UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY
AND POLITICS REVIEWER
MODULE 1
Understanding ourselves as a member of society where it
specialized fields :
• Anthropology = culture
• Sociology = society
• Political science = politics
Society and culture are both a study about human behaior
and the different factors that affect social relations.
ANTHROPOLOGY
- Started as a science during European countries
colonized where people believed to be savages and
barbaric
- The study of non-European people by european people
(onwards)
- During their colonial encounter , Europeans started to
make a written records about non-europeans
- Focus in kinship, language, race, religion, cultural
perceptions
Franz boas – father of modern American anthropology
- “He stated that each society is considered as
having a unique form of culture that cannot be
understood under an overall definition of general
culture”
-study of people and their culture
- uses ethnography -required to live with their subject of a
study for a long period of time in order to make their
writing more reliable and credible
Subject of inquiry
- Biological anthropology study of human origins.
(genetics, race, evolutions, fossils primates)
- Cultural anthropology study of living people
(religion, social system, language, clothing , foods)
- Linguistics study of language , evolution, other
language
- Archeology study of dead culture
Goals of anthropology
- See the commonalities among people (tradition,
kinship)
- Making know the similarities to understand more
about human nature
- Understand what makes people different from
others to preserve diversity.
- Look at one’s own culture more objectively
- Produce new knowledge and theories about man
kind
Cultural Anthropology
• Also known as Social Anthropology
• Deals with the description and comparison of
• adaptations made by the human groups.
TYPES OF CULTURE
a. Abstract Culture - mannerisms
b. Material Culture - material
SUBFIELD OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
a. Ethnography - descriptive study of culture.
b. Ethnology - comparative study of culture.
2. Archaeology
• Systematic study of the remains of previous
cultures.
• It focuses on culture — culture of the people we
cannot interview.
3. Linguistic
• Study of language; how language is formed.
SOCIOLOGY
-Is the branch of social science which deals with the
study of society and social interaction.
- Sociology emerged as an academic field right of
Industrial Revolution in Europe. These era had
brought great changes in the way people live in a
society.
- the study of European society by European people
(inward)
- During that time, emerging institutions arose and
replaced the old ones such as how science was
taking over religion, when the reign of kings and
queens fell down, and when the era of feudalism
had ended. People saw the importance of studying
these emerging institutions and how they started
and what impact they could make to an individual
and the new society in general.
Auguste Comte
- Coined the word sociology; considered as the
Father of Sociology.
He believed that scientific methods used in physical
sciences could be used for the systematic study of
social life.
- His philosophy is that: behavior and events could
be observed and measured scientifically.
- Sociology is the study of society, patterns of
social interactions, and culture of everyday life. –
- Unlike anthropology, the knowledge created by
sociology is used to understand one’s own society.
- Sociologists use qualitative research method in
doing their studies
 Subject of inquiry
- Anything a society that influences people’s
lives can be subjects of inquiry, like different
social phenomena, issues, and problems.
- Sociologists can also look into things that
influence life like family background,
socioeconomic status, ethnicity, social classes,
religion, gender, beliefs, traditions, norms,
among others. Some fields are social
organization, social psychology, applied
sociology, and human ecology.
Goals of Sociology
- Obtain possible theories and principles about
society as well as various aspects of social
life.
- Study the nature of humanity to further
examine our roles within a society
- Appreciate that all things in society are
interdependent.
- -Expose our minds to different perspectives in
attaining truth.
AREA OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Social Organization
• Study groups of social institutions.
2. Social Psychology
• Takes on human behavior as the result of group
life, personality formation, social attitude, and
collective behavior.
3. Social Change
• Deals with the study of change in the society and
culture and factors resulting in change.
4. Human Ecology
• Studies the behavior of the given human population
and its relationship to present institutions.
• Population
• Concerns population size, composition, etc. and how
they influence the economic, political, and social
system.
6. Social Theory and Method
• Concern with the application of results of
sociological studies to solve various human
problems POLITICS
• An academic discipline that deals with the study of
government and political processes, institutions,
and behaviors.
- POLITICS is a part of government
Fire department, military, school constitution, legal
rights, and house rules are example of related to
political science
- Started by the ancient greeks
- Aristotle book “ politics” stated that man is a
political animal. Means that its nature to live in a
society and have a power over another
- - systemic study of government , politics, and
political power.
- Who get what, when, where and how
Subject of inquiry
- political theory, philosopy and different
political ideologies
- public management
- human rights
- international relations and foreign policies
Goals of political science
- Make people a better citizens.
- Keep social order and harmony among different
group of people.
- Protect the rights of an individual
. - Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.
KEY CONCEPTS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1. Power
• Ability or right to control people or things.
• Political control of a country or area.
2. Influence
• One party’s desires affect the behavior
of another party.
• It can take place without the threat of
sanctions or use of force.
3. Authority
• Right to exercise power and influence of a
given position.
4. Legitimacy
• Means having widespread approval
• de jure – by law; de facto – by fact.
5. Linkage
• Emphasis on the connection between one
political unit and another.
• One nation may force the desired decision
on another.
MODULE 2
IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY
Status
• It refers to a person’s ranking associated
with wealth, influence, and prestige in society.
• Part of a person’s social identity and defines
his/her relationship to others.
a. Ascribed Status
• A social position where a person receives at
birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
b. Achieved Status
• A social position where a person takes on
voluntarily or worked in life.
 Roles - evaluation of morality and ethical soundness of cultural
• A set of expectations for people who occupy a practices.
given social position or status. - the ability to see the holistic point of view of that
culture.
• These expectations define the behavior of
people viewed as appropriate and inappropriate
for the occupant of the status.
> Status Set - multiple status
> Master Status - status you want to be identified as
> Role Set - multiple role
Culture
• The way of life of a group of people.
• Includes common practices of a society, its
shared understanding, and its social
organization.
a. Material Culture - physical subjects that
people create.
b. Non-Material Culture - abstract human
creation.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
a. Symbol - anything that stands for something
else; symbolism.
b. Language - organization of written or spoken
symbols to a standardized system.
c. Values - shared belief of what is good or bad.
d. Norms - shared rules of conduct that tell
people how to act on a specific situation. Norms are
expectations for behavior, not the actual behavior.
I.Folkways
• Customary ways or habitual ways and patterns
of behaviors which are followed without much
thought.
• Accumulated and repetitive patterns of
expected behavior.
II. Mores
• Society’s code of ethics and standard of
morality.
• Dictates of reasons that distinguish human
acts as right or wrong, good or bad.

