpleasant believe that
for research, consequences colonialism is
these students of believing bad, because if
will fail their something it were, then
subjects. are pointed we would not
out to show be civilized
COMPLEX Occurs when “Have you
that the belief
QUESTION two or more stopped
is false
points are cheating on
rolled into exams?” BANDWAGON Occurs when Most Filipinas
one and the an argument want to have
reader is is considered fair skin
expected to to be valid because they
accept or because it is think they look
reject both at what the beautiful.
the same majority Therefore,
time, when thinks having fair skin
one point must be the
may be real standard
satisfactory of beauty.
while the
ATTACKING THE Occurs when I cannot
other is not
PERSON someone accept your
APPEAL TO Occurs when If you do not tries to refute argument
FORCE a threat, admit that an argument because,
instead of evolution is by attacking unlike me, you
reasoning is not real, we the character were not
used to argue will isolate you of a person educated at
from the instead of Harvard
group attacking the University.
 ideas of the a general rule not allowed,
argument is applied to a so you should
situation, not have done
APPEAL TO Occurs when Bill Gates, the
even when it that even
AUTHORITY the argument co-founder of
should be an when you
quotes an Microsoft,
exception were being
expert who’s recommends
chased by
not qualified the effective
terrorists.
in the fabric
particular softening POST HOC It is an Dina saw cat
subject properties of informal when they
matter Downy fabric fallacy that went home.
softener states: “Since Along the way,
event A they crashed
ANONYMOUS The authority Experts claim
followed into a tree.
AUTHORITY in question is that eating
event B, The black cat
not peanuts
event A must must be the
mentioned or causes
have been reason why
named pimples.
caused by they met an
HASTY Occurs when Martha, the event B.” accident
GENERALIZATION a sample is foreigner from
WRONG Occurs when Liver damage
not significant France is very
DIRECTION the direction leads to
enough to impolite.
between alcoholism.
support a French people
cause and
generalization are mean and
effect is
about a rude.
reversed
population
COMPLEX CAUSE Occurs when We were not
FALSE ANALOGY Occurs when Drugs are like
the able to solve
a writer massages:
explanation the problem
assumes that they make you
for an event because of
two concepts feel good.
is reduced to limited time,
that are
one thing even if all the
similar in
when there other groups
some ways
are other were able to
are also
factors which do so.
similar in
also
other ways
contributed
ACCIDENT Occurs when Jaywalking is to the event
 IRRELEVANT Occurs when We must wine.
CONCLUSION an argument support the
DENYING THE Any argument If you are
which is fight for
ANTECEDENT of the form: If drinking wine,
supposed to gender
A is true then you have a
prove equality
B id true; If A problem.
something between men
is not true Therefore, if
concludes and women.
then B is not you are not
something Women have
true drinking wine,
else instead suffered
you do not
enough
have a
violence at
problem
home.
Violence INCONSISTENCY Occurs when Frank is older
against arguments than Jake, Jake
women must contradict is older than
be stopped. one another Noli and Noli is
older than
STRAW MAN Occurs when Opponent: We
Frank.
the position should relax
of the the law
opposition is governing the Warning: Do not use these kinds of logical
twisted so allowed fallacies when you defend your stand. It
that it is smoking areas weakens your arguments.
easier to in the city.
refute Fallacy: We FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY
should not do OF EVIDENCES/INFORMATION
so, because Note: There is always a risk that the sources
taken from the Internet or anywhere else
the number of
have biased or incorrect information, so you
smokers might
have to evaluate and filter your sources
increase. before using them.
AFFIRMING THE Any argument If you are The following are some of the criteria
assessing whether the source is suitable to
CONSEQUENT of the form: If drinking wine,
use for academic purposes. The criteria
A is true then you have a include relevance, authority, currency,
B is true; If B problem. contents and location of sources.
is true Therefore, if 1. Relevance of the Source
therefore A is you have a
● How well does the source support
true problem, you
are drinking your stand?
 ● You can check the title, table of ● You do not want to use source
contents, summary, introduction or that is disputable, so make sure to
headings of the text to have a sense verify your findings with multiple
of its content. sources.
2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications 5. Location of Sources
● Is the author’s name identified? ● Where was the source published?
● Is the author’s background, Was it published digitally or in print?
education or training related to the ● Is it a book, an academic journal or
topic? a reputable news source as
● If the source does not have an www.nytimes.com or
author, think twice before using it. www.economist.com?
● Legitimate academic texts must ● Does it provide complete
include citations. Citations publication information such as
demonstrate that the writer has author/s, editor/s, title, date of
thoroughly researched the topic and publication and publisher?
is not plagiarizing the material. ● What is the URL of the website?
3. Currency/Date of Publication ● Avoid using blogs or personal
● What is the date of the homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia,
publication? Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
● In most fields, the data from the ● If the URL includes the top-level
older publications may no longer be domain .edu, then that means that it
valid. As much as possible, the date has been published by an academic
pf publication should be at most five institution such as university
years earlier. ● Common URLs include .gov
4. Contents/Accuracy of Information (government), .org
● Does the author have a lot of (organizations), .com (commercial
citations in his or her text and/or sites) and .net (network
bibliography or works cited section? infrastructures). In academic writing,
 reputable sites are those with
.edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.
attitude of others when you write a
position paper. Because of this, a
position paper can be essential tool in
bringing about societal change. For
example, if you do not agree with a
certain issue or rule, you can write a

