CONCEPT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, - PERTAINS TO A GROUP OF INTERACTING

SODIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE PEOPLE WITH THE SAME GOAL.

ANTHROPOLOGY
 CAME FROM THE LATIN WORD
"ANTHROPOLGIE" WHICH STANDS
FOR THE STUDY OF HUMANITY
 SHARED FROM ITS ORIGIN WORD
"ANTROPOS" WHICH MEANS HUMAN
BEING
 STUDY OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR
ANCESTORS THROUGN TIME AND
SPACE WITH PHYSICAL CHARACTER,
ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL RELATION
AND CULTURE.
 (EX: FROM THE PLACE IN BUKIDNON)
FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
1) BIOLOGICAL / PHYSICAL
- THE STUDY OF NUMAN ORIGIN SUCH AS:
GENES, CLOSEST ANCESTORS OR
RELATIVES.
2) COLONICULTURAL ANTHROPOLAGY
- THE STUDY OF LIVING PEOPLE; THEIR
RELIGIONS, SOCIAL SYSTEM, LANGUAGE,
CLOTHING, FOODS, BELLEFS AND
TRADITIONS
EX: THE TOP COMPANIES DIFFERENT ARZA)
2) SOCIAL PSYCOLOGY
- THE STUDY OF PEOPLES THOUGHTS,
FEELINGS, BELIEFS, INTENTIONS AND
BEHAVIOUR ARE INFLUENCE BY THE SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT.
3) APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
- TALKS ABOUT THE SOCIAL ISSUES
INFORMATION ABOUT SOCIETY TO SOLVE
POLITICAL SCIENCE
- THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF
GOVERNMENT, POLITICS AND POLITICAL
POWER.
POLITICAL THEORY
PHILOSOPHY AND IDEOLOGIES
PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
HUMAN RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FOREIGN POLICIES.
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
1) MAKE PEOPLE BETTER CITIZENS

3) LINGUISTICS OR ANTHROPOGOLICAL 2) KEEP SOCIAL ORDER AND HARMONY

LINQUISTICS AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS
- THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE, IT IS THE
EVOLUTION THAT CONNECT TO OTHER 3)PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS
LANGUAGES AND OTHER SOCIETY
4) AVOID CONFLICT AND
4) ARCHEOLOGY PROMOTE COOPERATION
- THE STUDY OF THE MATERIAL THAT
REMAINS FROM THE PAST LIFE AND
ACTIVITY

