East Asia International Systems College, Inc.

Senior High School

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Starting Points for the Understanding of
Culture, Society, and Politics
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Discuss the nature, goals and perspective in/of anthropology, sociology and politics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• explain the meaning of Sociology, Anthropology, and Political Science;

• identify the leading proponents, branches or areas of Sociology, Anthropology, and

Political Science;

• analyze and examine the aspects, types, and elements of culture and society;

• demonstrate a holistic understanding of culture and society, and

• show appreciation to the cultural elements present in a community.

Before we go on with the lesson, let us start with a simple activity. This will test what you
already know about our topic.

Learning Centered Pre-Activity

Direction: Are the following statements true or false? If any part of a statement is false, then the
answer must be F.
_____1. Culture provides summing up of the past experiences, which are the necessary
foundation for living in the present.

_____2. Sociology is the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships.

_____3. Political Science is a branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man,
his works, his body, his behavior and values, in time and space.

_____4. Anthropology is a systematic study of a state and its government, with the relationship
of men in the community, with relation of men and groups to the state itself, and with the
relations of a state with other sovereign states abroad.

_____5. Franz Boaz became a specialist in anthropology and folklore and authored the famous
book Patterns of Culture

_____6. Linguistic Anthropology is the study of past human cultures through their material
remains.

_____7. Families are the basic structure of society.

_____8. Public Law pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public
governance.
_____9. Political Science is part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power,
and government.
_____10. Knowledge Sociology is a branch of sociology studies about every historical aspect of
any event.
 Nature, Goals, and Perspective of Sociology, Anthropology,
WEEK 1 and Political Science

There are different ways of understanding social reality. These areas of study provide us important
ideas in analyzing our society which is essential in creating a productive society. Using anthropology,
political science and sociology will give an overview on man’s early development.
Concept of Culture
Culture is another very important concept. As mentioned earlier, we are immersed in culture from
birth onwards, we take culture for granted. It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without culture.
Culture provides summing up of the past experiences, which are the necessary foundation for living in the
present. Culture in a sense, can seem to be the chief means of survival and adaptation. This indicates the
expanding nature of sociology.
The basic elements of culture

• Language
• Norms
• Beliefs
• Symbols
• Values
• Cognitive Elements

Language: – Every culture has a particular language which is passed by the person belongs to that particular
culture to the next generation and the following generation also has to learn the language. The language can
be defined, in a very precise manner, and can be compared, in the best way, with a vehicle.
Norms: – The very important element of a culture is these norms. This decides the rules and regulation of
a society. Norms define two types of rules one of which it must be followed by people of that particular
society these rules are known as “mos.”
Beliefs: - Before the creation of any culture by a society, society decides their source of motivation, which
they considered as appropriate.
Symbols: - Importance of Symbols may differ for different people, belonging to a different culture.
Values: – Anything or any material when collects importance in our daily life it starts having value. Value
of some materials, sometimes, are received and taught by parents to their children.

THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL WORLD: SOCIOLOGY

Sociology is the scientific study of patterned, shared human behavior (Joseph Fitchter). It analyzes
human interaction which is essential in understanding man’s cultural make-up. It may focus its attention on
all kinds of social interactions: social arts, social relationships, social organization, social structures and
social processes.
Sociology is the study of society, social institutions, and social relationships. Sociology is interested
in describing and explaining human behavior, especially as it occurs within a social context (Merriam-
Webster). Studying sociology is practical and useful. A social being, we gain understanding of how the
social world operates and of our place in it.

C. Wright Mills (1959) calls it sociological imagination which he defined as “the vivid awareness
of the relationship between private experience and the wider society.” Sociology’s point of view is distinct
from other sciences.
Peter Berger explains that the perspective of sociology enables us to see “general patterns in
particular events” (Macionis, 2010). This means finding general patterns in particular events.

History of Sociology as Science

 Sociology emerged with the two of the most significant social and political revolution in the history.
The French Revolution of 1789, along with the Industrial Revolution in England during the 18 th century,
tremendously changed people’s lives.
August Comte (1798-1857) is the person who “invented” sociology in 1842, by bringing
together the Greek word socius or “companion” and the Latin word logy or “study”. He originally used
“social physics” as a term for sociology. Its aim was to discover the social laws that govern the development
of society. Comte suggested that there were three stages in the development of societies, namely the
theological stage, the metaphysical stage, and the positive stage.

The founding mother of sociology is Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), an English writer and
reformist. In her accounts in her book How to Observe Morals and Manners (1838), the deep sociological
insights we call now ethnographic narratives are fully expressed.

Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher and revolutionary further contributed to the
development of sociology. Marx introduced the materialist analysis of history which discounts
metaphysical explanation for historical development. Before Marx, scholars explain social change through
divine intervention and the theory of “great men”.

Emile Durkheim (1864-1920) a French sociologist who put forward the idea that individuals are
more products rather than the creator of society; the society itself is external to the individual. In his book
Suicide, Durkheim proved that social forces strongly impact on people’s lives and that seemingly
Personal event is not personal after all.

Max Weber (1864-1920) Weber stressed the role of rationalization in the development of society.
For Weber, rationalization refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world. As science began to replace
religion, people also adopted a scientific or rational attitude to the world. People refused to believe in myths
and superstitious beliefs.

BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY
1. Theoretical Sociology - When dealing with theory, we can come across different ideologies and
perceptions which can lead to a common result.
2. Historical Sociology - This branch of sociology studies about every historical aspect of any event.
A new civilization or any war has some effects on human beings and society. It is the study of
ancient, medieval and modern historical aspects related to Sociology.

3. Knowledge Sociology - A person’s knowledge is shaped and affected by the environment; thus,
the society plays an important role in mending ideologies of a person. A person is under the
influence of culture, social and political norms.

4. Criminology Sociology - A crime can be stopped if someone knows how a criminal’s mind works.
There is a basic trait in every criminal which is studied under this branch of sociology. It accounts
for the government, polices, crime branches, criminal records, and their punishments.

5. Religion Sociology - Sections or subgroups of society follow a particular religion which imparts
an effect on them.

6. Economy Sociology - Every person has a different economic status in society. Due to the different
economy, consumption of any product differs. This study the rate of production of any product or
growth rate of any product. Many factors are there to affect the Economy of a society like the need
of a product among communities.

7. Rural Sociology - Rural setup is more prominent than urban. It is obtained from researchers that
the population of rural areas is more than urban areas. Their way of living, ideologies, beliefs, way
of tackling problems is studied under this branch.
 8. Urban Sociology - Just like Rural Sociology, Urban Sociology is also studied as a branch. It is
equally important to learn urban people lifestyle, values, and habits. There are many things which
are occurring in urban areas at a rapid rate like robbery, corruption, unemployment.

9. Political Sociology - The political scenario of any place determines growth at present and in the
coming years. A country’s situation can be changed according to the ruling party motives and work
(either productive or destructive). This branch deals with political party summits, new rules, and
their effect on society.

10. Demography Sociology - Sociology is a study of society and society is made up of a population.
Demography determines the population rate. It deals with every aspect related to the population
like the number of people residing in a particular area, increment or decrement of the population in
past years.

11. Industrial Sociology - People’s employment is directly related to industries. Thus, it becomes
important to have information about industries relation with employees, industrial output, the
interaction between employees and managers.

12. Family Sociology - Families are the basic structure of society. Different families offer different
values and upbringing to their child. In this branch, we study different methods of parenting found
in families. How different families can bring different changes in a child is studied under this
branch.

13. Education Sociology - Education brings out the best in a human being. This branch studies
different educational institutions in various places. It studies how education changes a person’s
perspective towards his/ her life. Also, it studies how much employment rate is increased after
educational activities.

THE HOLISTIC STUDY OF HUMANITY: ANTHROPOLOGY

Anthropology is a branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man, his works,
his body, his behavior and values, in time and space. It also includes man’s physical, social and cultural
development that describe the phenomenon of human life.
Anthropology is derived from two Greek words Anthropos and logos, which intensively studies
human and the respective cultures where they were born and actively belong to. It is considered the father or
even grandfather of all social and behavioral sciences like sociology, economics and psychology, to name
a few.

Franz Boaz, a physicist, strongly believed that the same method and strategy could be applied in
measuring culture and human behavior while conducting research among humans including uniqueness of
their cultures.
Two American anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and William Henry Morgan, became prominent
in their field since their specialization included the championing of indigenous rights like traditional cultural
preservation and ancestral domain of the American Indian tribes they intensively studied.

Historical Beginnings

Ruth Benedict became a specialist in anthropology and folklore and authored the famous book
Patterns of Culture. The field of anthropology offers several topics for relevant research and discussion in
various academic fields since its distinct way of data gathering from their respondents applies participant
observation which is central to ethnography.

Bronislaw Malinowski is the founding father of this strategy.

Branches of Anthropology
The discipline of anthropology has diverse branches that studies different level of expertise within
the bounds of human social, cultural, and physical background.