1. Ethnocentrism
• Tendency of some groups to think and feel of
their own culture as superior to others.
• Patriotism; nationalism (positive)
• Imperialism; colonialism (negative)
• Chauvinism — exaggerated patriotism
Cultural Relativism
• The ability to understand a culture on its own
terms and not to make judgements using the
standard of one’s culture.
IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL RELATVISM
- Space for verification and validation of beliefs, traditions and
practices.
Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa
Wika at Kulturang Pilipino REVIEWER
Konseptong Pangwika 2. Sosyolek
Wika - isang sistema ng komunikasyon sa pagitan ng mga tao • nabubuo batay sa dimensyong sosyal
sa pamamagitan ng mga pasulat o pasalitang simbolo • tinatawag ding sosyal na barayti ng wika
Ponema - pinakamaliit na yunit ng makabuluhang tunog • maaaring may okupasyonal na rehistro ito
Ponolohiya - makaagham na pag-aaral ng mga ponema
• nilikha at ginagamit ng isang pangkat
Morpema - makabuluhang pagsasama ng tunog/maliit na Register
yunit ng salita
• estilo ng pananalita
Morpolohiya - makaagham na pag-aaral ng mga morpema o
pagbuo ng salita • mga salita na may iba't ibang kahulugan
Sintaksis - makaagham na pag-aaral ng mga morpema o 3. Idyolek
pagbuo ng mga pangungusap • natatangi at espisipikong paraan ng pagsasalita ng
Diskurso - makahulugang palitan ng mga pangungusap isang tao
Konsepto - ideya, kaalaman, pananaw • personal na dayalek ng isang tao na nagiging marka
Register - estilo ng pananalita niya
Barayti -pagkakaiba-iba Karagdagang Kaalaman sa Konseptong Pangwika
Homogenous - isa lang ang gamit na wika • Heterogenous
Heterogenous - iba-iba ang gamit na wika • pagkakaiba-iba ng uri at katangian ng wika
Wikang Filipino - konglomerasyon/katipunan ng lahat ng • Homogenous
lenggwahe • pagkakaroon ng isang anyo at katangian ng wika
Kahulugan ng Wika • may kaugnayan sa paggamit ng isang partikular na
• Henry Gleason - masistemang balangkas ng wika
sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at isinasaayos sa Mga Antas ng Wika
paraang arbitraryo upang magamit ng mga taong Pormal
kabilang sa isang kultura
• salitang istandard dahil ito ay kinikilala,
• Bernales et. al - proseso ng pagpapadala at tinatanggap at ginagamit na higit na nakararami.
pagtanggap ng mensahe sa pamamagitan ng 2 Uri ng Pormal na Wika
simbolikong cues na maaring berbal o di-berbal 1. Pambansa
• Dr. zeus Salazar – ang • ginagamit sa mga aklat pangwika,
Katangian ng Wika pampamahalaan, at paaralan.
• masistemang balangkas 2. Pampanitikan
• sinasalitang tunog • ginagamit ng mga manunulat sa kanilang
• pinipili at isinasaayos mga akda (matatayog, masining, at
• patuloy na ginagamit ginagamitan ng Idyoma)
• nakabatay sa kultura Impormal
• arbitraryo(napagkasunduan gamitin) • mga salitang karaniwan at madalas gamitin
• nagbabago sa pakikipag-usap sa mga kaibigan o
kakilala
• highly agglutinative
3 Uri ng Impormal na Wika
• verbalizing power 1. Lalawiganin
Kahalagahan ng Wika • ginagamit sa partikular na pook o lalawigan
• instrumento sa komunikasyon 2. Kolokyal
• sa pagpapanatili, pagpapayabong, at pagpapalaganap • pagpapaikli ng mga salita o parirala
ng kultura ng bawat grupo 3. Balbal
• malaya at may soberanya • nililikha ng grupo ng tao upang maging wika nila
• tagapag-ingat at tagapagpalaganap ng mga at lamang ang nakakaunawa
karunungan at kaalaman • karamihan nito ay salitang kanto
• lingua franca • nagbabago
Barayti ng Wika Konseptong Pangwika
1. Dayalek/Diyalekto 1. Wikang Pambansa
• nalilikha ng dimensyong heograpiko • Filipino ang pambansang wika ng Pilipinas at may
• tinatawag ding wikain konstitusyonal na batayan ang pagiging
• ginagamit ng tao ayon sa partikular na rehiyon o pambansang wika ng Filipino. “Ang wikang
lalawigan na tinitirhan pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang
 nililinang, ito ay dapat payabungin at payamanin
pa salig sa umiiral na wika sa Pilipinas at iba
pang mga wika.” (Artikulo XIV, Seksyon 6 ng
Konstitusyon ng 1987)
2. Wikang Opisyal
• Ang mga wikang opisyal ng Pilipinas ay Filipino, at
hanggat walang ibang itinadhana ang batas, Ingles.
(Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 7)
3. Wikang Panturo
• paggamit ng Filipino bilang midyum ng opisyal na
komunikasyon at bilang wika ng pagtuturo sa
sistemang pang-edukasyon. (Konstitusyon ng 1987
Artikulo XIV, Seksiyon 6)
Bilingguwalismo at Multilingguwalismo
1. Bilingguwalismo
• Tumutukoy ito sa kakayahan ng isang taong
makapagsalita at makaunawa ng dalawang wika.
2. Multilingguwalismo
• Tumutukoy sa kakayahan ng isang indibidwal na
makapagsalita at makaunawa ng iba’t ibang wika.
Bilingual Education Policy (BEP)
• gabay kung paano magkahiwalay na gagamitin ang
Filipino at Ingles bilang wikang panturo
Mga Layunin ng BEP
1. Mapataas ang pagkatuto sa dalawang wika.
2. Maipalaganap ang wikang Filipino bilang wika ng
literasi.
3. Mapaunlad ang Filipino bilang simbolo ng
pambansang identidad at pagkakaisa.
4. Malinang ang elaborasyon at intelektuwalisasyon
ng Filipino bilang wika ng akademikong diskurso.
5. Mapanatili ang Ingles bilang internasyonal na wika
ng Pilipinas at bilang wika ng siyensya at
teknolohiya.
Mother Tongue Based- Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE):
1. Matatag na edukasyon at habambuhay na
pagkatuto.
2. Kognitibong pag-unlad na may pokus sa higher
order thinking skills.
3. Akademikong pag-unlad na maghahanda sa mga
mag-aaral na paghusayin ang kaalaman sa iba’t
ibang larang ng pagkatuto.
4. Pag-unlad ng kamalayang sosyo-kultural na
magpapayabong sa pagpapahalaga at pagmamalaki
ng mag-aaral sa kanyang pinagmulang kultura at
wika.
Wikang Katutubo (Unang Wika o Mother Tongue)
• wikang natutuhan at ginagamit ng isang tao mula
pagkapanganak
Ikalawang Wika
• wikang natutuhan at ginagamit ng isang tao maliban
sa kaniyang unang wika.
• hindi taal o katutubong wika para sa tagapagsalita
ngunit isang wikang ginagamit din sa lokalidad ng
taong nagsasalita.
Tandaan ☝️:
Iba ang ikalawang wika sa dayuhan o banyagang wika
sapagkat ang dayuhang wika ay tumutukoy sa isang wikang
inaral lamang ngunit hindi ginagamit o sinasalita sa lokalidad
ng taong nag-aral nito. (English is an exemption)
Lingguwistikong komunidad
• Terminong sosyolingguwistiks na tumutukoy sa
isang grupo ng mga taong gumagamit ng iisang uri
ng barayti ng wika at nagkakaunawaan sa mga
ispesipikong patakaran o mga alituntunin sa
paggamit ng wika.
Gamit ng Wika sa Lipunan
1. Instrumental
• tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan
• Pasalita - pakikitungo, pangangalakal, pag-uutos
• Pasulat - liham pangangalakal
2. Regulatori
• Kumokontrol o gumagabay sa kilos at asal ng iba
• Pasalita - pakikitungo, pangangalakal, pag-uutos
• Pasulat - liham pangangalakal
3. Interaksiyonal
• Nagpapanatili, nakapagtatag ng relasyong sosyal
• Pasalita - pangungumusta, pag-anyayang kumain,
pagpapatuloy sa bahay, pagpapalitan ng biro at
marami pang iba
• Pasulat - liham pangkaibigan
4. Personal
• Nagpapahayag ng sariling damdamin o opinyon
• Pasalita - pormal/di-pormal na talakayan,
debate/pagtatalo
• Pasulat - editoryal/pangulong-tudling, liham sa
patnugot, pagsulat ng suring-basa, suring-
pelikula o anumang dulang pantanghalan
5. Heuristiko
• Naghahanap ng mga impormasyon o datos
• Pasalita - pagtatanong, pananaliksik, at
pakikipanayam
• Pasulat - mga anunsiyo, patalastas, at paalala
6. Representatibo/Impormatibo
• Nagpapahayag ng komunikasyon sa pamamagitan ng
mga simbolo o sagisag
• Nagpapaliwanag ng datos o impormasyon
• Pasalita - pagpapahayag ng hinuha o pahiwatig
• Pasulat - mga anunsiyo, patalastas at paalala
7. Imahinatibo
• Pagiging malikhain ng tao ay tungkuling
nagagampanan niya sa wika
• Pasalita - pagbigkas ng tula
• Pasulat - pagsulat ng akdang pampanitikan
Cohesive Device o Kohesiyong Gramatikal
1. Reperensiya
• Paggamit ng mga salitang maaring tumukoy o maging
reperensiya ng paksang pinag-uusapan sa
pangungusap
1. Anapora - nasa unahan ang pangngalan
2. Katapora - nasa katapusan ang pangngalan
2. Substitusyon
• Paggamit ng ibang salitang ipapalit sa halip na
muling ulitin ang salita
3. Elipsis
• May binabawas na bahagi ng pangungusap
4. Pang-ugnay
• Higit na nauunawaan ng mambabasa ang relasyon ng
mga pinag-ugnay na salita, parilala, at sugnay
1. Pangatnig - at, ngunit, subalit, datapwat, pati, upang,
pag/kapag, palibhasa, dahil sa
2. Pang-angkop - na, ng, g
3. Pang-ukol - sa, para sa/kay, ayon sa/kay, tungkol
sa/kay
5. Kohesiyong Leksikal
• Mabisang salita na ginagamit sa teksto upang
magkaroon ito ng kohesyon
a. Reiterasyon - naulit nang ilang beses. Maaring uriin sa
3:
1. Pag-uulit o Repetisyon
2. Pag-iisa-isa
3. Pagbibigay-kahulugan
b. Kolokasyon - iba pang kahulugan
Timeline ng Wikang Pambansa
1935
• Pebrero 8, ang bagong wika ay ibinatay sa mga
kasalukuyang wikang mayroon sa ating bansa
1936
• Oktubre 27, nilikha ang Surian ng Wikang Pambansa,
gagawa ng pag-aaral sa wikang katutubo.
• Nob 13, pinagtibay ang batas komonwelt blg. 184 na
lumikha ng Surian ng Wikang Pambansa at itinakda ang
kapangyarihan nito.
1937
• Enero 12, paghirang ni Pang. Quezon ang mga kagawad
ng surian ng wikang pambansa.
• Nob 9, pinagtibay ang tagalog bilang saligan ng wikang
pambansa.
• Nob 13, unang pambansang asemblea ang
siyang bumuo sa institusyon ng wikang pambansa.
• Dec 30, ang wikang pambansa ay ibabatay
sa tagalog sa Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 134 ni
Pang. Quezon
1940
• Abril 1, paglimbag ng isang balarila at isang diksyunaryo
sa Wikang Pambansa.
• Hunyo 7, batas komonwelt blg. 570, mula sa Hulyo 4,
1946, ang wikang pambansa ay isa sa mga opisyal na
wika ng bansa. Sa panahon din na ito ginamit
ang ABAKADA mula kay Lope K. Santos. Ito ay binubuo
ng 20 na titik.
1954
• Marso 26, ipinag-utos ni Pangulong
Magsaysay ang taunang pagdiriwang ng Linggo ng
Wikang pambansa.
1959
• Agosto 12, Tinawag na Pilipino ang Wikang Pambansa na
nilagdaan ni Kalihim Jose Romero ng Kagawaran ng
Edukasyon ang Kautusan Blg. 7
1967
• Oktubre 24, nilagdaan ni Pang. Marcos na ang lahat ng
mga gusali at tanggapan ng pamahalaan ay ipangalan
sa Pilipino
1968
• Marso, ipinag-utos ni Rafael Salas, Kalihim
Tagapagpaganap na ang lahat ng pamunuan ng liham ng
mga kagawaran at mga sangay nito ay maisulat sa
Pilipino.
1969
• Agosto 7, panawagan ni Ernesto Maceda sa mga pinuno
at empleyado ng pamahalaan na dumalo sa mga seminar
sa Pilipino na idinaraos ng Surian ng Wikang
Pambansa upang maipalaganap ang wikang Pambansa
1970
• Agosto 17, pagpapalabas ni Alejandro
Melchor ng Memorandum Sirkular blg.
384. Nagtalaga ng mga tauhan upang mamahala ng
lahat ng komunikasyon sa Pilipino
1971
• Marso 4, Pinalabas ni Alejandro
Melchor ang Memo.Sirkular blg. 443 na lahat ng
tanggapan ng pamahalaan na nagdaos ng palatuntunan
para sa kapanganakan ni Balagtas.
• Marso 16, nilagdaan ni Pang. Marcos ang Kautusang
Tagapagpaganap blg. 304, nililiwanag ang
kapangyarihan at tungkulin ng Surian ng Wikang
Pambansa.
• Hulyo 29, Memo. Sirkular blg. 488, lahat ng tanggapan
ng pamahalaan na magdaos ng palatuntunan sa
pagdiriwang ng Wikang Pambansa - Agosto 13-19
1973
• Agosto 7, Resolusyong nagsasaad na Pilipino ang
gagamiting midyum ng pagtuturo sa lahat ng paaralan
1974
• Hunyo 19, nilagdaan ni Kalihim Juan
Manuel ang Kautusang Pangkagawaran blg. 25 para
sa pagpapatupad ng Edukasyong Bilingwal
1976
• Department Memo no. 194, nagsasaad ng revised
Filipino alphabet na binubuo ng 31 na letra- (A, B, C, CH,
D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, LL, M, N, Ñ, NG, O, P, Q, R, RR, S, T,
U, V, W, X, Y, Z)
1986
• Pumapapel ang Surian ng wikang
Pambansa sa paghahanda ng salin ng Saligang Batas
1987
• Filipino na ang ngalan ng wikang Pambansa, alinsunod
sa Konstitusyon na nagtatadhanang "ang wikang
pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino". Ang bagong
alpabetong Filipino sa panahong ito ay
ang kasalukuyang alpabeto natin na binubuo ng 28 na
titik na binibigkas ng bigkas-Ingles.
Good luck
k , egg
 PRE CALCULUS REVIEWER
INTRODUCTION TO CONIC SECTIONS • When the plane intersects both cones to
Slope of the Line form two unbounded curves.
• Steepness of the line
• Given a line with two distinct points P1 (x 1,
y 1) and P2 (x 2, y 2) the slope m of the line is
computed as