SOCIOLOGY THE CONCEPT, ASPECTS, AND CHANGES

 THE STUDY OF SOCIETY, PATTERNS IN/OF CULTURE & SOCIETY
OF SOCIAL ISSUES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN CULTURE
BENAVIOUR. - SET OF SHARED ATTITUDES, VALUES,
 COMES FROM THE FRENCH WORD GOALS AND PRACTICES THAT
"SOCIOLOGIE" WHICH MEANS CHARACTERIZED AN INSTITUTION OR
COMPANION, AND THE GREEK WORD ORGANIZATION
OLOGY WHICH MEANS "THE STUDY SOCIETY
OF"
- GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN A
DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SOCIOLOGY PERSISTENT SOCIAL INTERACTION OF A
LARGE GROUP SHARING THE SAME SPATIAL
1) SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OR SOCIAL TERRITORY, TYPICALLY
SUBJECT TO THE SAME POLITICAL
AUTHORITY AND DOMINANT
ASTROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- NORMS AND VALUES STUDIES LANGUAGE
WIDE-RANGE
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- STUDY OF SOCIETY SOCIAL RELATIONSNIP,
SOCIAL INTERACTION
CULTURE AND SOCIETY AS A COMPLEX
WHOLE
- CULTURE AS A "COMPLEX WHOLE" WHICH
ENCOMPASSES BELIEFS, PRACTICES,
VIRTUES, ATTITUDES, LAWS, NORMS,
ARTIFACTS, SYMBOLS, KNOWLEDGE AND
EVERYTHING THAT A PERSON LEARNS AND
SHARE AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
DYNAMIC FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE
- CULTURE IS DYNAMIC AS IT RESPONDS TO
CHANGING NEEDS OF TIME, ALONGSIDE TO
THE MOTION AND ACTIONS AROUND IT.
SHARED, CONSISTED AND CHALLENGED
(GIVEN THE REALITY OF SOCIAL
DIFFERENTATION)
- AS WE CULTURE WITH OTHERS, WE ARE
ABLE TO ACT IN APPROPRIATE WAYS AS
WELL PREDICT HOW OTHERS WILL
SOCIAL DIFFERENTATION
SOCIALIZATION
- ONGOING PROCESS OF LEARNING
LANGUAGE, BEHAVIOURS, CUSTOM, VALUES
AND OTHERS TO ACQUIRE IDENTITY.
ENCULTURATION
- PROCESS BY WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL
ADOPTS THE BENAVIOURAL PATTERNS OF
CULTURE IN WHICH THE PERSON IS
IMMERSED.
ASPECT OF CULTURE
PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTION
- CULTURE AS NORMATIVE SYSTEM HAS THE
CAPACITY TO DEFINE AND CONTROL HUMAN
BENAVIOURS
SOCIAL INTERACTION
- THE MUTUAS INFLUENCE OF TWO OR
MORE PEOPLE AND EACH OTHER'S
BEHAVIOUR
INTEGRATED AND AT TIME UNSTABLE
- THIS IS KNOWN AS "HOLISM", OR THE
VARIONS PARTS OF WITURE BEING
INTERCONNECTED AND INTER LINKED
TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION I
CULTURATION
- AS WE SHARE OUR CLTURE WITH OTHERS,
WE WERE ABLE TO PASS IT ON NEW
MEMBERS OF SOCILTY OR THE YOUNGER
GENERATION IN DIFFERENT WAYS.
REAUIRE LANGUAGE AND OTHER FORM OF
COMMUNICATION
- IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING AND
TRANSMITTING WITURE, WE NEED SYMBOLS
AND LANGUAGE TO COMMUNICATE WITH
OTHERS IN SOCIETY
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
KNOWLEDGE
- ANY INFORMATION RECEIVED
BELIEFS
- ACCEPTED REALITY
SOCIAL NORMS
- ESTABLISHED EXPECTATION OF SOCIETY
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS
FOLKWAYS
- PATTERN OF REPETITIVE BEHAVIOURS
MORES