1. Cultural Anthropology – The study of people with their variations and progress in terms of
culture. It also deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past
and present ages.

2. Linguistic Anthropology – The study of language mainly but not exclusively among humans.
It also deals with the study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation.

3. Archaeology – The study of past human cultures through their material remains. It also the study
of past human culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.

4. Biological Anthropology – The study of humans as biological organisms, including their

evolution and contemporary variation.

5. Applied Anthropology – They analyze social, political, and economic problems and develop
solutions to respond to present problems.

THE STUDY OF POLITICS: POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political science is a systematic study of a state and its government, with the relationship of men
in the community, with relation of men and groups to the state itself, and with the relations of a state with
other sovereign states abroad.
Political Science is part of the social sciences that deals with the study of politics, power, and
government. In turn, politics refers to “the process of making collective decisions in a community, society,
or group through application of influence and power” (Ethridge and Handelman 2010, p.8).

Politics
Generally, politics is associated with how power is gained and employed to develop authority and
influence on social affairs. It can also be used to promulgate guiding rules to govern the state. It is also
atactic for upholding collaboration among members of a community, whether from civil or political
organizations.

Concept of Politics
Politics is allied with government which is considered as the ultimate authority. It is the primary
role of the government to rule the society by stipulating and transmitting the basic laws that will supervise
the freedom of the people. Each form of government possesses power to attain order that should lead toward
social justice.

Politics as Science
Science is commonly defined as the knowledge derived from experiment and observation
systematically done. Policy-making and government decisions should be done through proper
research, social investigation, analysis, validation, planning, execution and evaluation. Thus, politics is a
science.

Branches of Anthropology

1. Political Theory – It deals with the accumulation of principles identifying with the basis,
structure, conduct, and operations of the state

2. Public Law – It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the framework of public
governance.
 3. Political Dynamics – It is an aspect of Political Science which are concerned with the
relationship of different societal forces that dictate political opportunities and actions.

4. Public Administration – It serves as an academic discipline that studies civil service and
governance.

5. Legislatures and Legislation – The term legislation is a complex mechanism that can be
extended as a discipline. It tries to explain the process, composition, and organization of
legislature.

6. International Relations – It includes inquiries into the nation-states' foreign policy in their
mutual ties on the various forces-geographic, technological, psychological, and political that
contribute to shaping such policy.

7. International Law – It is a system of agreements and treaties that entails responsibilities of

one state into another.

8. Government and Business – It gives importance to the regulatory and governmental function
to corporate, or business entities concerning the national economy.

9. Comparative Government – It is a discipline that studies and analyzes the general structure
of governments of all countries. It includes (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies, their
constitutions, laws, administrative organizations, foreign policies, political parties and
processes, economic, social, and political functions, and their cultures and traditions)

References
https://www.sociologygroup.com/elements-of-culture-basic-elements-of-culture/
https://www.sociologygroup.com/meaning-branches-sociology/
https://www.achieveriasclasses.com/notes/ESO11_1%20Nature%20and%20Scope%20of%20Sociology.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/364826107/Module-1-UCSP
 Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Explain the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural understanding

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• explain the meaning of Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism;

• appreciate and recognize one’s own cultural identity;

• reconcile the perspectives of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism;

• analyze situations in the Philippines where cultural relativism must be practiced

through a Case Study; and

• observe manifestation of ethnocentrism in different societies by constructing a data

retrieval chart.
Before we go on with the lesson, let us start with a simple activity. This will test what you
already know about our topic.

Learning Centered Pre-Activity

WORD HUNT!
Direction: Locate the 12 words and circle them as you find them.

B P O W E R S U I C

M E W E N B I O I U

S I H B I A S T H L

I I R A E O K P M T

R D P H V L L N O U

T E E I O I I T O R

N N O R M S O E U E

E T P E U A U R F A

C I L S E W N B S S

Y T E I C O S U O P

E Y E G A U G N A L

A S E C I T C A R P

BELIEFS SOCIETY PRACTICES

NORMS MAN CENTRISM
IDENTITY BEHAVIORS PEOPLE
CULTURE BIAS LANGUAGE
 WEEK 2 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

Despite how much humans have in common, cultural differences are far more prevalent
than cultural universals. For example, if your professor comes into an early morning class holding
a mug of liquid, what do you assume she is drinking? In the United States, the mug is most likely
filled with coffee, not Earl Grey tea, a favorite in England, or Yak Butter tea, a staple in Tibet.

