IoT Enabled Proactive Indoor Air Quality

Monitoring System for Sustainable Health

Management
M.F.M Firdhous
Dept. of Information Technology
University of Moratuwa
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Email: firdhous@uom.lk
B.H Sudantha
Dept. of Information Technology
University of Moratuwa
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Email: sudanthabh@uom.lk
P.M Karunaratne
Dept. of Interdisciplinary Studies
University of Moratuwa
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Email: pmkaru@itfac.mrt.ac.lk

Abstract—In recent times indoor air quality has attracted
the attention of policy makers and researchers as an important
similar to that of external air pollution. In certain sense, indoor
air quality must be paid more attention than outdoor air quality
as people spend more time indoors than outdoors. The indoor
environments are confined and closed compared to external
environments providing less opportunity for the pollutants to
dilute. With the advancement of technology, working places have
become more automated using machines to carry out the tasks
that were hitherto done manually. These devices emit various
solids and gases into the environment during their operation.
These emissions contain many substances that are harmful to
human health, when exposed to them for a prolonged period of
time or more than certain levels of concentration. This paper
proposes an IoT based indoor air quality monitoring system for
tracking the ozone concentrations near a photocopy machine.
The experimental system with a semiconductor sensor capable
of monitoring ozone concentrations was installed near a high
volume photocopier. The IoT device has been programmed to
collect and transmit data at an interval of five minutes over blue
tooth connection to a gateway node that in turn communicates
with the processing node via the WiFi local area network. The
sensor was calibrated using the standard calibration methods. As
an additional capability, the proposed air pollution monitoring
system can generate warnings when the pollution level exceeds
beyond a predetermined threshold value.
Index Terms—Internet of Things, indoor air quality, photo-
copier, ozone, primary pollutants, secondary pollutants.
I. I NTRODUCTION
With the increase of industrialization and urbanization, the
environment has become polluted at an alarming rate even
to the level of affecting the day to day life of people. The
environment pollution in the broad sense covers the pollution
of land, water and air including ground water and the sea [3].
Also the environment pollution may be caused by many factors
including releasing of solid, liquid and gaseous substances to
the environment through day to day activities or industrial
activities. Out of all the forms of pollutions, air pollution
occupies the most prominent place in affecting the health
condition of people as the pollutants can disperse through air
to larger areas and remote locations rapidly [7], [4]. Many
human and natural activities emit pollutants to the environment
affecting the natural balance making it not suitable for human,
animal and plant well being. Pollutants are generally catego-
rized into two groups as primary pollutants and secondary
pollutants [12]. Primary air pollutants are the direct results
of a natural or human induced activity, on the other hand,
secondary pollutants are created by the interaction between the
primary pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide emitted from through the
burning of fossil fuels in factories or by vehicles is a primary
pollution whereas smog caused by the interaction of several
primary pollutants is an example for a secondary pollutant.
Air pollution can also be categorized as indoor air pollution
and outdoor air pollution depending on the place where the
activities take place [9]. Outdoor air pollution takes place
in the open environment covering the entire atmosphere and
beyond. Indoor air pollution is the contamination of the air in
closed spaces within homes, offices and other work related
places. The major activities that contribute to the outdoor
air pollution include burning of fossil fuel for power in
factories, industries and vehicles, agricultural activities and
mining operations. The outdoor air pollutants mainly consist
of Nitrogen Oxides(NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2),Ozone (O3),
Carbon Monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons and particulate matters
of different particle sizes. On the other hand, indoor air
pollution happens due to the household activities and the
products used in these activities. Household cleaning products,
painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause
air pollution. The indoor air pollutants identified by experts
include NOx, SO2, O3, CO, volatile and semi-volatile organic
compounds, particulate matters, radon, and micro organism.