Distance formula
• Distance between two points P1 (x 1, y 1) and
P2 (x 2, y 2) on the plane is computed as

Midpoint formula DEGENERATE CASES

• The coordinates of the exact middle point • Generated when a plane intersects the
between two points on the plane is vertex of the cone. The degenerate cases
computed as of the conic sections include a point, a
line, and two intersecting lines.
Point
Equation of a line • Cutting plane is placed horizontally
between the tips (vertices) of the cone.
• General form: One line
• Slope intercept form: • Cutting plane is placed between the tips
Example of the equation of a line: (vertices) such that the plane touches the
surface of the cone.
1. Two intersecting lines
• Cutting plane is placed on the
cones vertically passing through the
tips (vertices) of the cones.

Note:
• To graph, start with locating the y-
intercept in the y-axis

•
• General form transpose to slope-
intercept form

CONIC SECTIONS
• A conic section is a curve formed from the
intersection of a plane and a cone.
• The angle at which the cone is sliced and
produces the 4 basic types of conics.
Circle CIRCLES
• When the intersecting plane is horizontal • Set of points that are equidistant from a
Ellipse fixed point called the center. The distance
• When the intersecting plane is tilted from the center to any point on the
forming a bounded conics constant is called the radius of the circle.
Parabola Equation of a Circle
• When the plane is tilted forming a bounded • The distance formula can be used to find
curve. the equation of a circle centered at point
Hyperbola
 c (h, k) with radius r. If the radius r has h = 3, k = 2, r = 5
endpoints c (h, k) and p (x, y), then: Substitute,

— square both sides of

the equation.
— standard form of the
equation circle.

Equation of a Circle Centered at Origin

• In the standard form of the equation of a
Example 2
circle , if
Write the equation of a circle with a center at (5,-4) and
the center is at the origin C (0,0), h = 0 and
k = 0. Thus, radius .
Example: Solution:
Write the standard form of the equation of a circle with
radius 4 and center at (0,0).
Solution:
Using the equation

Sketching the Graph of a Circle

Example 1
Sketch the graph of a circle with a radius of 2 units and
center at (0,0)
Solution:
The center is at the origin and since that the radius is 2
units, take note of the points which are 2 units upward,
downward, leftward, and rightward from the center.
Circles with Center Not at the Origin
Example 1
Write the equation of a circle with a center at (3,2) and
radius 5.
Solution:
Using
 Solution:
The center of the circle is located at the midpoint of the
endpoints of the diameter. So, by using the midpoint formula:

Find the radius using the distance formula,

Distance from the center (-2,-1) to the point (2,1)

Therefore, the standard form of the equation of the circle

is

Example 2 PARABOLA
Sketch the graph of the circle centered at (-2,1) with a • Let f be a given point and l a given line not
radius of 3 units. containing f. The set of all points P such
Solution: that its distances from F from l are the
The center of the circle is at (-2,1) and since the radius is 3 same is called a parabola.
units, locate and connect the points 3 units away from the • (other definition) a plane curve generated
center to the top, to the bottom, to the left, and to the by a point moving so that its distance from
right. a fixed point is equal to its distance from
Equation of the Circle: a fixed line,
h = -2; y = 1

Parts of a Parabola:
• Vertex: It is the minimum or maximum point
of the graph when the parabola opens
upward and downward respectively. When
the parabola opens to the right or to the
left, it is the leftmost or rightmost value.
• Focus is a point that is c units from the
vertex; midway between the endpoints of
the latus rectum.
Example 3 • Axis of Symmetry: The line that divides the
Find the standard form of the equation of the circle with a parabola into two equal parts. It passes
diameter whose endpoints are through the focus and vertex and is
(-6, -3) and (2, 1). perpendicular to the directrix.
 • Directrix: This is the line perpendicular to Focus: (0,-c) below the x-axis
the axis of symmetry that is c units from Directrix: y = c
the vertex. Axis of Symmetry: x-axis or x=0
• Latus Rectum (focal diameter): The line Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (2c - c) and (-2c, -c)
segment that passes through the focus
and is parallel to the directrix; its length Standard form:
is equal to │4c│whose endpoints lie on Orientation: rightward
the parabola. Vertex: (0,0)
Focus:(c,0) right of the y-axis
Directrix: x = -c
Axis of Symmetry: x-axis or y=0
Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (c, 2c) and (c, -2c)
Standard form:
Orientation: leftward
Vertex: (0,0)
Focus: (-c,0) left of the y-axis
Directrix: x = c
Axis of Symmetry: x-axis or y=0
Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (-c, 2c) and (-c, -2c)
Example:
Determine the orientation of the graph, its vertex, focus,
directrix and axis of symmetry of
Solution:
SF (standard form):
Standard forms of the Equation of the Parabola Orientation: upwards
The equation will depend on the choice of the coordinates Vertex: (0,0)
of the vertex and the relative positions of the focus and
the directrix. Focus: (0,3)
Vertex at (0,0)

Directrix: y = -3
Axis of Symmetry: y-axis or x=0
Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (6,3) and (-6,3)
Note that, 2c = 6

Standard form:
Orientation: upward
Vertex: (0,0)
Focus: (0,c) above the x-axis
Directrix: y = -c Vertex at (h, k)
Axis of Symmetry: y-axis or x=0
Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (2c, c) and (-2c, c)
Standard form:
Orientation: downward
Vertex: (0,0)
Summary of the Properties of a Parabola with Vertex at (h, k)

ELLIPSE
• a plane curve surrounding two focal
points, such that for all points on the
curve, the sum of the two distances to the
focal points is a constant.

Example
Based on the table above, determine the orientation of the
graph, its vertex, focus, directrix, axis of symmetry and
endpoints of the latus rectum of
Solution: From the equation 4c = 5, th value

of or .
Orientation: rightward
Vertex: (-4, -6)
Standard form of an Ellipse
Axis of Symmetry: A - distance between the vertex from the center
Focus: (-2.75, -6) B - distance of the covertex from the center
Directrix: Example
Endpoints of the Latus Rectum: (-2.75, -3.5) and (-2.75, -8.5)

Center: (0,0)
Orientation: horizontal
Solve for

Vertices: (-5,0) (5,0)

Covertices: (0,4) (0,-4)

Focal distance:
 Eccentricity
• Measure of uncircleness.
Circle - 0
Ellipse - between 0 and 1
Parabola - 1
Hyperbola - 1
Line -

HYPERBOLA
- is an open curve with two branches, the
intersection of a plane with both halves of a
double cone. The plane does not have to be
parallel to the axis of the cone; the hyperbola
Example 2 will be symmetrical in any case.

PARTS OF A HYPERBOLA:
◦ Center (C) – it can be on the origin (0,0) or at point
(h,k)
◦ Foci (F1 and F2)
- it is c points from the center.
- For any point on the hyperbola, the absolute
value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 2a.
◦ Vertices (V1 and V2)
- The vertices are points on the hyperbola,
collinear with the center and foci.
◦ Asymptotes
- a line that a curve approaches, as it heads
Center: (0,0) towards infinity.
Orientation: vertical
◦ Transverse Axis
- The segment V1V2. Its length is 2a.
◦ Conjugate Axis
- the axis of hyperbola perpendicular to the
transverse axis.
Example no.2
Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and
asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given equation.
Sketch the graph, and include these points and lines, the
transverse and conjugate axes, and the auxiliary rectangle.
 GENERAL MATHEMATICS REVIEWER
I. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTION excess of 100 are charged ₱1.00 each. Represent the
Function monthly bill for the mobile plan using the function T(m),
• relation between two sets in which where m is the number of messages sent in a month.
elements in the domain correspond
to exactly one element of the range
• the variable x is called the independent,
while f(x), is the dependent variable
Vertical Line Test: way to determine if a graph is a function
or not; a part of the graph must only pass through the line
once Evaluating a Function - means replacing the variable in the
Relation: set of ordered pairs (x, y) function with a value from the function’s domain and
All functions are relations, but not all relations are computing for the result
functions
y = f(x) - “y is a function of x”
Domain: x - values, input
Examples:
Range - y - values, output
Function As A Model
Ordered Pairs: (1, 3) (2, 5) (0, 9) If x = 4 If x = x + 13 If x = b
Domain: 1, 2, 0
Range: 3, 5, 9