Quarter 2: Module 3 position paper to reflect your point of

WHAT IS A POSITION PAPER? view.
 A position paper presents the writer’s
 Like a debate, a position paper
stand or viewpoint on a particular
presents one side of an arguable
issue. Writing a position paper entails
opinion about an issue. The goal of a
outlining arguments and proposing
position paper is to convince the
the course of action; by doing so, you
audience that your opinion is valid and
are already taking part in a large
defensible. Ideas that you are
debate. It is a more complex version
considering need to be carefully
of a persuasive essay, however, a
examined in choosing a topic,
position paper is not an essay, but it
developing your argument, and
has a various parts just like the
organizing your paper. It is very
concept paper. It can be likened with a
important to ensure that you are
debate but the presentation of the
addressing all sides of the issue and
arguments is in a written form.
presenting it in a manner that is easy
Presenting an argument implies that
for your audience to understand. Your
you are favoring one side of the issue.
job is to take one side of the argument
 The primary goal of a position paper is
and persuade your audience that you
to declare a “position” on a certain
have well-founded knowledge of the
matter or an issue. Its secondary goal
topic being presented. It is important
is to convince or persuade others to
to support your argument with
take that side of an issue or matter.
evidence to ensure the validity of your
 Aside from this, you also have the
claims, as well as to refute the
power to change the opinions and
 counterclaims to show that you are d) Factual, relevant and accurate
well informed about both sides. evidence to prove your second
PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER argument
I. INTRODUCTION e) Explain your third argument/reason
a) Analyze the source/quote: pull it f) Factual, relevant and accurate
apart sentence by sentence and evidence to prove your last argument
explain the meaning of the source NOTE: In General, the strongest/best
both in general terms and more argument should be the last. Others would
specifically advise the first argument by the
b) Identify the perspective the strongest/best; never the middle argument.
source/quote reflects:
c) Explain your understanding of that III.CONCLUSION
ideology (discuss key underlying a) (Summarize, restate in a forceful
beliefs or political principles or manner your position)
economic principles) NOTE: Please remember that the conclusion
d) State your position. Do you agree should not merely be a brief repetition of
with the ideological perspective or your results – in that case your discussion
not? would seem fairly pointless.
NOTE: If taking a qualified position, state it b) Focus instead on what your results
clearly and precisely. may imply after careful consideration
II. BODY (consideration that you have outlined
a) Explain your first reason to support in your discussion).
your position
b) Factual, relevant and accurate
evidence to prove your first argument
c) Explain your second
argument/reason