Due to the limited space of indoor environments available for
these gases to disperse, indoor pollution has been identified to
be more harmful to human beings than outdoor air pollution
[8]. With the development of Information and Communica-
tion Technology (ICT), organizations are moving towards the
adoption of ICT for improving the quality and profitability
of their products and services. Due to the adoption of office
automation, many electronic devices have found their way to
into the offices of many organizations [6]. These equipment
have found to be emitting many gases along with low and radio

978-1-5090-6221-8/17/$31.00 2017
c IEEE 216
frequency electromagnetic waves that are harmful to the health
of human beings [2]. The radiation from these devices have
been found to cause any serious diseases including asthma,
alzheimers, cancer, depression, heart disease, hormone imbal-
ances, damage to nerves, immune system and reproductive
systems while the emission of gases and particles from these
devices are linked to eye, nose, throat, skin and lung irritation,
dermatitis, headaches and nausea, premature ageing, kidney
failure, menstrual disorder, potential reproductive dangers [5].
Hence the monitoring of potential emissions hazardous
radiation, gases and particles within office premises is of
utmost importance to the safety and well being of employees
of the organization. Though equipment may comply with the
minimum safety standards the beginning, they may deteriorate
and become health hazards with time. Hence proactive contin-
uous monitoring becomes imperative, if it is to implement a
safer and healthier workplace for the employees. In this paper,
the authors take an in depth look at how Internet of Things
(IoT) can be implemented to monitor the emission levels of
gaseous emissions in office environments.
This paper is organized into five sections as follows: Section
I gives an overall introduction to the paper along with a
brief analysis of the indoor air pollution and the need for
monitoring such pollution. Section II and III present the
indoor air pollution and air quality standards for comfortable
living and related work carried out by other researchers in
this area respectively. Section IV presents the proposed IoT-
enabled indoor air quality monitoring system. This section
discusses the design in detail with brief introductions to all
the components used in the design. This section also presents
the results along with a brief analysis of it. Finally Section V
concludes the paper with a discussion on how to extend this
work to cover larger areas that may or may not be contiguous.
II. I NDOOR A IR P OLLUTION AND A IR Q UALITY
S TANDARDS
Indoor air pollution has been ubiquitous and takes many
forms, ranging from smoke emitted from solid, liquid and
gas fuel combustion in households to complex mixtures of
volatile and semi volatile organic compounds, particulate
matter and gases present in modern buildings [13]. Modern
buildings have been designed and built with the objective of
preserving energy by limiting the exchange of air between
indoor and outdoor environments. In these constructions, many
synthetic materials and chemical products have been used for
achieving the intended objective of preserving energy by way
of maintaining constant air temperature within the buildings.
Thus, the combination of low ventilation rate and the presence
of numerous sources of synthetic chemicals has resulted
in elevated concentrations of volatile organic compounds in
the modern buildings throughout the world. The term ’sick
building syndrome’ has been coined by experts to explain
the issue of occupants of such modern buildings complaining
about illness syndromes [13]. Poor indoor air quality has
been attributed to the development of many diseases including
2017 Second International Conference On Computing and Communications Technologies(ICCCT’17)
respiratory diseases, allergies, cancer, asthma and many other
medically unexplained symptoms.
Organizations have increasingly been adopting ICT to im-
prove the efficiency, productivity and profitability of their oper-
ations [10]. The use of ICT along with other office automation
tools have brought many electronic devices into the offices
and tables of employees. Out of these devices, computers,
printers, photocopiers and facsimile take the prominent place
[1]. Generally these devices are operated within confined
spaces such as special cubicles allocated for specific operations
or within the space occupied by the employees themselves.
Though these devices have helped improve the industry and the
quality of life of people, they have also found to cause several
health related issues. During the cause of their operation,
these devices have been found to be emitting several gases
and particulate matters along with radiation of electromagnetic
waves at various frequencies [2].
The laser printers and photocopiers used in the offices use
a substance called toner in their printing operations. The toner
is an extremely fine powder that has been used to create the
image on paper. This toner may leak from the devices into the
environment due to various reasons including spilling of the
dust inside the device, damaged cartridges or careless handing
of cartridges during reloading etc. These fine particles of
toner may cause respiratory issues in human beings including
asthma, bronchitis, breathlessness, non allergic rhinitis, sore
throat, cough, pseudo allergic inflammation of the respiratory
tract, upper respiratory tract infections, skin and eye irritations
[11].