Let f(x) = −x² − 5x − 3 and g(x) = 2x + 3. Evaluate each

function at:
1. f(2b)

2. g(a+1)

*There is no One-To-Many Function* If , find f(-2) and f(4)

Examples: Find f(-2)
Give a function T that can represent the cost of Since -2 < 0, we will use the first equation
buying x Midnights physical CD, if it costs P1,143

The monthly salary of Mang Tinong is ₱25,000.00 plus an

overtime pay of ₱35.00 per hour. Give a function S that can
represent the total salary of Mang Tinong if he has
overtime of t hours. Find f(4) Since 4>0, we will use the second equation

Taylor Swift’s website charges P13 for a yearly newsletter

membership. The first letter is free of charge, and any
letter after that costs P19.89 including tax. How much (M)
money does a shopper spend after buying (x) letters and
paying a yearly membership? Operations on Functions
Piecewise or Compound Function - a function defined Sum:
by multiple subfunctions where each applies to a certain Difference:
interval of the main function’s domain.
Product:
Example:
Quotient:
A user is charged ₱300.00 monthly for a particular mobile
plan, inclusive of 100 free text messages. Messages in
Examples:
Let f(x)= 2x − 3 and g(x)= x² − 5, find: Substitute them one by one,
+

* Or solve one first, then the next

/
In this case, would make the
denominator 0 and the equation undefined so:
Domain: All real numbers except
Four step problem solving by GEORGE POLYA
Find the quotient of f(x) = 1/x & g(x)=3/x
Step 1. Identify the Problem.
Understand and explore the problem. In order to
understand the problem, read the problem carefully.
Identify what is ask, or determine what the problem
requires you to do.
Domain: N/A Step 2. Devise a Plan
Find the strategy you will use to solve the problem.
Setting up an equation, drawing a diagram or making a chart
are some ways of solving a problem.
Step 3. Evaluate (Solve)
Carry out the plan, solve the equation you came up
with in your Step 2. (Devise a Plan).
Step 4. Asses your answer
Look back and reflect on the solution, if you used
all the information correctly. Make sure that you write
your final answer with the correct labelling
Composition of Function
Example 1
Example 1 The cost 𝐶 to produce 𝑥 number of CDs is 𝐶(𝑥) = 10 000
+ 50𝑥. The CDs are sold in wholesale for ₱250.00, so the
revenue 𝑅 is given by 𝑅(𝑥) = 250𝑥. Find how many CDs
that the manufacturer needs to produce and sell to
break even
Step 1. Identify the Problem.
Make sure that you read the problem several times. In
this problem, we are looking for the number of cd’s
needed to produced and sold to break even, we will let
𝒙 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒅′𝒔
Step 2. Devise a Plan
The cost will equal the revenue, hence
Example 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)
Step 3. Evaluate (Solve)
The cost of production should be equal to the revenue
to break even. Thus
𝐶(𝑥) = 𝑅(𝑥)
10 000 + 50𝑥 = 250𝑥
10 000 + 50𝑥 − 50𝑥 = 250𝑥 − 50𝑥
10 000/ 200 = 200𝑥 /200
𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎
 Step 4. Asses your answer Step 4. Asses your answer
When 𝑥 is 50, the cost and the revenue both equals to The minimum fare is P8.00 for 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒, since what is ask
₱12 500. Therefore, the manufacturer needs to produce is 𝒅 = 𝟕. 𝟓 , we will use the second equation in the fare
and sold 50 CDs to breakeven function. Therefore, the amount you will pay is ₱12.50. Item
3a was answered in Step 2, which is
Example 2 𝑭(𝒅) = { 𝟖 , .𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒
A tricycle ride in a particular town from a friend’s house 𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ ,𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒
charges ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each (where d is the number of kilometers)
additional integer kilometer adds ₱1.50 to the fare. a. Use a
piecewise function to represent the tricycle fare in terms
of the distance (d) in kilometers. b. How much will you pay if
your destination is 7.5 kilometers away from your friend’s
house ?
Step 1. Identify the Problem.
Make sure that you read the problem several times. In this Example 3
problem, we are looking for the amount you will pay for a
distance of 7.5 kilometers, we will let II. RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
𝒅 = 𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 Polynomials
Step 2. Devise a Plan • algebraic expressions consisting of
To answer the problem, translate first the problem into variables and coefficients
mathematical model; • No square root of variables, no
1. Identify the intervals for which different rules apply. fractional or negative powers, No
• The tricycle fare is ₱8.00 for the first 4 variables in the denominators of any
kilometers. fractions
• Over 4 kilometers, the fare is ₱8.00 plus ₱1.50 per Extraneous solutions - false solutions (eg when
additional integer kilometer. denominator =0)
2. Determine formulas that describe how to calculate an Rational Expression - ratio between 2 polynomials
output from an input in each interval.
Based on the interval identified, you can represent that Rational Equation =
using the following formulas; • An equation consisting of at least one
fraction whose numerator and
𝟖 ,𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒 denominator are polynomials
𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ ,𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 4 • Another way to identify is a rational
equation, if it involves rational
3. Use braces and if-statements to write the function.
expression/s, only one variable and an
Let 𝐹(𝑑) be the function that will represent the total equal sign.
costs of the tricycle fare, where 𝑑 is the number of Steps:
kilometer. 1. Eliminate the denominator by multiplying
Therefore, the total cost of the tricycle fare can be each term by the LCD
expressed by the piecewise function: 2. Solve the resulting equation
𝑭(𝒅) = { 𝟖 , 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤𝟒 3. Check the solution
𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ ,𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒 Examples:
(where d is the number of kilometer) (Note that ⌊𝒅⌋ is the
floor function applied to 𝒅. The floor function gives the
largest integer less than or equal to 𝒅, e.g. ⌊𝟒. 𝟐⌋ = ⌊𝟒. 𝟕⌋
= 𝟒)
Step 3. Evaluate(Solve)
We will use the second equation, since 𝒅 = 𝟕. 𝟓. Evaluate
the function by substituting the value of 𝒅 in the function
to find the amount of fare, thus
𝐹(𝑑) = 8 + 1.50⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋
𝐹(7.5) = 8 + 1.50⌊𝟕.𝟓 − 𝟒⌋
𝐹(7.5) = 8 + 1.50⌊𝟑.𝟓⌋ 𝐹(7.5) = 8 + 1.50(3)
𝐹(7.5) = 8 + 4.50
𝑭(𝟕. 𝟓) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎
 3. {x|x -1 or x ≥ 5}

Steps to find the solution set:

1. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational
expression on one side of the inequality
symbol and 0 on the other
2. Find the critical numbers and partition the
x-axis into intervals
3. Pick a test point and evaluate; perform
sign analysis
4. Write the solution set
Note: Only numerators values can be put in brackets,
denominators are in parenthesis because they are never
Rational Inequality - Another way to a rational inequality, if included in the solution.
it involves rational expression/s, only one variable x and Example:
have one of the inequality symbols (, ≤, ≥). Step 1:

where > can be replaced by <, ≥, ≤

Solution set - values of x that make the rational inequality
true
Set Notation (the set of all x such that …)
1.
2.
3.
Interval Notation
1. (1, 5) Step 2:
2. [1, 5)
3. [1, 5] Numerator Denominator
Number line:
x =0
1. x > 5

