Section 22

FIG.
22-1
Nomenclature
H = heat content or Acid Gas = feed stream to sulfur recovery plant
enthalpy, Btu/lb or consisting of H2S, CO2, H2O, and
Btu/lb-mole usually less than 2 mol %
hydrocarbons
Kp = equilibrium Claus Process = a process in which 1/3 of the H2S in

constant* the acid gas feed is burned to SO2
which is then reacted with the
remaining H2S to produce sulfur.
This is also referred to as the
modified Claus process
LT/D = long ton per day Residence the period of time in which a
(A long ton is Time process stream will be contained
2240 lb) within a certain volume or piece of
equipment, seconds
P = partial pressure, Tail Gas = a process unit designed to take tail

atmospheres Cleanup Unit gas from a Claus sulfur recovery
plant and remove additional sulfur
with the goal of meeting
environmental sulfur emission
standards
π = total pressure,
atmospheres
* For the low pressure, vapor phase Claus reaction

2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3/x Sx
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) )
Kp = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols Sx]3/x ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1
KEY
= Example calculation from the book
= Application worksheet for user to fill out
= Numbers that must be filled in according to the user's data and specific situation
= Numbers that must be filled in according to graphs and charts
Example 22-1 -- Claus Process Calculation
Feed Gas Conditions: 110 °F Dry Bulb Temp
20.7 psia Wet Bulb Temp
Plant Size - Feed 100 LTD sulfur Air Blower Discharge Temp
mol % mols/hr
H2S 60.65 291.08 Specific Humidity
CO2 32.17 154.39 (from psychometric charts) lb-mol vapor/lb-mol dry air
H2O 6.2 29.76
Hydrocarbons (as C1) 0.98 4.70
100.00 479.93
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using examples published in the Enginee
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on t
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, thos
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad ass
Application 22-1 -- Claus Process Calc
100 °F Feed Gas Conditions: 110
75 °F 20.7
180 °F Plant Size - Feed 100
mol %
0.0297 Fig. 11-2 H2S 60.65
lb-mol vapor/lb-mol dry air CO2 32.17
H2O 6.2
Hydrocarbons (as C1) 0.98
100.00
ed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas
tion and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary
warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particu
atsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to
curacy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves,
- Claus Process Calculation
°F Dry Bulb Temp 100 °F
psia Wet Bulb Temp 75 °F
LTD sulfur Air Blower Discharge Temp 180 °F
mols/hr
291.08 Specific Humidity 0.0297 Fig. 11-2
154.39 (from psychrometric charts) lb-mol vapor/lb-mol dry air
29.76
4.70
479.93
ciation as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation w
uch information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such informati
antability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ing from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or an
ompositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual pro
led and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-n
on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ng taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band lim
, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, reco
control set-point dead-band limitations.

te or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section
Calculate air required to burn 1/3 of the H2S in the feed and for total combustion of hydrocarbons
H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2

∆Ĥ (32°F) = -222,700 Btu
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -345,170 Btu
Find oxygen required

H2S → SO2
(1/3)*(3/2)*(moles H2S) = 145.54 mols/hr O2
Hydrocarbons (as C1)
2 * (moles C1) = 9.41 mols/hr O2
Total 154.94 mols/hr O2
Assume x=mols of H2S reacting

2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3/2 S2
x 1/2x x 3/4x
∆Ĥ (32°F) = 20,230 Btu
Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)
Feed Gas Combustion

(mol/hr) Air (mol/hr) Products (mol/hr) Reaction Products (mol/hr)
H2S 291.08 194.05 194.05
CO2 154.39 159.10 159.10
H2O 29.76 21.91 158.09 158.09
SO2 97.03 97.03
N2 582.63 582.63 582.63
O2 154.94
S2
S6
S8
479.93 759.48 1190.89 1190.89
Assume ∆P through the burner and furnace is: 1.6 psi

Then P= 19.1 psia = 1.3 atmospheres
At equilibrium
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) ) = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols S2]3/2 ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1
=( [158.09 + x]^2[3/4 x]^3/2 ) / ( [194.05 - x]^2[97.03 - 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
Equilibrium temperature can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 or can be approximated by the following
Equilibrium Temperature (°F) = -963.3 + 2131 · ln(Kp) - 660.4 · ln(Kp)2 + 89.68 · ln(Kp)3
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Temperature (°F)
x, mol/hr Temperature (°F) from K p
(assumed) Kp (calculated) from Fig. 22-27 Approximate
130 19.82 1880 1903
135 27.68 2090 2118
140 39.42 2390 2403
135.16 27.99 2100 2126
Determine flame temperature by heat balance for each value of x using the thermodynamic data in Fig. 22-28.
x= 130 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H@ 110 °F By Equations page 22-28
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 291.08 628.5 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.5 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.2 19,049 641.6
Hydrocarbons (as C1) 4.70 655.4 3,083 643.0
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
mol/hr But/lb-mol Btu/hr Btu/lb-mol
O2 154.94 1084.2 167,980 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.2 601,980 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.8 26,760 1222.7
759.48 796,720
Assume a range in order to interpolate for reaction temperature
Reaction Products
H @ 2100 °F By Equations page 22-28
H2S 64.05 20240 1,296,378 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 288.09 18350 5,286,506 19464
SO2 32.03 24220 775,649 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 97.50 17110 1,668,225 18032
1223.39 21,409,566
Heat in
Feed Gas = 312,762 Btu/hr
Combustion Air = 796,720 Btu/hr
H2S Combustion = 21,607,500 Btu/hr
HC Combustion = 1,623,430 Btu/hr
Claus Reaction = (1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,025,462 Btu/hr
By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2165°F
x= 135 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H2S 291.08 628.5 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.5 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.2 19,049 641.6
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
O2 154.94 1084.2 167,984 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.2 601,981 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.8 26,765 1222.7
759.48 796,730
Reaction Products
H2S 59.05 20240 1,195,178 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 293.09 18350 5,378,256 19464
SO2 29.53 24220 715,099 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 101.25 17110 1,732,388 18032
1224.64 21,403,728
Heat in
Claus Reaction = -1,365,525 Btu/hr
22,974,896 Btu/hr
x= 140 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H2S 291.08 628.48 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.54 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.19 19,049 641.6
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
O2 154.94 1084.16 167,984 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.22 601,981 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.82 26,765 1222.7
759.48 796,730
Reaction Products
H2S 54.05 20240 1,093,978 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 298.09 18350 5,470,006 19464
SO2 27.03 24220 654,549 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 105.00 17110 1,796,550 18032
1225.89 21,397,891
Heat in
22,924,321 Btu/hr