In addition to the leakage of toner, photocopiers have also
been found to emit gases such as O3, NO2, CO, CO2 and
volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds [14]. These
gases and organic compounds cause various health problems
including eye, nose or throat irritation, headache and fatigue,
sneezing, coughing, disorientation, nausea, skin irritation, res-
piratory and cardiovascular problems [14]. These gases or
pollutants are generally divided into two groups as primary
pollutants and secondary pollutants [5]. Primary pollutants are
the ones that are emitted directly by the equipment during
the operations. NO2, CO2, CO and SO2 are typical examples
of primary pollutants emitted by photocopiers [15]. On the
other hand, secondary pollutants are formed by reactions of
the primary pollutants with each other or a naturally occurring
compounds in the atmosphere [16]. The commonly known
secondary pollutants include O3 and other photochemical
oxidants generated during the sunlight initiated reactions of
nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and
carbon monoxide. Out of these secondary pollutants, O3 is
considered to be one compound that is both helpful and
harmful to human health [13]. O3 is an unstable and hence a
highly reactive form of oxygen. The O3 molecule is made up
of three oxygen atoms bound together, while the oxygen (O2)
that is essential for living contains only two oxygen atoms.
O3 naturally occurs in the Earth’s upper atmosphere com-
monly known as the stratosphere. O3 in the stratosphere stops
the ultraviolet radiation from the sun by absorbing them. This
217
helps to protect life on Earth from cataract, various skin
diseases including cancer along with plant and animal life
including some marine species [17]. On the other hand, the
O3 that has been present closer to the ground is generally man
made and identified to be both extremely toxic and corrosive
[18]. O3, if repeatedly inhaled during repeated exposure may
permanently damage their lungs or suffer from respiratory
infections. O3 exposure may also reduce lung function or
aggravate existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, em-
physema or bronchitis. It may also cause chest pain, coughing,
throat irritation or congestion [19], [20].
O3 is produced by the operation of high voltage equipment
such as photocopiers, x-ray equipment and electric arc weld-
ing. Ozone has a sweet smell which can normally be detected
at concentrations of 0.01 to 0.02 parts per million (ppm).
In photocopiers, the majority of the O3 is produced during
the charging and discharging of the drum and paper as the
breakdown product of the drum material during image transfer.
O3 is also produced by ultraviolet emission from the photo-
copier lamp. O3 generally decomposes back to oxygen (O2)
fast and the normal concentration of O3 around photocopiers
is not sufficient to cause symptoms. The rate of decomposition
is dependent on time, temperature, and contact with various
surfaces. However, O3 concentration can build up, if the room
has insufficient ventilation. Hence, carrying out a scientific
study to identify the O3 concentration under various conditions
would help reduce the problems by proactively implementing
the necessary safeguards.
A. Indoor Air Quality Standards
International organizations as well as national statutory bod-
ies of many countries have developed standards for maximum
acceptable concentrations for various indoor pollutants [2].
Beyond these values, if exposed or inhaled, it is expected to
cause a variety health effects. Table I shows the maximum
allowable limits specified by various organizations for O3
concentrations.
TABLE I
M AXIMUM A LLOWABLE O 3 C ONCENTRATIONS
Organization Suggested Limit
World Health Organization (WHO) 51 ppb
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 0.05 ppm
Occupational Safety and 0.10 ppm
Health Administration (OSHA)
National Institute of Occupational 0.10 ppm
Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Environment Protect Agency (EPA) 80-160 ppb
American Conference of 0.01 ppm (light work)
Governmental Industrial 0.08 ppm (moderate work)
Hygienists (ACGIH) 0.05 ppm (heavy work)
European Commission 120 μg/m3 ≈ 0.06 ppm
Japanese Environmental 0.06 ppm
Quality Standard (EQS)
Australian Dept. of Environment 0.10 ppm
and Energy
218 2017 Second International Conference On Computing and Communications Technologies(ICCCT’17)
III. R ELATED W ORK
Many researchers have already studied the issues related
to photocopiers and including various health problems faced
by the photocopy centre workers across the world. Almost
all of these works including the most recent ones state that
these studies are still inconclusive and more study is needed
to be carried out to understand the complete health issues
caused by the exposure of the emissions from photocopiers.
