Evaluation of Performance Properties of Slideway Lubricants

John Hogan, C.L.S.®, CMFS®

September 18, 2020

9:00am EST (New York) / 2:00pm BST (London) / 6:30pm IST (Mumbai)
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About our Speaker
John Hogan
Project Manager, Industrial Additives

John Hogan is a Project Manager, Industrial Additives, with

The Lubrizol Corporation. John has 40 years of experience in
metalworking applications, including 19 years working in
various technical roles within the Lubrizol organization. Prior to
Lubrizol, he worked at Castrol Industrial and Chempet in
various research and technology roles. John earned a BS
degree in Chemistry from Northeastern Illinois University, and
he is also a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
(STLE) Certified Lubrication Specialist (CLS®) and Certified
Metalworking Fluid Specialist (CMFS®).

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 Evaluation of
Performance
Properties of Slideway
Lubricants
John Hogan, C.L.S.®, CMFS®
September 18, 2020

© The Lubrizol Corporation

 Overview
• Slideway lubricant market
• Definitions
• Frictional properties testing
• Equipment build and validation
• Friction modifier systems evaluation
• Ongoing work
• Summary

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 Slideway Lubricant Applications
• Used to lubricate the
guiding surfaces of a
machine tool
‒ May be sliding or rolling
elements
‒ May be various metals or
synthetic materials
‒ Protects machine tool
components
‒ Keeps equipment running
efficiently
‒ Reduces maintenance

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 Slideway Lubricant Properties
• Proper frictional characteristics
• Corrosion protection for the
machine tool components
• Compatibility with elastomers and
synthetic slideway components
• Compatibility with metalworking
fluids; separability from water
extendable fluids
• Operator acceptance
• Tackiness, wear protection,
oxidative stability, etc.
9 © The Lubrizol Corporation
 Global Slideway Lubricant Market
Market Share
Rest of World
North America
8%
22%

South America
Asia-Pacific 10%
41%

Europe
19%

1,204,000 MT 2018, expected growth 3.7% CAGR 2019 - 2024

10 © The Lubrizol Corporation Source: IndustryARC Analysis, Expert Insights

 Slideway Lubricant Specifications –
Friction Tests
• Industry Standards
‒ ISO 19378 GA / GB
▪ Relies on an obsolete frictional test method or “…suitable method agreed with the
manufacturer and/or the end user…” to demonstrate “…absence of stick slip phenomenon…”
‒ China GB 11118.1 L-HG and SH/T 0361 L-G
▪ Relies on an obsolete frictional test method or “Other determination methods for stick-slip
characteristics may also be used following an agreement between supplier and user.”

• OEM Approval
‒ Fives Cincinnati P-47, P-50, P-53 (withdrawn 2018)
▪ Most commonly cited in slideway lubricant product literature
▪ Frictional test: ratio of static to kinetic friction 0.80 max. by Fives Stick-Slip Test

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 Challenge
• Single-sourced test: slideway lubricant suppliers often rely on the Fives
Cincinnati OEM approval to demonstrate fluids performance
• Cost and complexity: approval must be renewed every three years
• Consistency: sometimes a fluid which has been approved multiple times fails
re-approval stick-slip testing

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 Challenge
• Single-sourced test: slideway lubricant suppliers often rely on the Fives
Cincinnati OEM approval to demonstrate fluids performance
• Cost and complexity: approval must be renewed every three years
• Consistency: sometimes a fluid which has been approved multiple times fails
re-approval stick-slip testing

Identify a solution for a robust pass and not adversely impact other properties

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 Definitions

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© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
 Friction Definitions - ASTM G40
• Coefficient of friction μ or f, n—in tribology,
the dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F)
between two bodies to the normal force (N)
pressing these bodies together F = µN
• Static coefficient of friction, n—the coefficient F
of friction corresponding to the maximum friction
force that must be overcome to initiate N
macroscopic motion between two bodies
• Kinetic coefficient of friction, n—the
coefficient of friction under conditions of
macroscopic relative motion between two
bodies
15 © The Lubrizol Corporation
 Stick-Slip - ASTM G40
• Stick-slip, n—in tribology, a cyclic fluctuation in the magnitudes of friction force
and relative velocity between two elements in sliding contact, usually associated
with a relaxation oscillation dependent on elasticity in the tribo-system and on a
decrease of the coefficient of friction with onset of sliding or with increase of
sliding velocity
‒ The commonest form of stick-slip is shudder
• Stick-slip free operation is important in machine tool applications for smooth,
accurate positioning and high-quality surface finishes

