divides things into groups, classes, or
EAPP
Language Used in Academic Texts
from various Disciplines
Academic Language - the language
demands of school (academics).
Academic Vocabulary - used in all academic
disciplines to teach about the content of
the discipline.
Academic Structures - the established ways
of organizing writing.
Text Structures – an internet organization
of a text. According to Meyer (1985), as
authors write a text to communicate an
idea, they will use a structure that goes
along with the idea.
Common Text Structures
Chronological Order
 It is also known as time order.
Sequence
 Steps described in the order they
occur.
Cause and Effect
 Shows how one or more causes led to
one or more effects.
Problem-Solution
 Presents a problem and shows how it
can be (has been solved).
Compare-Contrast
 Shows how two or more ideas or
items are similar or different.
Exemplification/Classification
 Exemplification paragraph develops a
general statement-the topic
sentence-with one or more specific
examples. A classification paragraph
categories.
Persuasion
 The text structure convinces readers
to agree to an amount a particular
topic.
Outlining Reading Texts
What is an outline?
 An outline is a map of an essay or a
blueprint.
 A document that briefly summarizes
the information that will be included
in a paper book, speech or similar
document.
 Shows the order in which the
information will be presented and
indicates the relationship of the
process of information to each other.
 Alphanumeric Outline- Most common
type of outline. A combination of
alphabets and numbers.
Format of Outline
 Roman Numerals (I,II,…)
 Capitalized Letters (A,B,…)
 Arabic Numerals (1,2,…)
 Lowercase Letters (a,b,…)
IMPORTANCE OF OUTLINE
 An outline allows a writer to
categorize the main points, to
organize the paragraphs into an order
that makes sense, and to make sure
that each paragraph/idea can be fully
developed.
Types of Outlines according to Structures
1. Topic Outline- Consists of a short
phrase.
2. Sentence Outline- Done in full
sentence.
Main Ideas
 The central or most important idea in
a paragraph or passage.
  May be stated or it may be implied.
 Most often found in the first
sentence of the paragraph.
 Stated in the first sentence of a
paragraph and then be repeated or
restated at the end of the paragraph.
What is a thesis statement?
 Explains to a reader the main idea of
the essay and the writer’s opinion on
that idea.
 It is often placed in the introductory
paragraph of an essay.
A thesis statement should
 Contain a topic
 Contain an opinion about the topic.
Stating the Thesis Statement of an
Academic Text
What is thesis statement?
 A thesis statement is a statement or
theory that is put forward as a
premise to be maintained or proved.
 It is a 1-2 sentence or about 30 to 40
words long.
 It is a road map that tells the reader
what to expect to the rest of the
paper.
Characteristics of an Effective Thesis
Statement
 A strong thesis usually contains
an element of uncertainty, risk,
or challenge.
 An effective thesis statement is
not just a statement of fact or
a description of a topic.
 A thesis statement should not
merely announce something or
state a fact.
 It is important that a thesis is
not too generated because the
writer will not have enough
space to cover every possible
aspect of the thesis statement.
Genres and Types of Thesis Statement
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY (making a claim)
 States the topic of your paper, your
position on the topic, and the reasons
you have for taking that position.
ANALYTICAL ESSAY
 Implies the breaking down of
something into parts, or the
discussion of something in a way that
it becomes a dissertion of the whole.
EXPOSITORY ESSAY
 Is a genre of essay that requires the
student to investigate an idea,
evaluate evidence, and set for an
argument concerning that idea in
clear and concise manner.
NARRATIVE ESSAY
 Telling a story. This essay is often
anecdotal, experimental, and
personal-allowing students to express
themselves in a creative and quite
often, moving ways.
Critical Approaches and Their Aspects
1. Formalism- Claims that literary works
contain intrinsic properties and treats each
work as a definite work of art.
 Determine the form, structure, and
literary devices used in the text.
 Don’t check the biographical, social
and historical background of the
author to unlock the meaning of the
text.
 Including character, figures of speech,
imagery, plot, point of view, setting,
and theme.
FORMALISM PROS
 Gives a better understanding of the
writer’s techniques in writing.