Elango et al., in [5] have studied that relationship between
the occupational exposure to emissions from photocopiers
and the decline in lung function, changes in haematological
parameters, oxidative stress and inflammatory status using a
sample of 81 photocopy centre operators selected from five
centres against a control sample of 43 healthy individuals.
They have found that Particulate matter and fine particulate
matter al all the photocopy centres were the permissible levels
compared to other pollutants. The study concludes that there
is evidence for reduced lung function due to exposure of
pollutants in the photocopy centres but there is an increase in
the high oxidative stress and systemic inflammation leading
to high risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is a very broad
study targeted towards identifying the relationship between
the presence of pollutants and lung diseases. This study did
not study the effect of individual elements (or compounds) of
human health or spacial or temporal variation of pollutants
inside a photocopy centre.
Kiurski et al., have in [14] have studied the temporal
variations of pollutants inside a photocopy shop. The main
objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect
the temporal distribution of pollutants inside a photocopy
centre. The findings of this work show that all the pollutants
were within the limits prescribed by the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) of the US government.
But the researchers of this study just mentions that the O3
concentration during the maximum productivity time increased
30 fold compared to other time intervals. This observation
is in agreement with the results of Kagi et al., and Lee and
Hsu as well who studied the O3 emissions from laser printers
and photocopiers during the operation of these devices [21],
[22]. The main shortcoming of Kiurski et al’s work [14] is
the location of sampling points faraway from the devices
of which the emission levels are being measured. When the
sampling points are located faraway, the concentration of
reactive elements become reduced as they interact with other
elements in the atmosphere. Also, these concentration levels
will not reflect the actual concentration levels experienced
by the operators who stand very close to the devices during
operations.
Barrese et al., in [2] have studied the emission of volatile
organic compounds, formaldehyde and O3 from laser printing
devices. The experimental results show that there a signifi-
cant increase of all three types of pollutants during printing
compared to the baselines established using the concentration
levels observed during non printing times. It was also shown
that using certain filters, it is possible to reduce the increase
of concentration of both volatile organic compounds and O3
but not that of formaldehyde. The most important observation
made from these experiments is that the concentration of O3
comes of normal levels within a very short time of around 10
minutes, which is equal to the half life time of O3 in the lower
atmosphere.
Temporal variation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
concentration within a photocopy centre has been studied
by Jelena et al., [15]. This study shows that though the
concentration of these two gases increased many folds dur-
ing the peak operations ties compared to other times, the
concentrations were still lower than the government specified
exposure limits. It was noted that proper ventilation could help
further reduction of these gases within the operating spaces.
The main shortcoming of all the above studies is that the
results were taken manually at predefined intervals. Hence,
there is a possibility of missing certain important readings
indicating extreme values. Also, it is not possible determine
the time periods over which the operators were continuously
exposed to these pollutants. Hence, it is necessary to observe
and log the concentration of these pollutants continuously
over along period of times using some automatic means.Next
sections discusses how Internet of Things (IoT) can be effec-
tively employed to achieve the said objective of continuous
monitoring of pollutant levels automatically.
IV. I OT- ENABLED I NDOOR A IR Q UALITY M ONITORING
S YSTEM
Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical as well
as virtual objects that communicate with each other over the
Internet [23]. The area of IoT has developed rapidly in the
recent years due to the advances made in many areas such
as hardware, sensor, software and networking technologies
along with the interest shown by the academic, research
and industrial communities. The objects commonly known
as Things in IoT when deployed can sense the environment,
transfer data, and communicate with each other [24]. Thus
with proper deployment of IoT devices and analysis of data
collected, it is possible to understand the world around us and
respond or react to any situation needing attention promptly.
Hence IoT has been considered as the ultimate tool that would
help us to gain an insight into the physical world around us
and react to any changes immediately with limited human
intervention.
IoT systems and applications have been proposed and
implemented in several areas related to environment manage-
ment including indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring and
management, home monitoring and security systems, energy
management in public and private buildings, elderly care
systems and microclimate monitoring systems in specific areas
[25]. The O3 monitoring system proposed in this research uses
a semiconductor sensor connected to the IoT board directly.