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 Stick-Slip - ASTM G115
• Typical force versus distance graph for a system that exhibits stick-slip behavior

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 Breakaway Force Spike - ASTM G115
• Typical force versus distance graph for a system that has a static friction that is
higher than its kinetic friction

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 No Breakaway Force Spike or Stick-Slip –
ASTM G115
• Typical force versus distance graph for a system that does not exhibit high
breakaway force or stick-slip

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 Frictional Properties Testing

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© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
 Screening Candidates by OEM Testing
is Inefficient
• Lead time often 6 – 9 months and results variable; not a very good research tool

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 Screening Candidates by OEM Testing
is Inefficient
• Lead time often 6 – 9 months and results variable; not a very good research tool

Can we run an in-house test?

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 Test Selection
• Most readily available industry standard
tests tribological conditions are very
different than this industrial application
• Our research shows Cameron Plint TE-
77 may be capable, yet not ideal
• Paper presented at World Tribology
Congress 2013 indicates SRV
tribometer test rig may be capable. We
were not able to reproduce the stick-
slip results under similar conditions.
• Many other references rely on
proprietary equipment
23 © The Lubrizol Corporation
 Test Conditions Comparison
Test Fives China SRV Paper Plint TE-77 SKC Darmstadt Japan
Cincinnati L-HG/L-G Trial Tribotest Test (JAST)
Grey iron
AISI 52100 Grey iron
A-2 tool versus grey Cast iron
Cast iron, AISI 52100, steel versus versus SKC
Test materials steel, 62-64 iron or (JIS FC300)
Grade 1 60 HRC AISI 8620 3 or grey
HRC various ring on ring
steel iron
synthetic
“14-16 ~0.8 (3.5
Roughness (Ra µm) “Lapped” 0.40 0.02 / 0.12 0.05 N/A
points” RZJIS)

Stress (MPa) 0.28 0.32 1.00 – 2.75 0.34 0.10 to 0.40 0.35 0.22

Speed (mm/min) 12.7 1.0 0 - 1.9 0 - 99 Static only 0.01 – 2,000 0.002-8400

Distance (mm) 50.8 18.0 0.5 15.0 Static only Up to 2400 Continuous

Wave form Square Square Sine Sine Static only Square NA

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 Examples on Cameron Plint TE-77

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 Examples on Cameron Plint TE-77

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 Examples on Cameron Plint TE-77

Stick-slip

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 Examples on Cameron Plint TE-77

Stick-slip

Breakaway

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 ASTM D2877 / Fives Cincinnati Test
• ASTM D2877-70 (withdrawn 1974) describes equipment available from
Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. and test method similar to the method provided
by MAG prior to their being purchased by Fives
‒ ASTM D2877 Note 2: “The static friction measured is not the usual breakaway force,
but is the motion resisting force 1 minute after the motor is turned off” (Fives 5 min.)
‒ Both use springs and dial indicators to measure force
▪ ASTM G115 indicates elastic measurement system may be best to measure breakaway force,
yet guides to use a force measuring system that best simulates the tribosystem of interest
‒ ASTM D2877 describes a spring loading system rather than simpler fixed weights

29 © The Lubrizol Corporation

 ASTM D2877 / Fives Cincinnati Test
• ASTM D2877-70 (withdrawn 1974) describes equipment available from
Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. and test method similar to the method provided
by MAG prior to their being purchased by Fives
‒ ASTM D2877 Note 2: “The static friction measured is not the usual breakaway force,
but is the motion resisting force 1 minute after the motor is turned off” (Fives 5 min.)
‒ Both use springs and dial indicators to measure force
▪ ASTM G115 indicates elastic measurement system may be best to measure breakaway force,
yet guides to use a force measuring system that best simulates the tribosystem of interest
‒ ASTM D2877 describes a spring loading system rather than simpler fixed weights

Can we build a tester with modern capabilities and an appropriate tribosystem?