2. 1 < x < 5
 Range
• Set of all possible output values that the
function can produce
• Obtained by a series of steps
Steps:
1. Let y = f(x)
2. Solve for x in terms of y
3. Find the value of y that makes the
denominator not equal to 0
4. Write range in either rule form or interval
notation
Example:

Step 3:
(-∞, 0) (0, 5/4] [5/4, ∞)

Test Point -2 1 2

4x + 5 + + -

x - + +

4x + 5 / x - + +
Note: Look at the last row and the equation Asymptote - line that a curve approaches as it heads
If < 0, look for negatives in the last row towards infinity
If > 0, look for positives in the last row Two Types
Step 4: 1. Horizontal Asymptote (HA) ; y =b
(0, 5/4] is the solution set 1. If n > m, then NO HA
Rational Functions-is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥) 2. If n < m, then y = 0
𝑞(𝑥) , where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) is not 3. If n = m, then y = a/b
equal to zero. Where:
-Another way to identify a rational function, if it involves n = degree of numerator
rational expression/s, two variables x and f(x) and have an m = degree of denominator
equal sign. a = leading coefficient of numerator
b = leading coefficient of denominator

Domain
• set of all x where the function is defined
• Obtained by equating denominator to 0
Example:

2. Vertical Asymptote (VA); x=a

• Get the value of the denominator
that will equate to 0

Set Notation: ∈ E R, x ≠ 2}
Interval Notation (-∞, -2) (-2. ∞)
Intercepts
• A point where the graph of the rational
function intersects the x or y axis

2 Types:
x - intercept - obtained y - intercept - obtained by
by equating entire equating x values to 0
equation to 0

From Quiz:

Domain: {x|x≠2, 5}
HA: y = -1
VA: x = 2, 5

x - int: (1,0) & (-1,0)

y - int: (0, 1/10)

Graphing Rational Functions

Step 1: Find all asympotes and plot them
Step 2: Find the x and y intercept of the function and plot
them
Step 3: Use the vertical asympotes to divide the x-axis and
determine whether f(x)is positive or negative on each of
those intervals by using test points

