Prelim Reviewer UCSP

Prelim Reviewer UCSP human evolution, adaptation and variations
over time.
5. Archaeology - It deals with the prehistoric
INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND societies by studying their tools and
POLITICS environment.
Identity Sociology - Defined by Anthony Giddens as “the

- is the distinctive characteristic that defines study of human social life, groups, and society”.
an individual or is shared by those
belonging to a particular group. An academic discipline that attempts to provide a
- it can change over the course of a person’s deeper assessment of individual and group
lifetime. behavior, as well as social phenomena, by
examining the interplay between economic,
Social, Cultural, Political Change political, and social factors.
- Rapidly advancing technology has profound
implications for sociocultural and political Prominent People in Sociology
change Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max
- the phenomenon of international migration Weber, August Comte
also changed Filipino identities and beliefs
- OFWs are regarded as “modern day heroes Political Science - The systematic study of politics,
- Transnational families are those Filipino which Andrew Heywood describes as, “the activity
families living in different parts of the world through which people make, preserve, and amend
the general rules under which they live”.
Anthropology, Sociology, Political Science
Focuses on the fundamental values of equality,
Anthropology - the systematic study of the freedom and justice and its processes are linked
biological, social and cultural aspects of a man. the dynamic of conflict, resolution, and cooperation.
Prominent People in Political Science
Prominent People in Anthropology Aristotle, Plato, Aaron de Montesquieu, Niccolo
Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clifford Geertz, Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rosseau, Thomas
Bronislaw Malinowski, Edward Burnett Taylor, Hobbes, John Locke
Margaret Mead
Areas of Interest in Political Science
Areas of Interests in Anthropology
1. Public Administration - It examines how the
1. Social Anthropology - social patterns, government functions and how decisions
practices and cultural variations develop and policies are made.
across different societies. 2. Political Economy - It evaluates the interplay
2. Cultural Anthropology - cultural variations between economics, politics and law and its
across societies and examines the need to implications to the various instructions
understand each culture in its own context within society.
3. Linguistic Anthropology - Studies language 3. Comparative Politics - It compares domestic
and discourse and how they reflect and politics and governance systems across
shape different aspects of human society different sovereign states.
and culture.
4. Biological/Physical Anthropology - Studies
the origin of humans as well as the interplay
between social factors and the processes of
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND Three Types of Norms
POLITICS ● Folkways - Are norms that may be violated
without serious consequences.
Society - A group of individuals sharing a common ● Mores - Are norms with moral connotation.
culture, geographical location and government. ● Laws - Are norms that are legally enacted
and enforced.
Elements of Society
Socialization - Lifelong process forging identity
● Social Solidarity through social interaction
● Shared identity and culture
● Common language Enculturation - Individual learns or acquires the
● Large population and the ability to sustain important aspects of his/her society’s culture.
future generations
● Definitie geographical area How People View Different Cultures
● Political, social, and economic organization
Five Major Types of Societies 1. Ethnocentrism - It diminishes or invalidates
● Hunting and gathering “other” ways of life and creates a distorted
● Horticultural and Pastoral view of one’s own.
● Agricultural 2. Xenocentrism - It considers that their culture
● Industrial is inferior to others.
● Post-industrialist 3. Cultural Relativsm - It recognizes and
Culture - One of the important bases that define accepts the cultural differences between
and influence a society. societies.
Refers to the set of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, Different Perspectives of Culture in Sociology
knowledge, history and shared experiences,
attitudes as well as material objects and Structural Functionalism
possessions, accumulated over time and shared by The assumption that society is stable and orderly
members of society. system.
Two primary categories of culture: It considers culture as a glue that binds society
Material and Non-material together, leading to social order.
Four Vital Cultural Components Conflict Theory

Assumes that there’s constant power struggle
1. Symbols - Refer to things that convey among various social groups and institutions within
meaning or represent an idea. society.
2. Language - Is a set of symbols that enables
members of society to communicate Study the culture of “dominant classes”
verbally and non verbally.
3. Values - Are shared ideas, norms, and Symbolic Interactionism
principles that provide members of society Views individual and group behavior and social
the standards that pertain to what is right or interactions as defining features of society.
wrong, good or bad, desirable or
undesirable. Believes that culture provides shared meanings to
4. Norms - Are shared rules of conduct that the members of society.
determine specific behavior among society
members.
● Tribes
Multiculturalism
An ideology that acknowledges and promotes A formal social organization made up of
cultural diversity several bands and groups that were connected
through a clan structure or kinship.
Entails the establishment of political groups and
institutions comprised of the people from diverse The leader of the tribe or headman was a more
culture. formal or established leader.
Cultural Sensitivity The growth of tribes allowed them to

Advances awareness and acceptance of cultural increasingly interact with one another, leading to
differences but encourages a critical stance in the establishment of a new social organization,
dealing with issues regarding diversity. the chiefdom.
It advocates a respectful view of the uniqueness Industrial Revolution