Ethnocentrism, as a term, can be understood by breaking it into two parts. The first,
"ethno," implies ethnicity or nationality. "-Centrism" is the idea that something is central to
experience or perhaps is the most important factor in a person's perspective.
Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves
a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others, and should therefore serve as the
standard frame of reference. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric.
Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new
culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration. In sociology, we call this culture
shock. Culture shock may appear because people aren’t always expecting cultural differences.

Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than
viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. Practicing cultural relativism requires an open
mind and a willingness to consider, and even adapt to, new values and norms.

References
Pagmamano – A Uniquely Filipino Gesture of Respect. (2020, July, 14). Retrieved from
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/2020/07/14/pagmamano-a-uniquely-filipino-gesture-of-respect/
Buklog – A Thanksgiving Ritual System of the Subanen. (2020, August, 18). Retrieved from http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/2020/08/18/buklog-a-thanksgiving-ritual-
system-of-the-subanen/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-introductiontosociology/chapter/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-
relativism/#:~:text=Cultural%20relativism%20is%20the%20practice,lens%20of%20one's%20own%20culture.&text=Xenocentrism%20is%20the%20opposite%20of,i
s%20superior%20to%20one's%20own.
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-similar-differences-relativism-ethnocentrism-349553
https://www.slideshare.net/unnatigarg77/ethnocentrism-cultural-relativism
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-cultural-identity/?q=&page=1&per_page=25
 Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
The Importance of Cultural Relativism
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Explain the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural understanding

Before we go on with the lesson, let us start with a simple activity. This will test what you
already know about our topic.

Learning Centered Pre-Activity

Direction: Give what is needed for the following.
What do you see in the picture?
 WEEK 3 Importance of Cultural Relativism
Definition of Terms
Acculturation: A mechanism of cultural change that occurs when a person, or groups of people
adapt the cultural patterns of another group.

Assimilation: Merging of groups and their traditions within a society that endorses a single
common culture.

Behavior: Any observable response given by a person.

Bias: The tendency to move towards what is similar to oneself and away from what is different.
Looking for what confirms one’s belief and ignoring the importance of what contradicts one’s
beliefs.

Communication: The transmission of common understanding through the use of symbols. The
term communication is derived from a Latin word that means “common”. In other words, unless
a common understanding results from the transmission of the symbol (verbal or nonverbal) there
is no communication.

Culture: A way of life—traditions and customs—transmitted through learning, which play a

vital role in molding the beliefs and behaviors of the people exposed to them

Cultural Ally: A person who shares diversity-supporting values and actions with others, whether
they are present of not. Being a cultural ally is an ongoing strategic process in which we look at
our personal and social resources, evaluate the environment we have helped to create, and decide
what needs to be done.

Cultural Generalities: The similarities that occur in many but not all cultures.

Cultural Group: People who identify or associate with one another on the basis of some
common purpose, need, or similarity of background.

Cultural Relativism: The view that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the
standards of another. The belief that all cultures are equal, have intrinsic value, are equally
entitled to respect, and should be appreciated for their differences.

Culture Shock: Disturbed feeling that often arise when one has contact with an unfamiliar
culture

Cultural trait: An individual item in a culture, such as a particular belief, tool, or practice.

Discrimination: Refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members.

Diversity: The condition of being or having differences.

Dominant Culture: Values and customs of a group that strive to set the standards for cultural
correctness.

Enculturation: The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the
generations.

Ethnic Group: Group distinguished by cultural similarities such as beliefs, values, habits,
customs, language, religion, history, geography, kinship, or race.
Ethnicity: A group of people within a larger society having real or accepted common ancestry, memories
of a shared historical past, and a cultural focus on one or more symbolic elements, which help to define
them as people.

Ethnocentrism: The tendency to use one’s own cultural standards and values to judge the behavior and
beliefs of people with different cultures.

To understand cultural relativism, one has to fully understand the concept of culture. Culture is a
shared system of knowledge that a large group of people have created. It is the ‘way of life’ that a group
has established.

A culture is a society that shares the same ideas of morals, values, experiences, beliefs, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion and material objects and possessions. The essential core of culture is the
traditional ideas and the values that come with them.

Culture, as everyone can agree, is a vital part of our lives. It influences our views, values, hopes,
dreams, or even our worries and fears. We live in a world full of diverse ethnicity and that is why it is
important for us to have a wide perspective and understanding of different cultures.