- SET OF ETHICAL AND MORAL STANDARD
TECHNOLOGY
- PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
VALUES
- HELP US TO DEVELOP OUR PERSONALITY
TYPES OF CULTURE
NON- MATERIALS CULTURE (IN-TANGIBLE)
MATERIAL CULTURE (TANGIBLE)
IN-TANGIBLE
 BEHAVIOUR, GESTURE, HABITS
 IDEAS
 LANGUAGES AND SYMBOLS
 RELIGION L BELIEFS
TANGIBLE
  FASHION - " CENTRIC" COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD
 TOOLS CENTER
 FOODS - ETHNOCENTRISM IS THE PRACTICE OF
 ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES COMPARING OTHER CULTURAL PRACTICES
WITH THORE ONE'S OWN AND OTHER'S TO
BE INFERIOR.
SOCIETY - WILLIAM GRANAM SUMMER (AMERICAN
- COMPLEX NETWORK OF PEOPLE THAT ARE SOCIAL SCIENTIST)
INTERCONNECTED FUNCTION OF ETHNOCENTRISM
- ORGANIZED GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT
SHARE COMMON INTEREST OF GOALS 1. ETHNOCENTRISM ENCOURAGE A "WE"
FEELING WITH ASSOCIATES AND
FAMILY STRENGTHENS THE IDEA THAT LOYALTY TO
- BASIC UNIT OF SOCIETY COMRADES AND THE PRESERVATION OF
THE BASIS FOR SUPERIORITY ARE
SOCIAL CHANGE IMPORTANT VALUES
- VARIATION OR MODIFICATIONS IN THE
SOCIAL PATTERN 2. ETHNOCENTRISM HINDERS THE
UNDERSTANDING OR THE COOPERATION
 POLITICS BETWEEN GROUP.
 HEALTH 3. CONFLICT OFTEN LEADS TO SOCIAL
 ECONOMY CHANGE. IN THAT SENSE, ETHNOCENTRISM
 GEOGRAPHIC BECOMES A VEHICLE FOR THE
PROMOTIONAL) OF SOCIAL CHANGES
 CALAMITIES
 CLIMATE
XENOCENTRISM
- PERTAINS TO THE BELIEF THAT ONE'S
CULTURAL RELATIVISM, ETHNOCENTRISM
CULTURE IS INFERIOR TO ONE ANOTHER.
AND ETHNOCENTRIC
- DISDAINING OR EMBARRASING OWN
CULTURE FOR LIFTING UP ANOTHER (EX:
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
FILIGINO USING CHOPSTICK)
- IS THE IDEA THAT NORMS, BELIEF AND
VALUES DEPEND IN THEIR CULTURAL
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CONTEXT.
- PRACTICE OF VIEWING ANOTHER CULTURE
EXAMPLES:
BY ITS OWN CONTEXT RATHER THAN
MARRIAGE IS MONOGAMY AMONG THE ASSESSING IT BASED ON
CHRISTIAN BUT POLYGAMY AMONG THE 'THE STANDARDS OF ONES OWN CULTURE’
MUSLIM. POLYGAMY IS CONSIDERED
IMMORAL AND SINFUL AMONG THE HUMAN CAPACITY FOR CULTURE
CHRISTIAN BUT MORAL AND APPROPRIATE
AMONG THE MUSLIM BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
- REFERS TO THE CHANGES,
WHAT IS CULTURAL RELATIVISM?
MODIFICATIONS AND VARIATIONS IN THE
- PEOPLE WHO DO NOT JUDGE OTER
GENETICS AND INHERITED TRAITS OF
PEOPLE'S PRACTICE
BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS
- BASED ON CHARLES DARWIN'S THEORY OF
ETHNOCENTRISM
EVOLUTION, (1809 - 1642) A FAMOUS
- THE BELIEF THAT ONES OWN CULTURE IS
NATURALIST AND GEOLOGIST WHO WROTE
BETTER THAN OTHERS
THE BOOKS:
- ETHNOCENTRIC PEOPLE ARE THE PEOPLE "ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES" - 1859
WHO BELIEVES THAT THEIR CULTURE IS "THE DESCENT OF MAN" - 1871
BETTER THAN OTHERS
- ETHNO COMES FROM THE GREEK AND IT THE EVOLUTION THEORY
REFERS TO PEOPLE, NATION OR CULTURAL - WHICH HOLDS THAT MAN DESCENT FROM
GROUPING SIMPLE FORMS AND TRANSFORMED TO
COMPLEX ONES