and distinctness of other cultures, and encourages
individuals to guard against ethnocentric and As societies evolved, social and political
xenocentric views. institutions developed along with the ideas of
law, political leadership, governance and
citizenship.
LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION This event introduced significant social, cultural
and political changes in the lives of the people
Biological Evolution - It refers to the process in Europe.
whereby organisms undergo various genetic and
physical changes for biological diversity.(Charles
Darwin) Effects of Industrial Revolution
● Increased migration
Biocultural Evolution - The mutual interactive ● Growth of urban populations
evolution of human biology and culture. ● Changes in lifestyle
● Increased production
It focuses on the idea that “biology makes ● Technological advancement
culture possible and that developing culture ● Rise of the middle class
further influences the direction of biological
evolution “ Laissez Faire
The Evolution of Political and Social Institutions Economy works better if the government doesn’t
interfere with the market and allowed to set freely
● Band-level Societies prices on goods and services.(Adam Smith)
Hunting and gathering societies assigned the task Theories on Society and State
of hunting to men, while women were employed
in gathering. Society as a Natural Institution
The earliest societies were comprised of the Ancient Greeks believed that society and its various
hunters and gatherers, and were referred to as institutions are a natural product of man’s
band-level societies, or simply bands. interactions.
Aristotle believed that human beings are social and Self-identity - It is the establishment of a unique
political animals. sense of identity and an awareness of how it
relates to their society and the world.
Society as a Product of Social Contract
Enculturation - It is the process of being socialized
An agreement made by the members of society into a specific culture.
that defines and influences their interactions,
particularly those in authority. Agents of Socialization and Enculturation
Modernization Theory Family - The primary agent of socialization of an

individual upon birth throughout infancy, and up to
● Historical-Materialist Perspective - It asserts childhood.
that societies evolve in stages in relation to
the development of the means of the School - Schools have a critical and active role in
production and its ownership. (Karl Marx, socialization, as their various academic and social
Friedrich Engels) activities mold students’ beliefs, attitudes, and
values.Schools have a critical and active role in
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY socialization, as their various academic and social
activities mold students’ beliefs, attitudes, and
Socialization - It is the lifelong process of social values.
interaction through which people acquire their
identities and necessary survival skills in society. Peer groups - They reinforce acceptable behaviors
introduced by family and school, but allows a
Political Socialization - It is a process which certain degree of independence from family and
enables the development of citizens to function certain figures of authority.
effectively within a particular political system.
Mass Media - Mass media is a powerful agent of
Significant Aspects of Socialization socialization which is widely used by many
institutions which includes various forms of
1. Social Context - It refers to the particular communications such as books, magazines,
circumstances of a society which consists of newspapers, other print materials, radio, television
its culture, language, and social structures and movies,.
that define social classes, ethnicity, and
gender. Religion and State - Religion exerts a great
2. Content - It refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, influence on the views of a person, legitimizes
and other information that are passed on by accepted social practices, provides stability to
members of society to the individual. society, and can be a source of social change. The
3. Process - It refers to the methods of state makes laws and regulations that reinforces
interaction that enable the content to be appropriate behaviors, values and attitudes of
given to the person undergoing citizens.
socialization.
4. Results - The outcomes of socialization, and Major Historical and Social Events - Major historical
are evident when individuals begin to and social events often cause transformation in the
practice the behaviors, attitudes, and values values, attitudes, and views that define societies,
that society considers necessary for them to leading to further changes in the behavior and
function effectively as its members. traditions of societies.
Conformity - The process of altering one’s thoughts Aggregates - Aggregates are a mere collection of
and actions to adapt to the accepted behavior people within a particular place and time. They do
within his or her group or society. not necessarily influence our social actions as there
might be no direct interaction and interdependence
Deviance - It is described as a behavior that elicits with the people composing it.
a strong negative reaction from group members
and involves actions that violate common social Primary groups - A primary group is a small,
norms. intimate, and less-specialized group whose
members engage in face-to-face and
Conflict Theory on Deviance - reflection of society’s emotion-based interactions over an extended
inequality results in deviant behavior period of time.
Structural Strain Theory on Deviance - tensions Secondary group - Secondary groups are larger,
and strains between socially-approved goals and less intimate, and more specialized groups where
an individual’s ability to meet them will lead to members engage in an impersonal and
deviant behavior objective-oriented relationship. The level of
interaction and interdependence is not that deep
Social Control and significant.
Formal sanction - Provided for by laws and other Self-categorization theory - Self-categorization
regulations in society. Laws are formally designated theory proposes that people’s appreciation of their
to address certain deviant behaviors as crimes, and group membership is influenced by their perception
prescribe sanctions for such acts. towards people who are not members of their
groups.
Informal sanction - Most commonly imposed by
smaller societies, communities or groups. There In-group - An in-group is a group in which one
are no set laws or regulations that define the nature belongs and with which one feels a sense of
of sanctions. identity.
Human rights - It refers to the legal, social and Out-group - A group to which one does not belong
ethical principles that consider the human person and to which they may have a sense of
as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of competitiveness or hostility.
their human dignity.
Reference group - A group to which an individual
Characteristics of human rights: Universal, compares himself. It influences an individual’s
Absolute, Indivisible, Fundamental behaviors and attitudes.
HOW A SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED Network - A network refers to the interconnections,

ties, and linkages between people, their groups,
Social group - A social group is a collection of and the larger social institutions to which they
individuals who have relations with one another and belong to
make them interdependent to some significant .
degree. ---
Interdependence - Interdependence is a necessary GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!

condition that exists within social groups because it CHEATING ARE FOR LOSERS :)
is what enables its members to pursue shared
goals or promote common values and principles.

Prelim Reviewer UCSP

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Prelim Reviewer UCSP

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Prelim Reviewer UCSP human evolution, adaptation and variations

Identity Sociology - Defined by Anthony Giddens as “the

Four Vital Cultural Components Conflict Theory

Cultural Sensitivity The growth of tribes allowed them to

It advocates a respectful view of the uniqueness Industrial Revolution

Modernization Theory Family - The primary agent of socialization of an

HOW A SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED Network - A network refers to the interconnections,

Interdependence - Interdependence is a necessary GOOD LUCK!!!!!!!

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