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 Equipment Build and Validation

31 © The Lubrizol
© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
 Slideway Test Rig
• Modernized version with tribosystem similar to
Fives Cincinnati test / ASTM D2877
• Load cell and high-speed data acquisition are
much better to evaluate tribological responses
• Designed to measure kinetic and static coefficient
of friction as well as stick-slip phenomenon
• Multiple runs and statistical analysis enhance
interpretation

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 Test Rig Basic Overview
• For slideway testing 10 mL fluid distributed on bottom block per the method

Applied Load
Test Pieces

Load
Lube Sump Cell

Linear Motion Screw

(moves bottom test
piece and lube sump)
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 Test Trace Plots
• Break in for one hour at 12.7 mm/min reciprocating for four minutes in each
direction
• For fluid evaluation, stop for five minutes before changing direction
Fluid Evaluation

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 Trace Plot Data Analysis
Scatterplot
Friction of F.F.
Force (lbs) vsTime
Versus Time (s)
Max – Static Force (Breakaway) TRN
TRN021302
7 TRN021303
Median1
TRN022001
Kinetic Force Median2 TRN121813
(lbs) (lbs)

Pseudo-Static Force TRN121913

6 TRN122013
Force
FrictionF.F.

3
6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800
Time (s)
Time (s)
35 © The Lubrizol Corporation
 Trace Plot Data Analysis
Scatterplot
Friction of F.F.
Force (lbs) vsTime
Versus Time (s)
Max – Static Force (Breakaway) TRN
TRN021302
7 TRN021303
Median1
TRN022001
Kinetic Force Median2 TRN121813
(lbs) (lbs)

Pseudo-Static Force TRN121913

6 TRN122013
Force
FrictionF.F.

4
B A A/B
Fives Defined Fives Defined Fives Stick-Slip
Kinetic Force Static Force Ratio
3
6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800
Time (s)
Time (s)
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 Validation Testing Summary
• Resurfacing test parts between tests leads to poor repeatability
‒ Fresh lapped surfaces Ra ~0.07 µm
‒ After multiple resurfacing the top block Ra ~0.42 µm
• Easy to differentiate base oil from formulated slideway lubricants
• No repeatable stick-slip or breakaway spike from target formulated fluids, even
when speed was reduced to 1.27 mm/min.
• Median1 / Median2 analysis did not give different information than A / B (Fives
Cincinnati stick-slip Ratio) for these fluids of interest

37 © The Lubrizol Corporation

 Validation Testing Summary
• Resurfacing test parts between tests leads to poor repeatability
‒ Fresh lapped surfaces Ra ~0.07 µm
‒ After multiple resurfacing the top block Ra ~0.42 µm
• Easy to differentiate base oil from formulated slideway lubricants
• No repeatable stick-slip or breakaway spike from target formulated fluids, even
when speed was reduced to 1.27 mm/min.
• Median1 / Median2 analysis did not give different information than A / B (Fives
Cincinnati stick-slip Ratio) for these fluids of interest

Can we predict Fives Cincinnati stick-slip test?

38 © The Lubrizol Corporation

 Lubrizol Rig – Fives Cincinnati Stick-Slip Method
Interval Plot of Average A/B Interval Plot of Average A/B
95% CI for the Mean 95% CI for the Mean
Force Direction. = Pos Force Direction. = Neg
0.75 0.80

0.70
0.75 0.747612
0.671664
0.65

Average A/B
Average A/B

0.70
0.60

0.65
0.55
0.621869

0.50 0.504175 0.60

0.45 0.55
Fluid.. S2 S3 Fluid.. S2 S3
Main Tier Premium Main Tier Premium
Force Direction. Pos Force Direction. Neg
The pooled standard deviation was used to calculate the intervals. The pooled standard deviation was used to calculate the intervals.