Domain: {x|x≠0} IV. haha finally INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Range: {y|y≠0} Inverse Function
VA: x = 0 • Focuses on One-to-one functions
HA: y = 0 • Interchanging values of x and y
Horizontal Line Test
x - int: none
• Determines whether a function is one to
y - int: none one
• Done by seeing if the function graph only
passes the horizontal line at one point
Steps:
1. Turn f(x) to y
2. Interchange x and y
3. Simplify
Example:
 EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER
Mineral- is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a
definite chemical composition, and an ordered atomic
arrangement. Minerals are the basic building blocks of
rocks.
Different Mineral Properties Which Must Be Identified And
Defined.
Luster
is the property of minerals that shows how much or how
well the mineral reflects light. may also be spelled lustre.
• metallic lustre are opaque and highly reflective, with
a high absorptive index.
Ex: Native copper, gold, silver, galena, pyrite
• non- metallic luster are glossy pearly and vitreous,
greasy,
ex:
Hardness
it is a measure of the resistance of a mineral,
Crystal form- refers to the geometric shape of mineral
crystals. It is caused by the symmetrical, three-dimensional
arrangement of atoms inside the mineral.
Ex: prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy etc.
Take note: A mineral that do not have a
crystal structure is described as amorphous.
Color and Streak
• minerals can also display a variety of colors
resulting from impurities and also from some
geologic processes like weathering.
Ex: quartz can be pink (rose quartz), purple
(amethyst),orange (citrine), white (colorless quartz)
etc.
• Streak, -the mineral’s color in powdered form. It is
inherent in almost every mineral
Ex: pyrite (FeS2) exhibits gold color but has a black
or dark gray streak.
- Note that the color of a mineral can be different from its
streak.
Cleavage
-the property of some minerals to break along specific
planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces
Specific gravity- the ratio of its mass to the mass of an
equal volume of water.
ex: magnetite has a specific gravity value of 5.2, meaning
1cm 3 of magnetite will be 5.2 times as heavy as 1cm 3 of
water.
Rock forming minerals: any mineral that forms igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks and that typically, or
solely, forms as an intimate part of rock-making processes.
Ex: feldspars, quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, garnet,
calcite, pyroxenes’
Silicates – minerals containing the two most abundant
elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, silicon and oxygen.
With 85% of it
Oxides – minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined
with one or more metal ions
Sulfates – minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the
form of the (SO4)- anion
Sulfides – minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some
sulfides are sources of economically important metals
such as copper, lead, and zinc.
Carbonates – minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2-
anion combined with other elements
Halides – minerals containing halogen elements combined
with one or more metals
Native Elements – minerals that form as individual elements
a. Metals and Intermetals – minerals with high thermal and
electrical conductivity,
typically with metallic luster, low hardness (gold, lead)
b. Semi-metals – minerals that are more fragile than metals
and have lower conductivity (arsenic, bismuth)
c. Nonmetals – nonconductive (sulfur, diamond)
SUBSYSTEM OF EARTHS
A system is an organized group of related objects or
components that work independently and interact to create
a whole.
Earth system, have matter and energy that flow freely
through the system. There are two types of systems: open
and closed system.
Open system- the transfer and exchange of both matter
and energy with the system's surroundings.
Closed system- only energy is transferred or exchanged
with its surroundings.
Atmosphere
- The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes
the lithosphere.
- The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen (N),
21% oxygen (O2), 0.9% argon, and trace amount of other
gases.
- One of the most important processes by which the heat on
the Earth's surface is redistributed is through atmospheric
circulation.
- There is also a constant exchange of heat and moisture
between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere through the
hydrologic cycle.
Lithosphere
-The lithosphere includes the rocks of the crust and mantle,
the metallic liquid outercore, and the solid metallic inner
core.
- Plate Tectonics is an important process in shaping the
surface of the Earth.
- The primary driving mechanism is the Earth's internal heat,
such as that in mantle
convection.
Biosphere
-The biosphere is the set of all life forms on Earth.
- It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the
rainforest, from mangroves to coral reefs, and from the
plankton-rich ocean surface to the deep sea.
- For the majority of life on Earth, the base of the food
chain comprises photosynthetic organisms. During
photosynthesis, CO2 is sequestered from the atmosphere,
while oxygen is released as a byproduct. The biosphere is a
CO2 sink, and therefore, an important part of the carbon
cycle.
Hydrosphere
-About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water
(hydrosphere) and much of it is in
the form of ocean water.
- Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in the
form of ice, and the remaining
one-third is present in streams, lakes, and groundwater.
-The oceans are important sinks for CO2 through direct
exchange with the atmosphere and indirectly through the
weathering of rocks.
- Heat is absorbed and redistributed on the surface of the
Earth through ocean circulation.
Example of chemical test(to identify, quantify, or
characterise a chemical compound or chemical group)
Benedict’s test for simple Carbohydrates
Shinoda test for Flavonoish
Mayer’s test for Alkaloids
Sulfuric acid test for Sulfuric acid
Fehling’s test for Aldehydes
Wagner’s test for Alkaloids
Types of silicates minerals -minerals that make up the
rocks of Earth's crust
Quartz type of rock: second most abundant mineral in
Earth’s crust
Feldspar a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate
minerals
Mica outstanding physical characteristic, perfect basal
cleavage
Amphibole a major group of hydrous minerals that occur
in a wide range of rock types.
Pyroxene a group of dark-colored rock-forming minerals
found in igneous and metamorphic rocks throughout the
world.
Olivine a type of nesosilicate or orthosilicate
Subgroup of carbonates
Specific Gravity the ratio of the density of the mineral and
the density of water. This parameter indicates how many
times more the mineral weighs compared to an equal
amount of water (SG 1).
Tenacity refers to a mineral's resistance to breaking,
bending, or otherwise being deformed.
Transparency the measure of visibility of substances
through a certain object
Fracture the property of a mineral breaking in a more or
less random pattern with no smooth planar surfaces
Corundum a very hard mineral that consists of aluminum
oxide occurring in massive and crystalline forms; used in
optical lenses
Talcum/talc a clay mineral, composed of hydrated
magnesium silicate with the chemical formula
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
Fluorite a transparent or translucent mineral of different
colors that consists of the fluoride of calcium
Topaz an aluminum silicate containing fluorine;used as
gemstone for jewelry and ornaments
Gold Au;a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11
(Ib); a substance that contains only one type of atom
Magnetite a gray-black magnetic mineral which consists
of an oxide of iron and is an important form of iron ore.
Muscovite also called common mica, potash mica, or
isinglass(group of mica); abundant silicate mineral that
contains potassium and aluminum
Gypsum It is a natural mineral that occurs in certain
types of sedimentary rocks; calcuim sulfate mineral
Galena a bluish-gray cubic mineral with metallic luster
consisting of lead sulfide and constituting the principal ore
of lead
Dolomite an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of
calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg(CO3)2
Halite salt that is in the form of large pieces or
crystals; commonly known as rock salt
Apatite any member of a series of phosphate minerals,
the world's major source of phosphorus, found as
variously coloured glassy crystals, masses, or nodules.
Carbonate minerals containing the carbonate (CO3)2- anion
combined with other
Elements
Halides minerals containing halogen elements combined
with one or more metals
Sulfide minerals containing sulfur and a metal; some
sulfides are sources of economically important metals
such as copper, lead, and zinc. Also spelled as Sulphide
Sulfate minerals containing sulfur and oxygen in the
form of the (SO4)- anion
Phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester
derived from a phosphoric acid
Native Elements minerals that form as individual
elements
Oxide minerals composed of oxygen anion (O2-) combined
with one or more metal ions
Ctto: don kelvin ^_^
HEALTH OPTIMIZING PHYSICAL
EDUCATION REVIEWER
Physical fitness- is a combination of health fitness and
body fitness.
Health fitness -refers to your body’s ability to fight off
diseases.
Body fitness-refers to the ability to do strenuous physical
or sports activities without getting tired easily.
Health Related Fitness- a multidimensional construct
containing the components cardiorespiratory endurance,
muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body
composition.
Health Related Fitness Components
1. Body Composition – The combination of all the tissues
that make up the body such as bones, muscles, organs and
body fat.
2. Cardiovascular Endurance – The ability of the heart,
lungs, blood vessels, and blood to work efficiently and to
supply the body with oxygen.
3. Flexibility – The ability to use your joints fully through a
wide range of motion.
4. Muscular Endurance – The ability to use muscles for a
long period of time without tiring.
5. Muscular Strength – The ability of the muscles to lift a
heavy weight or exert a lot of force one time.
Skills Related Fitness Components
1. Agility – The ability to change body positions quickly and
keep the body under control when moving.
2. Balance – The ability to keep the body in a steady
position while standing and moving.
3. Coordination – The ability of the body parts to work
together when you perform an activity.
4. Power – The ability to combine strength with speed while
moving.
5. Reaction Time – The ability to move quickly once a signal
to start moving is
received.
6. Speed – The ability to move all or a part of the body
quickly.
Specific Components of Physical Fitness
1. Agility –The ability of the individual to change direction
or position in space with quickness and lightness of
movement while maintaining dynamic balance.
2. Balance – The ability to control organic equipment
neuro-muscularly; a state of equilibrium.
3. Coordination - The ability to integrate the body parts to
produce smooth motion.
4. Endurance – The ability to sustain long continued
contractions where a number of muscle groups are used;
the capacity to bear or last long in a certain task
without undue fatigue.
5. Flexibility – The quality of plasticity, which gives the
ability to do a wide range of movement.
6. Organic Vigor – It refers to the soundness of the heart
and lungs which contributes to the ability to resist disease.
7. Power – The ability of the muscles to release maximum
force in the shortest period of time.
8. Speed – The ability to make successive movements of
the same kind in the shortest period of time.
9. Strength – The capacity to sustain the application of
force without yielding or breaking; the ability of the
muscles to exert efforts against resistance.
Physical Activity- Activities done by the skeletal muscles
that utilize energy
1. Occupational – These are the activities you do at your
work place. Lifting computers and books, going your
friend’s desk or preparing lunch at the pantry.
2. Domestic – These are the activities you do at home.
Washing clothes and dishes, gardening, carpentry, baking or
cleaning the house.
3. Transportation – These are the activities that involves
travelling. Riding a jeepney, tricycle, motorcycle, or bikes.
4. Leisure Time – These are the activities you do during
recreational activities. Playing, swimming, hiking or craft
making.
Exercise according to a study by Buckworth and Dishman, is
the “planned, structured, repetitive bodily movements that
someone engages in for the purpose of improving or
maintaining physical fitness or health.
Aerobic
Aerobic activities, also called endurance activities, are
physical activities in which people move their large muscles
in a rhythmic manner for a sustained period.
Muscle-Strengthening Activity
This kind of activity, which includes resistance training
and lifting weights, causes the body’s muscles to work or
hold against an applied force or weight.
Bone-Strengthening Activity
This kind of activity (sometimes called weight-bearing
or weight-loading activity) produces a force on the bones
that promotes bone growth and strength.
Barriers to Physical Activities
1. Lack of time
2. Social Support
3. Lack of Energy
4. Lack of Motivation
5. Fear of Injury
6. Lack of Skill
7. High Costs and Lack of Facilities
8. Weather Conditions
Eating Habits- refers to why and how people eat, which
foods they eat, and with whom they eat, as well as the ways
people obtain, store, use, and discard food.
Influences on Food Choices -these influences that
contribute to an individual's food choices include individual
factors, such as knowledge, personal taste preference,
mood, hunger level, health status, special diet requirements,
ethnicity, and personal income.
Individual Preferences- preferences develop over time, and
are influenced by personal experiences such as
encouragement to eat, exposure to a food, family customs
and rituals, advertising, and personal values.
Cultural Influences.- cultural group provides
guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food
combinations, eating patterns, and eating behaviors.
Compliance with these guidelines creates a sense of
identity and belonging for the individual.
Social Influences- a social group depend on each
other, share a common culture, and influence each
other's behaviors and values. A person's membership in
particular peer work, or community groups impacts
food behaviors.
Religious Influences.
Religious proscriptions range from a few to many from
relaxed to highly restrictive. This will affect a
follower's food choices and behaviors.
Economic Influences. Money, values, and consumer
skills all affect what a person purchases. The price
of a food, however is not an indicator of its
nutritional value. Cost is a complex combination of a
food's availability, status, and demand.
Environmental Influences. - influence of the
environment on food habits derives from a composite
of ecological and social factors. Foods that are
commonly and easily grown within a specific region
frequently become a part of the local cuisine.
Political Influences.- it influence food availability and
trends. Food laws and trade agreements affect what
is available within and across countries, and also
affect food prices. Food labeling laws determine what
consumers know about the food they purchase.
Energy systems -refer to the specific mechanisms in which
energy is produced and used by your body.
Adenosine Triphosphate (Atp).- is the source of energy for
use and storage at the cellular level.
3 types of energy systems
-ATP-PCr SYSTEM is the system that is responsible for
very short explosive movementproduced ATP quickly since
it utilized the available ATP stored in the muscles.
- glycolytic system, or anaerobic glycolysis, is the second
of three energy-producing systems in our bodies, following
the creatine phosphate system. It relies on carbohydrates
as a fuel source to make energy.
Oxidative System,- the primary source of ATP at rest and
during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates
and fats as substrates.
ATP-CPr SYSTEM is responsible for the blast
movements like jumps, kicks, punch, and power lifting.
LACTIC ACID SYSTEM is responsible for the maximum
force longer than the ATP-CPr System like Sprint
running & some exercises in plyometric workout such
as Box jumps,
OXIDATIVE SYSTEM is responsible for the moderate to
vigorous intensity movements like distance running,
aerobic dancing, and cycling.
Mitochondria “powerhouses of the cell,” produce the
energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning
-Children have more mitochondria in their muscles
and are therefore more able to use oxygen more
efficiency.
Aerobic Exercise is any physical activity that makes
you sweat, causes you to breathe harder, and gets
your heart beating faster compared to when you
are at rest.
Apical site – is taken at the apex of the heart and can
sometimes be felt very clearly by placing the heel of
the hand over the left side of the chest
Carotid pulse site – is taken from the carotid artery
just beside the larynx using light pressure from the
tips of the pointer and middle fingers.
Radial pulse site – is taken from the radial artery at
the wrist, in line with the thumb, using tips of the
pointer and middle fingers
Temporal pulse site – can be obtained from the left or
right temple with light pressure from the tips of the
pointer and middle fingers.
Aerobic fitness is the ability of the body’s
cardiovascular system to supply energy during
continuous physical activities such as biking and
running.
Muscular strength is the ability of the muscles
to exert a force during an activity such as lifting
weights.
Bone strengthening exercise, or any weight-bearing F.I.T.T. Principle
activity that produces a force on the bone, Examples Frequency = How often you exercise
of bone strengthening activities include jumping, Intensity = How hard you exercise
walking, jogging, and weight lifting exercises.
Time = How long you exercise
Muscular enduranc- ,Resistance training (also referred Type = What kind of exercise
to as weight training or strength training) helps The F.I.T.T. Principle is one of the foundations of
increase muscular strength and endurance. exercise, a set of guidelines
that help you set up a workout routine for maximum
Resistance Training- type of exercise increases lean
benefit.
muscle mass, which is particularly important for weight
loss, because lean muscle burns more calories than
other types of tissue.
Circuit training- It is when you alternate between
several exercises (usually five to 10)that target
different muscle groups.
Flexibility exercises -improve your flexibility and
reduce your risk of injury during sports and other
activities.
Static stretching is most often recommended for
general fitness. With this type, you slowly ease into
the position and hold for 10 to 30 seconds before
slowly releasing the stretch. Static stretching should
be performed with warm muscles, such as after a
warm-up or at the end of a workout. There are two
forms of static stretching.