CULTURAL EVOLUTION
— SCIENTIST STUDIED THIS BY ANALYZING
THE CHANGES IN THE WAY OF LIFE
REFLECTED IN THE DIFFERENT MAN-MADE
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT THAT HUMANS
HAVE USED.
HUMAN CAPACITY FOR CULTURE
- OUR ANCESTORS DEVELOPED CULTURAL
TECHNOLOGIES THAT AIDED THEM TO
EFFICIENTLY OBTAIN FOOD AND DETER
PREDATORS AS THEY EVOLVED.
EVOLUTION
- A NATURAL PROCESS OF BIOLOGICAL
CHANGES OCCURRING IN A POPULATION
ACROSS SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS.
IT HELPS US IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE MAN'S
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND
EVENTUALLY THE EMERGENCE OF
DIFFERENT SOCIETY
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
HOMINIDS (MANLIKE PRIMATES)
- THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIFFERENT
SPECIES OF PRIMATES WHICH WERE ABLE
TO EVOLVE 40 MILLION YEARS AGO.
- THERE HAVE BEEN VARIOUS RELICS OF
HOMINIDS WHICH COULD BE DESCRIBED AS
MAN LIKE PRIMATES.
THEY ARE RAMAPITHECUS, LUCY AND
AUSTRALOPITHECUS.
VARIETIES OF HOMINIDS
HOMONIDS ARE GROUP OF EARLY NUMAN
AND OTHER HUMANLIKE CREATURES THAT
CAN WALK ERECT DURING THE
PRENISTORIE TIMES DIVIDED INTO A
CATEGORIES:
• SAHELANTHROPUS
• ARDIPITHECUS
• AUSTRALOPITHECUS
• HOMO
VARIETIES OF HOMO
- HOMO ARE MUCH MORE INTELLIGENT
HOMONIDS WHO WERE CLASSIFIED AS
HUMANS AND HUMANITE CREATURE
BECAUSE OF HAVING BIGGER BRAINS AND
WALK BIPEDALLY.
HOMO CLASSIFICATIONS
HOMO HABILIS - HANDY MAN
HOMO ERECTUS - UPRIGHT MAN
HOMO SAPIENS - WISE MAN
HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS
HOMO HABILIS (HANDY MAN)
- THE APELIKE MEN WHO FIRST TO USE
STONE TOOLS AS WEAPONS AND
PROTECTION OF THEIR ENEMIES.
- RECOGNIZED AS THE FIRST TRUE HUMAN
- LIVED ABOUT 2.4 TO 1.4 MILLION YEARS
AGO.
HOMO ERECTUS (THE UPRIGHT MAN)
- BELIEVED TO BE THE FIRST MAN LIKE
CREATURE THAT LIVED ABOUT 500,000
YEARS AGO IN ASIA, AFRICA, EUROPE
- THIS MANLIKE SPECIE COULD WALK
STRAIGHT WITH ALMOST THE SAME BRAIN
WITH MODERN MAN.
- MADE REFINED STONE TOOLS FOR
HUNTING AND WEAPONS FOR PROTECTION
AGAINST ENEMIES.
THE FOLLOWING ARE MAJOR DISCOVERED
FOSSILS;
A) PITNECANTHROPUS ERECTUS (JAVA
MAN)
- DISCOVERED BY EUGENE DUBOIS AT
TRINIL, JAVA, INDONESIAN IN 1891
B) SINANTHROPUS PEKINESIS (PEKING
MAN)
- DISCOVERED AT CHOUKOUTIEN VILLAGE,
BEIJING CHINA IN 1929.
HOMO SAPIENS (THE THINKING MAN)
— THIS WAS THE DIRECT DESCENDANT OF
MODERN MAN WHO LIVED ABOUT 250,000
YRS AGO.
— THEY HAD SIMILAR PHYSICAL
DESCRIPTIONS WITH
MODERN MAN
- ORIGINATED AS THE PRIMITIVE MEN
WHOSE ACTIVITIES WERE LARGELY
DEPENDENT ON HUNTING, FISHING
AND AGRICULTURE.
- THEY BURIED THEIR DEAD, USED HAD
TOOLS AND HAD RELIGION.
THE FOLLOWING ARE HOMO SAPIENS • ENABLED HUMANS TO HOLD AND PICK
SUBSPEDES: OBJECTS STEADILY USING FINGERS. THIS
CAPACITY WAS CRUCIAL FOR TOOL MAKING
A) NEANDERTHAL MAN ACTIVITIES.
- DISCOVERED IN NEANDERTHAL VALLEY
NEAR DUSSELDORF GERMANY IN 1856 WHO 3) OUR SPEAKING CAPACITY
LIVED IN A CAVE AND DEPENDENT IN - CAPACITY TO COMPREMENA SOUND ANA
FISHING AND HUNTING. PROVIDE MEANING TO IT, THE VOCAL TRACT
ACTS AS THE MECHANISM BY WHICH
SOUNDS ARE PRODUCED AND
REPRODUCED TO TRANSMIT IDEAS AND
B) CRO - MAGNON MAN VALUES
- DISCOVERED BY A FRENCH - HUMANS HAVE LONGER VOCAL TRACT
ARCHEOLOGIST LOUIS LARTET IN THE CRO- COMPARED WITH CHIMPANZEE. IT MEANS
MAGNON CAVE IN SOUTHERN FRANCE. IT LONGER VIBRATION SURFACE, ALLOWING
WAS BELIEVED TO LIVE IN EUROPE, ASIA HUMANS TO PRODUCE A WIDER ARRAY OF
AND AFRICA. AS A PREHISTORIC MAN, THEY SOUNDS THAN CHIMPANZEE.
WERE THE FIRST TO PRODUCE ART IN CAVE - THE TONGUE OF HUMAN IS ALSO MORE
PAINTINGS AND CRAFTING, DECORATED FLEXIBLE THAN CHIMPANZEE ALLOWING
TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES FOR MORE CONTROL IN MAKING SOUNDS