 Works best when applied to poetry
and short story.
 Emphasizes the value of the text
instead of its context.
  Can be done without much research
as structure is the only focus.
 Well-known approach.
FORMALISM CONS
 Not compatible with all types of text.
 Ignores other aspects such as
historical, psychological and gender
aspects.
 Similarity of conclusions because it is
only after of the form.
2. Feminism- It focuses on how literature
presents women as subjects of socio-
political, psychological, and economic
oppression.
 A belief that women universally face
some form of oppression or
exploition.
 A commitment to uncover and
understand what causes and sustains
oppression.
 A commitment to work individually
and collectively everyday life to end
all forms of oppression.
3.Reader-ResponseCriticism- It is
concerned with the reviewer’s reaction as
an audience of a work.
 Interaction between the reader and
the text in creating meaning.
 The impact of the reader’s delivery of
sounds and the visuals in enhancing
and changing meaning.
4. Marxist Criticism- It is concerned with
differences between economic classes and
implifications of a capitalist system, such as
the continuing conflicts between the
working class and the elite.
 Social class as represented in the
work
 Social class of the writer/creator
 Social class of the characters
MIL
Communication Process
 act of process of using words, sounds,
sign, or behaviors.
2 American Mathematician Who Created
The Models Of Communication
 Claude Shannon
 Warren Weaver
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
Transmitters---Channel---Receiver
Updated initial model:
source---encoder---channel---decoder---
receiver
source---encoder---channel(noise/
entropy)---decoder---receiver
Semiotic
 the study of signs and the process of
using them.
SIGNS= signifier/signified
Sign- Anything that conveys meaning
Signifier-Things that give meaning
(word/image)
Signified- What is evoked in the mind-
mental concept
Signal- an indicators given to another
person it could be a yes/no
3 TYPES OF SIGNS
 ICON- The meanings behind icon give
a connection to a person or to a
group of people.
 SYMBOLS- A symbol’s meaning is
personal at most. It can have an
abstract or metaphorical.
 CODE- A code is a more structured
and tangible way of conveying
messages semiotically.
 ICON- Signs where the signifier
resembles that
6 TYPES OF NON VERBAL
COMMUNICATION

 Kinesics- Use of body movement,
head movement, posture, eye
contact, and facial expression.
 Haptics- Using the sense of touch.
 Vocalic and Paralinguistic- Form of
an utterance, or voicing out an
expression, which can be
manipulated through the use of
volume and pitch.
 Proxemics- Use of distance between
the communication and the people
around them to convey messages and
meanings.
 Chronemics- Use of time to convey
meanings.
 Artifacts and Environment- It’s the
use of tangible things written or
without our reach.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 The use of speech, language,
vocalizations and the like to convey
messages.
2 TYPES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
REPRESENTATIONAL- Conveying factual
information and says it as it is.
PRESENTATIONAL- Information that is
influenced by beliefs, perspective, personal
bias, emotion, and culture.
COMMUNICATION- used to sway other
people into their way of thinking ideas,
facts, experiences, and the like as it is.
FUNCTION OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION-
to successfully convey information to the
other people.
Kenneth Burke- created Burke’s Pentad
5 IMPORTANT POINTS
 ACT- What happened?
 SCENE- Where did it happen?
 AGENT- Who did it?
 AGENCY- How was the act done?
 PURPOSE- Why did it happen?
 ATTITUDE- The intention or the
feeling of the agent towards the act
ERA’S IN EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
Pre Historic Age (Before 1700's)
 People discovered fire, developed
paper from plants, and forged
weapons and tools with stone,
bronze, copper, and iron.
Industrial Age(1700's-1930's)
 People used the power steam,
developed machine tools, established
iron production, and the
manufacturing of various products
including books through the printing
pres.
Electronic Age(1930's-1980's)
 The invention of transistor where in
the electronic age transistor radio,
electronic circuits and the early
computers.
Information Age(1900's-2000's)
 The internet paved a way for faster
communication and the creation of
the social network.
THE EVOLUTION OF
TRADITIONAL TO NEW
MEDIA
30,000 BC
- Earliest known rock carvings and cave
paintings appear in Europe
3,100 BC
- First formal writing systems are developed
in Sumer and Egypt, along with the use of
clay tablets.