Through culture, people develop a sense of belonging, personal growth and the capacity to
empathize and associate with others. According to Cultural Relativism (n.d.), cultural relativism is the view
that moral or ethical systems, which vary from culture to culture, are all equally valid and no one system is
really “better” than any other. This is based on the idea that there is no ultimate standard of good or evil, so
every judgment about right and wrong is a product of society.

THREE LEVELS OF ETHNOCENTRISM

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Extreme negative

The positive definition defines ethnocentrism as "the point of view that one's own way of life is to
be preferred to all others" (Herskovits, p. 21). There is nothing wrong with such feelings, for "it
characterizes the way most individuals feel about their own cultures, whether or not they verbalize their
feeling" (Herskovits, p. 21). It is ethnocentrism that which gives people their sense of peoplehood, group
identity, and place in history-all of which are valuable traits to possess.

Ethnocentrism becomes negative when "one's own group becomes the center of everything, and
all others are scaled and rated with reference to it" (Sumner 1979, p. 13).

It reaches its extreme negative form when "a more powerful group not only imposes its rule on
another, but actively depreciates the things they hold to be of value" (Herskovits, p. 103). Apartheid, the
holocaust, and the genocide of the American Indian are all examples of the third level of ethnocentrism.

How can one eliminate ethnocentrism? Vincent Ruggiero (p. 18) suggests three important steps to
take which will enable us "to penetrate deception of appearance."

1 "Study the cultural context in which the action occurs."

2 "Determine the circumstances of time, place, and condition surrounding it."

3 "Learn the reasoning that underlies it and the moral value it reflects."

References
https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/80-241/guided_inquiries/articles/cultural_rel.html

https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Importance-Of-Cultural-Relativism-FKK5MQ74SCF6
 Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Economic
Symbols and Practices
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Analyze the significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices.
Before we go on with the lesson, let us start with a simple activity. This will test what you
already know about our topic.

Learning Centered Pre-Activity

Direction: Give what is needed for the following.

U R O L I J Y U O E N B G D U

N E E P P R I M A R Y U I I O

D L E C N A T R O P M I N O U

E A H E A S D L A I C O S E M

R T O L E R T C F D I I O A G

S I O L P P O L I T I C A L F

T V T H E E U I A M L P L K S

A I L O L O A Z L O I R E U Y

N S E U P P I A L Y I A O L M

D M O C U L T U R E A C A A B

I O L P A E C D B G I T U N O

N O L I N M O L E E O I P L L

G V C U I U E E A U I C O I S

O O C V S A B M N A E E Y N H

S E C O N D A R Y E S S I U Y

SOCIALIZATION CULTURE SOCIAL

POLITICAL SYMBOLS PRACTICES

RELATIVISM PRIMARY SECONDARY

PEOPLE IMPORTANCE UNDERSTANDING

The Significance of Culture

Only culture accounts for the success of human beings. We create culture, but culture in
turn creates us. We are no longer the helpless victims of the natural environment. We make our
own social environment, inventing and sharing the rules and patterns of behavior that shape our
lives. We use our knowledge to modify the natural environment as well. Without a culture
transmitted from the past, each new generation would have to solve the most elementary problems
of human existence over again. It would be obliged to devise a family system, to invent a language,
to discover fire, to create the wheel, and so on.

Culture enables us to invent and learn ways of adapting to our environments and changing
situations. All other animals must rely on the slow and accidental process of biological evolution
to adapt them to the environment, but human beings can adapt quickly to radically different
environments. Human nature is what we make of it, and what we make of it depends on the culture
in which we happen to live.

Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic
meanings that are different from their literal sense. Symbolism can take different forms

Major Characteristics of Symbolism:

1. Symbolism is understood as well as believed.

2. It holds a comprehensive view and carries the value of the whole.
3. It translates the abstract to concrete. [e.g. red light.]
4. Symbol translates the complex to simple.
5. It is frontless to front.
6. Symbol introduces unknown to familiar.
7. It unveils from mysterious to understanding.
8. It stands for both good and bad.
9. It provides models to guide.

The Social Function of Symbolism:

• The first of the functions of the social symbol is to facilitate the transmission of culture from
group to group.
• The second great function of the social symbol is to facilitate the preservation of groups. In
all social regression’s symbols are apt to play a very great part.
• The third great social function of the symbol is, then, to promote the harmony of the group.
There are two important things: their double or multiple significance, and their close relation
to the development of sentiments that give to them some of their most important social
functions.
References

https://www.slideshare.net/NadiaAyman/role-and-significance-of-
symbols#:~:text=%EF%83%BC%20The%20first%20of%20the,culture%20from%20group%20to%20group.&text=There%20are%20two%20important%20things,their%
20most%20important%20social%20functions.

https://www.coursehero.com/sg/introduction-to-sociology/cultural-symbols-values-and-norms/
East Asia International Systems College, Inc.
Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Explaining the Context, Content, Processes, and
Consequences of Socialization
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Explain the context, content, processes, and consequences of socialization.