Quarter 2: Module 4
 Many scholars have defined report as
any informational work made with an
intention to relay information or
recounting certain events in
presentable manner. These are often
conveyed in writing, speech,
television, or film. Moreover,
considering report as
administrative necessity, hence, most
official form of information or work
are completed via report. Note that
report is always written in a sequential
manner in order of occurrence.
 A key feature of report is that it is
formally structured in sections. Hence,
the use of sections makes it easy for
the reader to jump straight to the
information they need.
 Unlike an essay which is written in a
single narrative style from start to
finish, each section of a report has its
own purpose and will need to be
written in an appropriate style to suit–
for example, the methods and results
sections are mainly descriptive,
whereas the discussion section needs
to be analytical.
 Reports communicate information
which has been compiled as a result of
research and analysis of data and of
issues. Please note however that
reports can cover a wide range of
a topics, but usually focus on
transmitting information with a clear
purpose, to a specific audience. It this
sense, you can come up with your
an own definition of report as, “a
systematic, articulate, and orderly
presentation of research work in a
written form”.
 Good reports are documents that are
accurate, objective and complete.
They should also be well-written,
clearly structured and expressed in a
way that holds the reader's attention
and meets their expectations.
Remember, that you may be required
to write several different types of
 reports so it would be better for you
to understand them well.
 So, here are the most common types
of reports that you need to
understand, it is well that you get to
familiarize the different types of
reports so you know particularly when
and how to use them in the near
future that your teacher or your
college professor would require you to
write one.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPORT
[1] TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS disciplines
with an applied focus such as Engineering,
Information Technology, Commerce,
Accounting and Finance, will set report
writing assignments that simulate the process
of report writing in industry. Assignments are
set in the form of a problem or a case study.
The students research the problem, and
present the results of the research in a report
format.
 Technical writing is form of writing
technical communication or
documentation in science and
technology or applied science that
helps people understand a product or
service.
 The main purpose of technical writing
is to inform and to trigger the person
into action such as purchasing a
product or service.
 Its purpose may also be instruct
persuade, but never to entertain. The
content is factual and straightforward.
It is expressed in formal, standard or
academic language.
 The write-up uses a specialized
vocabulary and follows a set of rules
and conventions. It is also organized in
a sequential or systematic pattern.
Often, it is detail-oriented and require
advance knowledge in the specific
field.
 The tone of technical writing output is
objective and its audience is specific
uses language to evoke either an
emotional or intellectual response
from the audience or reader.
 Examples of technical writing are end
user documentation like user manuals
that accompany cellular phones,
personal computers.
[2] FIELD REPORTS are common in disciplines
such as Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology,
Nursing, History and Education. These types
of reports require the student to analyze his they help you to understand how
or her observations of phenomena or events theory applies to real world situations.
in the real world in light of  Field reports are also an opportunity
theories studied in the course. to obtain evidence through methods
 The purpose of a field report in the of observing professional practice that
social sciences is to describe the contribute to or challenge existing
observation of people, places, and/or theories.
events and to analyze that  We are all observers of people, their
observation data in order to identify interactions, places, and events;
and categorize common themes in however, your responsibility when
relation to the research problem writing a field report is to conduct
underpinning the study. research based on data generated by
 The content represents the the act of designing a specific study,
researcher's interpretation of meaning deliberate observation, synthesis of
found in data that has been gathered key findings, and interpretation of
during one or more observational their meaning.
events. [3] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS are another kind of
 Field reports are assigned with the report. They are common in all the Sciences
intention of improving your and Social Sciences. These reports use a
understanding of key theoretical standard scientific report format describing
concepts by applying methods of methods, results and conclusions to report
careful and structured observation of, upon an empirical investigation.
and reflection about, people, places,  The purpose of a science report is to
or phenomena existing in their natural clearly communicate your key
settings. message about why your scientific
 Field reports facilitate the findings are meaningful.
development of data collection  In order to do this, you need to
techniques and observation skills and explain why you are testing a
hypothesis, what methodology you
 used, what you found, and why your 5. Conclusion
findings are meaningful. This requires 6. Recommendation
a clear link between your introduction
and your analysis/discussion.
 The scope and style of reports varies
widely. It depends on three key
factors: the report's intended
audience, the report's purpose and
the type of information/subject to be
communicated.

Writing report is highly scary to neophytes in

the field of research. This feeling of
intimidation in preparing a research report is
widespread. Overcoming this fear entails
practice and application of certain
techniques. There are different parts of
research reports and it takes time to
familiarize oneself with the requirement of
each part. Hence it necessitates frequent
exposure to and practice on the techniques of
research report writing.

The different parts of the research report

include the following:
1. Introductory Phase
2. Review of Literature
3. Research Methodology
4. Body of the Report