2,300 BC
- Earliest known map is placed onto clay
tablets in Babylonia.
105 AD
- Paper making is invented in China.
1453
-Johannes Gutenberg prints the Bible using
his movable-type printing press.
1605
-First recognizable modern newspaper, the
“Relation” is printed in Germany.
1826
-Earliest surviving photograph is taken:
Photography is invented in France.
1835
-Samuel Morse invents Morse Code; first
public demonstration of its use is held in
Philadelphia.
1843
- The telegraph is invented.
1876
- Alexander Graham Bells invents first fully-
functioning telephone.
1877
-Thomas Edison invents phonograph.
1895
-Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio.
1927
-Philo Farnsworth patents first electric
transmission television.
1965
- First commonly-sold desktop, the
“Programa 101” is released.
1969
-ARPANET, a precursor of the internet.
1972
- Ray Tomlinson invents the electronic nail,
or E-mail.
1979
-Martin Cooper invents the first cellular
handheld phone.
1989
- Tim Berners- Lee- created the World Wide
Web.
1997
-Google, a web search engine is created in
the United States.
21st Century
- Web 2.0 is created.
Youtube
-2005
Information Literacy
 a set of abilities requiring individuals
to "recognize when information is
needed and have the ability to locate,
evaluate, and use effectively the
needed information."
The information literate person can:
 Identify. Understand the nature and
extent of the information needed.
 Find. Have the ability to find the
needed information effectively
among the variety of existing sources.
 Evaluate. Have the ability to evaluate
the information found and its sources
critically.
 Apply. Apply the information
effectively to accomplish a specific
purpose.
 Acknowledge. Acknowledge the
sources of information you use,
meaning the ethical, legal, and socio-
economic issues surrounding
information.
MEDIA
 Describe a channel of communication
 All channel of communication.
including everything from printed
paper to digital.
Types of Media
 Print Media- This type of media used
to be the only way to convey
information to the public. For the
generations of the 80s and 90s, print
media was the only medium of
 entertainment. In fact, they learned
everything from newspapers or
magazines: recipes, celebrity lives,
weather, business, politics, and more.
 Broadcast Media- Describe the
traditional media that include
television and radio.
 Film/Cinema- Is similar to a television
show as it offers a variety of themes
and genres. it can be about drama,
comedy, horror, action, animation, or
documentary.
 New Media- Product and services
provide information (Entertainment)
Mass Media
 Refer to channels of communication
that involve transmitting information
in some way, shape or form to large
number of people.
Media Effects
 Are the intended or unintended
consequences of what the mass
media does (Denis McQuail,2010)
MEDIA EFFECTS
 Third-party Theory- People they are
more immune to media influence
than others.
 Reciprocal Effect- When a person or
event gets media attention, it
influences the way the event
functions. Media coverage often
increases self-consciousness, which
affects our actions.
 Boomerang Effect- Refers to media-
induced change that is counter to the
desired change.
 Cultivation Theory (George
Gerbner)- Media exposure,
specifically to television, shapes our
social reality by giving us a distorted
view on the amount of violence and
risk in the world.
MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and
Classification Board)- the government
agency responsible for rating television
programs and films in the Philippines.
TELEVISION CLASSIFICATION RATINGS
 G
 PG
 SPG
MOVIE CLASSIFICATION RATINGS
 G- Viewers of all ages are admitted.
 PG- Viewers below 13 years old must
be accomplished by a parent or
supervising adult.
 R-13- Only viewers who are 13 years
old and above can be admitted.
 R-16- Only viewers who are 16 years
old and above can be admitted.
 R-18- Only viewers who are 18 years
old and above can be admitted.
 x- “x-rated” films are not suitable for
public exhibition.
What is PROPAGANDA?
 Ideas or statements that are often
false or exaggerated and that are
spread in order to help a cause, a
political leader, a government, etc.
The Essence of PROPAGANDA
 To create the perception that our
actions are always ethical and
honorable, while those of our
opponents are always unethical and
dishonorable.