 Explaining the Context, Content, Processes, and Consequences of Socialization

Socialization is a central process in social life. Its importance has been noted by sociologists for a long time,
but their image of it has shifted over the last hundred years.

Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. Many people think that
socialization is especially important for infants and children. Psychologists now realize that socialization
continues all across the life span, as long as people continue to learn from social experiences.

1. Socialization converts man, the biological being into man, the social being.
•Man is not born social.
• Various instances like-that of Kaspar Hauser, Anna, the wolf children of India and others have
made it clear that only through constant training the newborn child becomes social in nature.

2. Socialization contributes to the development of personality.

• Personality is a product of society.
• socialization is a process through which the personality of the new born child is shaped and
molded.
• Through the process, the child learns an approved way of social life.
• At the same time, it also provides enough scope for the individual to develop his individuality.

3. Helps to became disciplined.

• Socialization is social learning.
• It is the values, ideals, aims and objectives of life and the means of attaining them.

4. Helps to enact different roles.

• Every individual has to enact different roles in his life.
• Every role is woven around norms and is associated with different attitudes.
• The process of socialization assists an individual not only to learn the norms associated with
roles but also to develop appropriate attitudes to enact those roles.

5. Provides the knowledge of skills.

• Socialization skills help the individual to play economic, professional, educational, religious and
political roles in his latter life.
• In primitive societies for, example, imparting skills to the younger generation in specific
occupations was an important aspect of socialization.

WAYS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. Socialization starts with the face and the body language.

• A smile indicates your willingness to know more about the event and the people attending it.
• It guarantees you a higher probability of winning the interest of people that you might no longer
need to make the first move to engage in conversations.

2. Keep a clean sense of humor.

• If you have the natural knack of making people laugh, then you would find it easy to socialize.

3. Be attentive throughout the conversation.

• Showing a sincere interest in what others are saying inspires a fruitful exchange of ideas.

4. Maintain an open and positive frame of mind.

• When joining a social activity, you should expect to encounter people of varied beliefs,
nationality, religion, orientation and sensibilities.

5. Respect the distance and personal space of others.

• You may radiate with well-mannered interactive skills, but if others refuse to reciprocate your
enthusiasm, move to another group that seems to be more welcoming.

TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
Primary socialization
• It takes place in the early years of life of the new born individual.
Development socialization
• This kind of learning is based on the achievements of primary socialization.
Anticipatory socialization
• Men not only learn the culture of the group of which they are immediate members
Re socialization:
• It is not only do individuals change roles within groups, but they also change membership –
groups.
Broad socialization
• It is intended to promote independence, individualism and self-expression
Narrow socialization
• It is intended to promote obedient and conformity
Natural socialization
• occurs when infants and young starts explore, play and discover the social word.
Positive socialization
• positive socialization is the social learning that is best on pleasure existing experience
Negative socialization
• negative socialization occurred when others use punishment.

SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS

1. The Family: it is the center of the child's life, as infants are totally dependent on others.
2. Religion: Agents of socialization differ in effects across religious traditions.
3. Peer Group: A peer group is a social group whose members have interests, social positions and age
in common.
Legal systems Children are pressured from both parents and peers to conform and obey certain
laws or norms of the group/community.
4. Mass media the mass media are the means for delivering impersonal communications directed to a
vast audience.

References

https://www.slideshare.net/SanaHassanAfridi1/socialization-59384075

https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/PersellSocializationReading37.htm#:~:text=The%20context%20i
s%20like%20the,gender%20hierarchies%20of%20a%20society.&text=The%20content%20and%20process%20of,the%20lines%2C%20and%20th
e%20actors.
East Asia International Systems College, Inc.
Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Analyzing the Forms and Functions Social
Organization
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Analyze the forms and functions social organization.

 Analyzing the Forms and Functions Social Organization

SOCIAL GROUP
✓ Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles and statuses existing between and among
themselves.
✓ Collection of people where members interact on a regular basis, guided by structure and agreements,
defined by roles and responsibilities.

