UCSP

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics DOCTOLERO, Jaidee R.

4.) Government
INTRODUCTION TO UCSP
- It refers to the agency through which the
will of the state is formulated, expressed,
ANTHROPOLOGY and carried out.
- This study deals with all aspects of human beings
- Anthropos: “Man” NATION
- Logy: “Study” Refers to a group of people who feel bound into a single
body by shared culture, values, religion, or language.
SOCIOLOGY
- This study deals with human civilization.
STATE NATION
- From the Latin word, “socius” = “associate”
- Aguste Comte (Father of Sociology) Elements of a State: Elements of a Nation:
- A systematic study of groups and societies that ● People ● Language
people build and how these affect their behavior. ● Territory ● Ethnicity
● Government ● Religion
Areas of Sociology: ● Sovereignty
1.) Social Organization
Political concept Ethnic concept
2.) Population Studies
3.) Applied Sociology Territory is essential No permanent
4.) Social Psychology territory
5.) Sociological Theory and Research
6.) Human Ecology Sovereignty is Sovereignty is not
7.) Social Change essential for the essential for the
state nation

POLITICAL SCIENCE Inhabited by Inhabited by

- Systematic study of political and government heterogenous group homogenous group
institutions and processes. of people of people
- Politics: “Polis” (Greek word)
- Levy and regulate taxes, support education
programs, plan the economy, administer justice. CONCEPTS, ASPECTS, AND CHANGES OF CULTURE AND
SOCIETY

THE CONCEPT OF A STATE AND ITS ELEMENTS

A society cannot exist apart from culture. A society may
refer to a group of people that follows or shares the same
STATE
cultures. People, as members of society, possess, produce
A community of persons, occupying a definite portion of
and also transmit culture but they cannot consider
territory, having a government of their own to which render
themselves as culture.
obedience and enjoy freedom from external control.

Characteristics of Culture
Consists of:
★ Culture is social
1.) People
★ Culture varies from society to society.
- This refers to the mass population living
★ Culture is shared.
within the state
★ Culture is learned.
2.) Sovereignty
★ Culture is transmitted among members of society
- It refers to the supreme and absolute
★ Culture is continuous and cumulative.
power within its territorial boundaries.
★ Culture is dynamic.
3.) Territory
★ Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
- It includes the land to which the
jurisdiction of the state extends and the
body of water and the air space above it.
(Terrestial, Fluvial, Maritime, and Aerial)

UCSP
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Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND ETHNOCENTRISM
ETHNOCENTRISM
- Ethnocentrism is a belief that one's culture is
better than others
- They tend to compare, evaluate, and judge other
people's ways based on the values and standards
set in one's own culture.
- Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are
blinded from seeing things from another
perspective.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- Cultural Relativism is a belief that cultures are
equally complex. (No such thing as a superior or
inferior culture)
- Promotes greater appreciation of the cultures that
an individual might encounter along the way.
- A good way to rehearse the norms and values of a
society
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND
SOCIOPOLITICAL EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
- Gradual change in a specie over time.
- Process of development
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
It is any genetic change in a population that is inherited
over several generations.
Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
- First formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of
Species" in 1859.
CULTURAL EVOLUTION (SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION)
- The development of one or more cultures from
simpler to more complex forms.
- Happens as a result of human adaptation to
different factors like climatic changes and
population increase.
NATURAL SELECTION
- It is the outcome of a process that affects the
frequencies of traits (that enhance survival and
reproductive success increase in frequency over
time.) in a particular environment.
DOCTOLERO, Jaidee R.
PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION
1.) Every species is made up of a variety of individuals
wherein some are better adapted to their
environment compared to others.
2.) Organisms produce progeny with different sets of
traits that can be inherited.
3.) Organisms that have most suitable to their
environment will survive and transfer these
variations to their offspring in subsequent
generations.
GENUS HOMO
HOMO HABILIS (Handy Man)
- One of the earliest members of the genus Homo.
- Ape-like features.
- They represent the first maker of stone tools.
HOMO ERECTUS (Upright Man)
- Associated with the earliest handaxes (the first
major innovation in stone tool technology)
- Early fossils discoveries from Java and China.
HOMO SAPIENS (Wise Man/Modern Humans)
- One of several species grouped into the genus
Homo, but it is the only one that is not extinct.
- They gathered and hunted food, and evolved
behaviors that helped them respond to the
challenges of survival in an unstable environment.
Subspecies of Homo Sapiens
1.) Homo Neanderthals
- “Cousin” of Homo Sapiens.
- Made and used tools, controlled fire, lived
in shelters, made and wore clothing, were
skilled hunters of large animals and ate
plant foods, and made symbolic or
ornamental objects.
2.) Homo Sapiens Sapiens
- Subspecies of Homo Sapiens to which
modern human beings belong and the
only extant species of the Homo genus.
UCSP
UCSP
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics DOCTOLERO, Jaidee R.

HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION

“Human has no contentment.”

Stages of Human Cultural Evolution

1.) Paleolithic Period (Stone Age)
- Derived from the Greek word, Palaios =
Old, and Lithos, = Stone by John Lubbock
in 1865
- Also known as "Old Stone Age“
- Happened 2.5 million years ago
2.) Neolithic Period (New Stone Age)
- Neo = new, Lithos = stone
- First Agricultural Revolution
- Hunting and gathering agriculture
- Settlement kind of society which led to
population increase.
3.) Age of Metal
- The Copper Age, the Bronze Age, and the
Iron Age
- Copper was the first known metal (used to
make ornaments)
- Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it
is harder and stronger than copper.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
- Driven by the use of technology and machinery to
enable mass production, supporting a large
population with a high capacity for the division of
labor.

POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
- A stage of society's development when the service
sector generates more wealth than the
manufacturing sector of the economy.

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