FOUR BIOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF HUMAN TO 4) OUR WALKING STANDING CAPACITY

DEVELOP CULTURE - PRIMATES HAVE 2 FORMS OF
LOCOMOTION:
1) OUR THINKING CAPACITY BIPEDALISM IS THE CAPACITY TO WALK AND
- THE PRIMARY BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT STAND ON TWO FEET , WHEREAS QUADRO
OF HUMANS THAT ALLOWED FOR CULTURE PEDALISM USES ALL FOUR LIMBS.
IS THE DEVELOPED BRAIN. I HAS THE ALTHOUGH APES ARE SEMI - BIPEDAL
NECESSARY PARTS FOR FACILITATING PRIMATES
PERTINENT SKILLS SUCH AS SPEAKING,
TOUCHING, FEELING, SEEING AND FEELING. HUMAN ADAPTATION TO CULTURE
- COMPARED WITH OTHER PRIMATES,
HUMANS HAVE A LARGER BRAIN HUMAN ADAPTATION
- THE ABILITY OF HUMAN OR GROUP OF
2) OUR GRIPPING CAPACITY HUMANS TO CHANGE, OR ADAPT, TO
- NOTICE HOW YOUR THUMB RELATES WITH BETTER SUIT THEIR ENVIRONMENT
YOUR OTHER FINGERS. THIS CAPACITY TO
DIRECTLY OPPOSE YOUR THUMB WITH DIFFERENT WAYS OF HUMAN ADAPTATION
YOUR OTHER FINGERS IN AN EXCLUSIVE 1. IMMEDIATE ADAPTATION
TRAIT OF NUMANS. IT ALLOWED AS TO HAVE 2. GENETIC ADAPTATION
A FINGER 3. NATURAL ACAPTATION SELECTION
- THE HAND OF HUMAN HAS DIGITS
(FINGERS) THAT ARE STRAIGHTS, AS
COMPARED WITH THE CURVED ONES IMMEDIATE ADAPTION
OF THE OTHER PRIMATES. ABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO QUICKLY
- THE THUMB OF HUMAN IS RESPOND AND ADJUST TO THE CHANGES IN
PROPORTIONATELY LONGER THAT THEIR ENVIRONMENT OR CHALLENGES
ALLOWED FOR 2 TYPES OF GRIPS, POWER THEY ENCOUNTER
AND PRECISION.
GENETIC ADAPTATION
POWER THE PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS
• ENABLED HUMANS TO WRAP THE THUMB UNDERGO CHANGES IN THEIR GENETIC
AND FINGERS ON AN OBJECT. MAKE OVER SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS IN
RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PRECISION PRESSURES.
NATURAL SELECTION
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT IN EVOLUTIONARY
BIOLOGY PROPOSED BY CHARLES DARWIN.

IT IS A PROCESS BY WHICH CERTAIN TRAITS

OR CHARACTERISTICS BECOME MORE OR
RESS COMMON IN A POPULATION
OVERTIME, BASED ON THEIR IMPACT ON AN
ORGANISMS SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION
IN IT'S ENVIRONMENT.

SOME EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL

ADAPTATION

• WHEN AN ENTIRE CULTURE CHANGE IN

ORDER TO SURVIVE
• CHINESE USE CHOPSTICKS
• SMALLER FOOD SPECIES COOKED FASTER
• USING GADGETS FOR COMMUNICATION

CULTURE SHOCK
- EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL DISCOMFORA
THAT A PERSON FEELS WHEN MOVE FROM
A UNFAMILIAR CULTURE ENVIRONMENT
- STRESS PERIOD BUT TRANSITIONAL AND IT
IS COMPLETELY NORMAL

SYMPTOMS OF CULTURAL SHOCK

SEEKING COMPANY FROM PEOPLE OF YOUR

COUNTRY
COMPULSIVE EATING / DRINKING
SLEEPING A LOT
FEELING LEFT OUT
HOME SICKNESS