A/B (stick-slip ratio) for main tier fluid > A/B (stick-slip ratio) for premium fluid
Averages are statistically significantly different and consistent in both directions

39 © The Lubrizol Corporation

 Lubrizol Rig – Fives Cincinnati Stick-Slip Method
Interval Plot of Average A/B Interval Plot of Average A/B
95% CI for the Mean 95% CI for the Mean
Force Direction. = Pos Force Direction. = Neg
0.75 0.80

0.70
0.75 0.747612
0.671664
0.65

Average A/B
Average A/B

0.70
0.60

0.65
0.55
0.621869

0.50 0.504175 0.60

0.45 0.55
Fluid.. S2 S3 Fluid.. S2 S3
Main Tier Premium Main Tier Premium
Force Direction. Pos Force Direction. Neg
The pooled standard deviation was used to calculate the intervals. The pooled standard deviation was used to calculate the intervals.

A/B (stick-slip ratio) for main tier fluid > A/B (stick-slip ratio) for premium fluid
Averages are statistically significantly different and consistent in both directions
We can differentiate a main tier fluid and a premium fluid

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 Friction Modifier Systems Evaluation

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© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
 Stick-Slip Test Results (single run)
Kinetic (average 4 min at 12.7 mm/min)
5 min rest

Static
(Fives)

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 Stick Slip Test Report (single run)

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 Stick Slip Test Results

Adjusted stick-slip ratio based on statistical model from many Fives Cincinnati
results for Control 1
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 Stick Slip Test Results

Work resulted
Adjusted in seven
stick-slip Fives
ratio based onCincinnati approvals
statistical model outFives
from many of seven candidates
Cincinnati results for submitted
Control 1

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 Kinetic CoF Versus Stick-Slip Ratio

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 Static Friction (Breakaway) Versus Kinetic
Friction

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 Ongoing Work

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© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
Friction Properties Over a Wide Speed Range

Test Conditions
Sliding velocity (mm/sec) ~5x10-5 - 1x102
Normal load (N) 84.3
Contact pressure (MPa) 0.22
Test Specimens
Upper Lower
Material Cast Iron FC300 (JIS)
Heat treatment Annealed Quenched
Hardness Hv 345 Hv 750
Dimension of sliding 52 (External) 53 (External)
surface (mm) 47 (Internal) 46 (Internal)
Roughness (µm) ~3.5 RZJIS

Courtesy of Nagoya Institute of Technology

© The Lubrizol Corporation
Friction Results

© The Lubrizol Corporation

 Ongoing Studies of Slideway Fluid Properties
• Wear measurements with liner guides
‒ Common to machine tool guide systems but very different tribosystems
• Improved methods to characterize coolant compatibility
‒ Critical to guideway performance and coolant life
• Improved methods to characterize the potential for residue or sludge formation
in guideway systems if contaminated by coolant

51 © The Lubrizol Corporation

 Related Work

52 © The Lubrizol
© The Lubrizol Corporation
Corporation
 Stick-Slip (Shudder) in Hydraulic Systems
• Can we use this rig to evaluate hydraulic fluid frictional performance?
• Test parts fabricated to hold polymer sheets
• Conditions adapted to appropriate tribology
• Screening experiments to validate with known fluids

Normal
Force
polymer

metal

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 Hydraulic Oil with 94 AU 925 Polyurethane

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 Summary
• Apparatus is able to differentiate slideway fluid frictional performance
• ASTM D2877 / Fives Cincinnati stick-slip ratio alone is not the best way to
define frictional performance of slideway lubricants
• Fives Cincinnati approvals were withdrawn from the market Sep. 2018
• Friction additive system can greatly impact other performance properties
• Foam, corrosion, compatibility with elastomers or synthetic friction materials,
wear and other properties are also important to achieving accurate, stable and
continuous operation of a machine tool for optimized productivity
• Friction test rig is also capable of differentiating frictional properties of
hydraulic fluids

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 Q&A

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