• Active Static: This form of stretching is used in

yoga and martial arts. The stretch is held by the
strength of agonist muscles (muscles
responsible for the movement).
• Passive Static: During this type of stretching,
you hold the limb to perform the stretch without
any assistance such as a bar or bands.
Dynamic Stretching- is stretching with movement. The
body transitions gradually into a position and this
movement is repeated as you increase your reach
and range of motion.
Intensity refers to the rate at which the activity is
being performed or the magnitude of the effort
required to perform an activity or exercise.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
• It is a process
• Two or more people (speaker & receiver)
• Expressed through written/spoken words non-
verbal
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
• SPEAKER-source of info MESSAGE-info, ideas,
thoughts to conveyed
• ENCODING-converting the message into words,
aftions
• CHANNEL-medium or the means, personal or
non-personal, verbal, nonverbal encoded
message conveyed
• DECODING-interpreting the encoded
• RECEIVER-recipient of message
• FEEDBACK-the reaction, responses CONTEXT
environment where communication takes place
• BARRIER-Factors affect the flow of com
MODELS OF COMUNICATION
SHANNON WLAVER MODEL
• Mother of all.com Model
• Linear or one way process Consot 5 elem
(source, transmitter,channel receiver,
destination)
• Criticised because of one missing element
the feedback
TRANSACTION MODEL
• Two-way process
• With feedback as one element
• More interactive
• Shows barner such as noises. Interfere
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
• CONTROL-Its control behavior
• SOCIAL INTERACTION-Interact with others
MOTIVATION-motivates/ encourage people to
live better
• EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION -people expression,
emotion or feelings
• INFORMATION DISSEMINATION-convey
information
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
• COMPLETENESS-essential of communication
REVIEWER
• CONCISE not mean too short but making it
straight forward.
• CONSIDERATION-consider relevant info.
• CONCRETENESS-concrete and support facts
• COURTESY-respect the Culture, values, beliefs
• CLEARNESS-use the simple words, specific
words to express ideas
• CORRECTNESS-eliminates negative impact on
the audience and increases the credibility and
effective of the message
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
• EMOTIONAL BARRIERS-recogee diff emotion
• USE OF JARGON-specialized words or vocabs
in a certain field, adjusting words
• LACK OF CONFIDENCE-development self
esteem or try to develop your interest
• NOISY ENVIRONMENT-typical noise in
Surrounding
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Interaction which words are used to relay
message
APPROPRIATENESS-appropriate to the environment or
occasion whether formal or Informal.
• BREVITY-simple yet precise and powerful
words are Found to be more credible
• CLARITY-Interpreted differently by a listener.
Clearly state your message, express feeling
• ETHICS-corefully chosen of words in
consideration of gender, role, ethnicity,
preferences and storus
• VIVIDNESS-Widely or creatively describe things
or feelings odd color or spice
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Behavior used in convey and represent meaning
human response that are not expressed in words are
classified as non
TYPE OF SPEECH STYLE
INTIMATE-private style, occurs in close family or
individuals, I not be shared
CASUAL- common style, among peers and friends
JARGON SLANG, VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
CONSULTATIVE- standard style professional or
mutually acceptable language ex between teacher and
students, employers and employees, doctor and
patient.
FORMAL- formal settings, this is one44 way, like priest
and ministers, SONA, formal speech.
FROZEN- frozen in time and remain unchanged, occurs
in ceremony, preamble to the constitution, lords'
prayer, allegiance of the flag.

FIRST ENEMY OF COMUNICATION-noise

EXTERNAL NOISE-noise mat occurs in the environment

outside of the listener
- Example Arena noise would be the sum of a love 2 G
prevents the listener from hearing me message.
INTERNAL NOISE - anything going on insade the body
of the translator which causes a distraction.

EXAMPLES - include physical distractions posed by

recurring illnesses. jet lag or even the onset of a
midlife crisis.
PHYSIOLOGICAL MOISE- any distraction due to a
physiological function that interferes with
communication.
EXAMPLES of physiological nose indude hunger.
fatigue, headaches, pain, and physiological effects
from medicine that affect the way you think or fool
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE- consists of distractions to a
speaker's message caused by a receivers internal
thoughts
Example if you are preoccupied with personal
problems. It is difficult to give your full attention to
understanding the meanings of a massage