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
✓ Type of collectivity established for the pursuit of specific aims or goals.
✓ Characterized by a formal structure of rules, authority relations, a division of labor and limited membership
or admission.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUP

✓ Group members interact on a fairly regular basis through communication.
✓ Members should develop a structure where each member assumes a specific status and adopts a particular
role.
✓ Certain orderly procedures and values are agreed upon.
✓ The members of the group feel a sense of identity.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS

ACCORDING TO SOCIAL TIES

PRIMARY GROUP
o It is the most fundamental unit of human society.
o A long-lasting group
o Characterized by strong ties of love and affection.
o Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here.

Examples: Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship Groups

SECONDARY GROUPS
o Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life.
o Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and casual relationship.
o Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships.
o People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex needs.

Examples: Industrial Workers; business associates, Faculty Staff, Company Employees

ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION

o IN-GROUP - a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
o OUT-GROUP - a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social categories and
with which they do not identify.
o REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICAL GROUP - groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer
when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but to which we do not necessarily belong. It serves a
comparison function. It has a normative function.

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
o Special Interest Groups -groups which are organized to meet the special interest of the members.
o Task Group - groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be done by one person.
o Influence or Pressure Groups - groups organized to support or influence social actions.

ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND DEGREE OR QUALITY OF RELATIONSHIP

o Gemeinschaft
▪ A social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional.
▪ It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and familism.
▪ Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound.
o Gesellschafts
▪ A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal, contractual or
bargain-like.
▪ Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized.
▪ Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced.
 ACCORDING TO FORM OF ORGANIZATION
❖ Formal Groups
▪ Social organization
▪ Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly defined.
▪ Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on member’s ability or merit
BUREAUCRACY
▪ an administrative structure w/c is aimed to enable members meet their goals.
▪ A hierarchical arrangement in large scale formal organizations in w/c parts are ordered in the manner of
a pyramid based on a division of function and authority.
▪ Formal, rationally organized social structure.

CHARACTERISTICS OF BUREAUCRACY
✓ Positions and offices are clearly defined
✓ The hierarchical arrangement of authority, rights and obligations is specifically drawn and clear-cut
✓ The personnel are selected on the basis of technical or professional qualification and expert training and
competence through competitive examination
✓ Definite rules govern official behavior
✓ Security of tenure and the pursuit of a career with promotion in the hierarchy are assured

❖ Informal Groups
▪ Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons.
▪ It is unplanned
▪ Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific objectives to be attained.
▪ It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by emotion and sentiments.
❖ Relationship Groups
▪ Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship.

ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE GROUP FUNCTIONING

• Democratic or “participate” leadership is employed.
• Flexible patterns of communication are used.
• A cooperative problem-solving approach to discussion is employed rather than a competitive “win-lose”
approach.
• Members deal openly and candidly with one another.
• Decision techniques which favor a sharing of responsibility via protection of the individual rights are used
rather than techniques which place the responsibility clearly in the hands of but a portion of a group.

LEADERSHIP, QUALITIES OF A LEADER, STYLE OF LEADERSHIP

Leadership
• The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a group towards the attainment of group goals in
a given situation.  It implies the existence of particular influence relationship between two or more
persons.

QUALITIES OF A LEADER STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

They have traits such as: ✓ Functional Leadership
• Intelligence ✓ Status Leadership
• Dominance ✓ Task-Oriented Leadership
• Charisma ✓ Relationship or person-oriented Leadership
• Enthusiasm
• Courage
• Determination ✓ Transactional Leadership
• Self-confidence ✓ Authoritarian Leadership
• High sense of integrity ✓ Democratic Leadership
• Tact ✓ Tradition-oriented Leadership
• Diplomacy ✓ Development-oriented Leadership
• Involvement

Groups needed leaders for two basic purposes:

• To direct various tasks
• Provide support to group members

Task Leadership - the act of directing a group toward its goal.

Socio-Emotional Leadership - the act of maintaining good spirits.

Reference
https://www.slideshare.net/Kimjoonmyeon21/social-groups-and-social-organization
East Asia International Systems College, Inc.
Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 7:
Forms and Functions of State and Non-state
Institutions
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Explain the forms and functions of State and non-state Institutions

 Forms and Functions of State and Non-state Institutions
State Institution is an institution that is within the control of the State.
NON- STATE INSTITUTIONS/ NON- STATE ACTORS - Are people and or organizations that participate in
international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.

a. BANKS AND CORPORATIONS

B. COOPERATIVES AND TRADE UNIONS
C. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY
D. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
E. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

BANKS
• The most basic form and sign of a society’s financial status is the status of its bank.
• There are many roles of the bank but the most basic role it has is the regulation of the flow the society’s flow
of money.