The IoT device has been programmed to sample the air quality
at a regular interval of five minutes between samplings. The
data collected by the sensing node (IoT board) is directly
transferred to the intermediate (gateway) node through the
2017 Second International Conference On Computing and Communications Technologies(ICCCT’17)
bluetooth connection. The gateway node had been connected
to the WiFi network through which it communicates with
the processing node. Both which in turn was connected to
the Internet through the campus gateway. The data processing
node is also a part of the local area network and hence can
receive data directly from the gateway node. As an additional
capability, the proposed air pollution monitoring system was
programmed to generate warnings when the pollution level
exceeds beyond a predetermined threshold value and stays
there for more than a few minutes. Figure 1 shows the
architecture of the proposed monitoring system. This system
can be enhanced to cover a larger area by adding more Sensing
nodes and gateway nodes depending on the requirements. Also
additional sensors can be connected to the system enabling it
to monitor more pollutants in the environment.
Fig. 1. Architecture of the Monitoring System
A. Sensing Node
The proposed sensing node is built using Arduino BT
prototype board and consists of a semiconductor O3 sen-
sor, a small speaker, a microcontroller (ATmega328P) and a
Bluegiga WT11 bluetooth module as shown in Fig. 2. The
board is powered by a 5V dc power source and the input
(O3 sensor) and output (speaker) are connected to one of
the analog inputs and PWM outputs respectively. The board
has been programmed using Arduino software downloaded
from the Arduino website. The sensor readings are processed
by the microcontroller and transmitted through the bluetooth
transceiver. The node transmits the time stamp (time of data
capture) and the node id along with the sensed O3 concentra-
tion as additional information.
Fig. 2. Arduino BT IoT Prototyping Board
B. Ozone Sensor
There are several types of O3 sensors in the market. These
sensors can be divided into electrochemical, semiconductor,
optical and UV absorption ozone sensors based on the ozone
detection technologies used by these sensors [26]. Compared
to other technologies, semiconductor sensors have several
advantages including low cost, higher responsiveness to low
219
levels of O3, better repeatability and accuracy and long sensor
life. Hence, semiconductor O3 sensor has been selected in this
work.
C. Gateway Node
The gateway node was built using Raspberry Pi-3 single
board computers with built in bluetooth and IEEE 802.11n
Wireless LAN support. The gateway running the complete
TCP/IP stack is capable of formatting IP packets and forward-
ing them over the Ethernet network. Figure 3 shows a sample
Raspberry Pi-3 node with the required interfaces.
Fig. 3. Raspberry Pi 3 Gateway Node
D. Processing Node
The processing node was implemented on a high end
personal computer running Windows 2007 operating system.
The data received over the LAN is saved in a mySQL database
for processing later. A web application has been developed to
plot the data received on a 2D graph for better visualization.
Figure 4 shows the O3 concentration near a photocopy machine
over 24 hour period on a working day.
Fig. 4. Ozone Concentration near a Photocopier
The readings were taken, when the relative humidity was
in the range of 48-55% and the ambient temperature was in
the range of 20-27 degrees centigrade. From Figure 4, it can
be seen that the O3 concentration increases rapidly between
220 2017 Second International Conference On Computing and Communications Technologies(ICCCT’17)
10.00 AM to 12:00 Noon and between 1:30 PM and 3:00 PM.
These time periods are generally characterized as peak work-
ing hours and in synchronization with the observations made
by other researchers as well.
V. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the IoT based indoor environment
monitoring system developed for tracking O3 concentrations
near photocopy machine. The design of the system followed
an open design philosophy so that it can be expanded to
cover larger areas with minor modifications. The prototype
was developed with a single sensing, gateway and processing
nodes. The number of sensing nodes within a specific area
can be expanded without affecting the other parts of the
network or non contiguous or very large contiguous areas
can be monitored with multiple gateway and sensing nodes.
Currently the gateway and processing nodes are located within
the same local area network. But this is not a requirement or
limitation of the design. The processing node can be moved to
another network or to the Internet with a minor configuration
change of modifying the destination IP address in the gateway
nodes. Hence the processing can also be offloaded to the cloud
without much effort. Also, the system can be extended to many
more pollutants as the Arduino BT prototype board used as
the sensing node consists of six analog inputs and 14 digital
I/O pins.
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