READING AND WRITING SKILLS
MIDTERMS (1ST QUARTER)
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING
Reading is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to
derive meaning from a text there is always an interaction
between the text and the reader. This means that reading
and writing skills reinforce and strengthen each other. They
are both essential academic and life skills. Therefore, it is
correct to say that text becomes a connected discourse
when we read, for discourse is derived through the reader’s
interaction with the text.
The texts in the paragraphs or essays must be
comprehensive. This means that there must have a logical
arrangement of ideas or patterns of development. This
pattern helps sort out information and shape these
paragraphs or essays.
TEXT DISCOURSE
➢ Written form ➢ Written, verbal,
visual, audio form
➢ Non – interactive ➢ Interactive in
in nature nature
➢ Has no agent ➢ Has agent
NARRATION
This pattern aims to tell a story or anecdote that focused on
facts alone it must have the completeness of every
essential information.
DESCRIPTION
It aims to describe someone or something by giving the
visible characteristics and features of the topic.
DEFINITION
It aims to give the real or literal definition and explanation
of a topic without adding an opinion. It plainly tells the
nature, origin, and essence of the topic and other important
information about it.
EXEMPLIFICATION OR CLASSIFICATION
It aims to clarify a topic by giving more examples,
situations, classifications, and categories about the topic. It
presents clearer and more specific ideas about the topic
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
It aims to present the similarities and differences between
two ideas or concepts
DOCTOLERO, JAIDEE R.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
It aims to present what happened and why did something
happen. It explains the result and reasons about a certain
topic
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
It aims to present a specific and clear problem and possible
solutions to solve the problem. It may present decisions and
actions that must be taken to deal with the problem
PERSUASION
It aims to persuade or convince the readers to believe what
the author is saying, and to take action about the topic
PROPERTIES OF WELL WRITTEN TEXT
TEXT ORGANIZATION
It is the way text is organized that helps to guide the reader
logically through it. This property makes a text readable
and clear. In simpler words, it is the consistent development
and completeness of ideas in a text.
TEXT ORGANIZATION
Ideas are logically Knowledge of the parts of
and accurately a composition
Techniques to Achieve Text Organization
1.) Physical Format
It is an aspect of the organization that is
immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in
how the text physically appears like headings and
subheadings, bullet points, and font emphasis.
2.) Signal words
These are textual cues that readers can use to
follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from
one point to another, the ordering of events and
concepts, or the writer’s chosen type (e.g., linear
narration, question, and answer).
3.) Structure
provides the framework upon which the text is
organized. It consists of the following:
● Beginning: introduction, thesis statement,
hook
● Middle: supporting details
● End: conclusion, summary, final message
RAWS
READING AND WRITING SKILLS
MIDTERMS (1ST QUARTER) DOCTOLERO, JAIDEE R.

Important Features of an Organized Text

NOUN
1.) FOCUS
2.) DEVELOPMENT COHERENCE COHESION
3.) UNITY
ADJECTIVE
Formula for an Organized Text or Essay:
COHERENT COHESIVE
STTC:
S - single idea
T – topic sentence COHESION AND COHERENCE
T – technique (appropriate) - Has a central concept linking all the ideas in the
C - connectives text
- Ideas are presented in a logical manner
- The main point is clear and the text is easy to
LANGUAGE USE AND MECHANICS
follow and understand

Informal language is usually used in writing for EXAMPLE:

oneself or in writing to family, friends, and colleagues.
Formal language is used in writing academic,
business, and official texts.
When you write, you should also make sure that
the language you use is direct and simple rather than
complicated so that readers would easily understand the
text.
If your readers are the youth, then you should use words
that are familiar to young people.
LANGUAGE MECHANICS
- Capitalization
- Spelling
- Punctuation
MECHANICS IN ACADEMIC AND FORMAL TEXTS
1.) Always use standard English.
2.) Avoid contractions (e.g. shouldn’t)
3.) Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a
direct quotation.
4.) Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out
while numbers higher than ten should be written in
figures.
5.) Mention the full name before the abbreviation
COHERENCE AND COHESION
International Women’s Day is celebrated on the 8th of
March of every year. It began as a Socialist political event in
several western countries. Then other countries also
started celebrating the holiday just as a way to express
their love for women. Currently, the United Nations
observes the holiday to bring to light women's issues
around the world.
➢ Ideas are presented in a logical manner and
without veering away from the topic
COHESION WITHOUT COHERENCE
- A text with cohesion has a central concept that
holds all the ideas together
- Without coherence, there is no apparent logic in
the way these ideas are presented
- The writer appears to move on to another related
idea without proper transition from the previous
ideas
EXAMPLE:
Cubism is an avant-garde art movement that started in the
early 20th century in Europe. A famous Filipino artist cubist
painter is Vincente Manansala. He is a national artist of the
Philippines in visual arts. Did you know that visual arts have
different forms including architecture, video, and textile?
➢ the paragraph stays on the topic of art
➢ the way it was developed does not make any sense

COHERENCE WITHOUT COHESION

COHESION - A text with coherence has ideas that are logically
The connection of ideas to the center of a text sequenced in a way that is easy to follow
- No central concept links all these ideas together
COHERENCE
The relationship of ideas between sentences

RAWS
READING AND WRITING SKILLS
MIDTERMS (1ST QUARTER) DOCTOLERO, JAIDEE R.

EXAMPLE:
My favorite painting is “The Weeping Woman” by Pablo
Picasso, which is an intriguing painting that symbolizes
suffering. As a result, I love bright primary colors, so I wear
a lot of shocking yellows, blues, and reds. Also, as an
outgoing person, I enjoy performing in large crowds. In the
end, people should not judge an artist’s talent based on one
standard.

➢ connecting words in the text suggest a sequence

of ideas
➢ the writer jumps from one topic to another

KEY POINTS
★ A text with both cohesion and coherence is
logically sequenced and stays on topic
★ A text with cohesion but no coherence is difficult
to follow
★ A text with coherence but no cohesion has no
definite point

TYPES OF CLAIMS

The claims are a sentence that summarizes the most

important things that the writer wants to say as a result of
his/her thinking reading or writing.

TYPES OF CLAIMS
a.) Claim of Fact
- asserts that the condition has existed,
exists, or will exist.

b.) Claim of Value

- makes a judgment that expresses
approval or disapproval about something:
attempts to show that something is wrong
or right, moral/immoral, beautiful or ugly.
c.) Claim of Policy
- argues that something should or should
not be done, believed, banned; argues for
a course of action.

RAWS