CORPORATIONS
• Is known as a body of people acting as a single entity.
• It is created by a group of shareholders who have ownership of the corporation.
• Corporations usually set up to create profit to and provide return for its shareholders.

COOPERATIVES
• Are associations owned by people who voluntarily cooperate with each other under the influence of their
social, economic and cultural benefits.
• These cooperatives are typically owned by non- profit communities and businesses alike.
• Cooperatives were created mainly for human to organized a mutual benefit for each other.

TRADE UNIONS
• Were organized by workers to share in a mutual benefit between members.
• It also called labor unions
• Are organization composed of workers and laborers who band together to protect the integrity of their trade,
improve safety standards of their work and achieve higher salary.
• A trade union’s goal is to improve the working conditions of a country’s labor force.

TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS ADVOCACY

• is an idea from an individual or group which aims to influence a political, economic and social decision.
• Transnational advocacy network includes actors working together internationally on an issu
• Advocacy groups have spread information in support of a cause across borders- creating a transnational
advocacy group
• there is a shot to change how international policies and practices are made.
• Transnational advocacy groups movement and main goal is to challenge how the international playing field
is being run

DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
• Economic development agencies are described to be independent organizations that aim to implement
strategic ways of developing territories and societies.
• Usually molded by public and private institutions.
• Development agencies are organizations that simply wish to improve the current standpoint of a certain
society.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• A typical organization promotes, enhances and ensures its members through advocacies and state actions.
This goal on a national organization may also be used to describe the goals of an international organization.

2 main types of international organizations:

1. International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs)
• Is typically a non- governmental organizations (NGO) that operates in the international playing field.
• A well-known example of an INGO is the international committee of the Red cross
• their ideologies and advocacies are advertised worldwide.
2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
• International Nongovernmental organizations - Intergovernmental organization
• Is most commonly known as an international governmental organization.
• Example is the UNITED NATIONS wherein different states meet and coordinate with one another on
how they want the global system flow.
References
https://www.slideshare.net/angelitamontilla/module-2-lesson-4-the-nonstate-institutions
East Asia International Systems College, Inc.
Senior High School
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Quarter 1 – Module 8:
Functions and Importance of Education in the
Society
 This education module was created to involve learners to the diverse activities. It gives you

exciting lessons and activities that will surely help you to excel. Enjoy and have fun with this

module!

Most Essential Learning Competency:

• Examine the function and importance of education in the Society

 Functions and Importance of Education in the Society

Functions of Schools

• The Intellectual purposes of schooling include the following: to teach basic cognitive skills, to transmit
specific knowledge, and to help students to acquire HOTS.
• The Political purposes of schooling are to inculcate allegiance to the existing political order.
• The Social purposes of schooling are to socialize children into the various roles, behaviors, and values of the
society.
• The Economic purposes of schooling are to prepare students for their later occupational roles and to select,
train, and allocate individuals into the division of labor.

Technical/Economic Functions

✓ They refer o the contributions of schools to the technical or economic development and needs of the
individual, the institutions, the local community, the society and the international community.

Human/Social Function

✓ They refer to the contribution of schools to human development and social relationships at different levels of
the society.

Political Functions

✓ They refer to the contribution of schools to the political development at different levels of society.

Cultural Functions

✓ They refer to the contribution of schools to the cultural transmission and development at different levels of
society.

Educational Functions

✓ They refer to the contribution of schools to the development and maintenance of education of the different
levels of society.

“Manifest and Latent Function of Education”

✓ It defined as the open and intended goals or consequences of activities within organization or institution.

Six Major Manifest Functions of Education in Society

1. Socialization- teach students role, specific academic subjects and political socialization.
2. Social Control- school are responsible for teaching values.
3. Social Placement- schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions
in society.
4. Transmitting Culture- as a social institution education performs a rather conservable function-transmitting
the dominant culture.
5. Promoting Social and Political Integration- education serves the latent function of promoting political and
social integration.
6. Agent of change- education can stimulate or bring about desired social change.

Latent Function

1. Conservation function- the school conserves and preserves through its libraries in the past generations such
as knowledge, inventions, math, science, history, literature, music and arts.
2. Instructional function- the main concern of the school is to pass on the accumulated experiences of the past
generations to the incoming generations.
3. Research function- the school conducts research to improve the old ways of doing things or to discover hither
to unknown facts or systems to improve the quality of human life.
4. Social service function- to render some kind of social service in the place where it is located.

Reference
https://www.slideshare.net/msjessaabagat16/function-of-education-in-the-society