Plot x vs. calculated equilibrium tenperature and vs. flame temperatures to get the x-value and temperature that meet the thermo
equilibrium and heat balance conditions.
x, mol/hr Equilibrium Flame

(assumed) Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F)
130 1880 2165
135 2090 2163
140 2390 2162
Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

3000
2500
f(x) = 51.0000000000001 x − 4765.00000000001
2000 f(x) = − 0.354833392656504 x + 2211.39977503385 Equil Temp
Temperature, °F
Linear (Equil Temp)

1500
Flame Temp
1000 Linear (Flame Temp)
500
0
128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142
x, moles H2S reacting
x, mol/hr Equil. and Flame Temperature (°F)

Intercept: 135.55 2163.3
By Equations page 22-28

130 1903 2121
135 2118 2173
140 2403 2177
Based on equations on Page 22-28.

3000
3000
2500
f(x) = 50.0507353092072 x − 4615.61840531728
2000 f(x) = 5.63660260579646 x + 1396.03634229804 Equilibrium Temperature (°F)
Temperature, °F
Linear (Equilibrium Temperature

(°F))
1500
Flame Temperature (°F)
1000 Linear (Flame Temperature (°F))
500
0
128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142

Intercept: 134.91 2148.3
From Eq 22-2
Eq 22-9
From Eq 22-6
Reaction Products (mol/hr)

-1 x
1x
-0.5 x
0.75 x
+ 0.25 x
s SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1

x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
by the following
3
Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without

any explanation.
mic data in Fig. 22-28.

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
By Equations page 22-28 H @ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

Btu/hr Btu/lbmol Btu/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
1,374,655 22720 1,455,222 22709 1,454,525
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,607,344 20570 5,926,072 20581 5,929,195
820,130 27000 864,679 27003 864,761
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,758,107 18960 1,848,600 18959 1,848,491
22,649,073 23,885,236 23,889,412
= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,430 Btu/hr
= (1,314,950) Btu/hr
Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus
23,023,024 Btu/hr Reaction with 135.16 moles/hr but
shows 135 moles/hr in the example.

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493

1,267,345 22720 1,341,622 22709 1,340,980
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,704,662 20570 6,028,922 20581 6,032,100
756,108 27000 797,179 27003 797,254
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,825,727 18960 1,919,700 18959 1,919,587
22,642,677 23,878,086 23,882,360

= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,430 Btu/hr
= (1,365,525) Btu/hr
22,972,449 Btu/hr

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493

1,160,034 22720 1,228,022 22709 1,227,434
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,801,980 20570 6,131,772 20581 6,135,004
692,085 27000 729,679 27003 729,748
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,893,346 18960 1,990,800 18959 1,990,682
22,636,282 23,870,936 23,875,308

= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,431 Btu/hr
= (1,416,100) Btu/hr
22,921,875 Btu/hr

ue and temperature that meet the thermodynamic
emperature
Equil Temp
Linear (Equil Temp)
Flame Temp
Linear (Flame Temp)
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 °F

without any explanation.
ue and temperature that meet the thermodynamic
emperature
emperature

(°F))
Linear (Flame Temperature (°F))
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 °F

without any explanation.
ing examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas proce
and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and t
anties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular p
ever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , refe
cy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site c
Step 1 Combustion/Reaction Section
Calculate air required to burn 1/3 of the H2S in the feed and for total combustion of hydrocarbons
H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2

∆Ĥ (32°F) = -222,700 Btu
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -345,170 Btu
Find oxygen required

H2S → SO2
(1/3)*(3/2)*(moles H2S) = 145.54 mols/hr O2
Hydrocarbons (as C1)
2 * (moles C1) = 9.41 mols/hr O2
Total 154.94 mols/hr O2
Assume x=mols of H2S reacting

2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3/2 S2
x 1/2x x 3/4x
∆Ĥ (32°F) = 20,230 Btu
Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)
Feed Gas Combustion

(mol/hr) Air (mol/hr) Products (mol/hr) Reaction Products (mol/hr)
H2S 291.08 194.05 194.05
CO2 154.39 159.10 159.10
H2O 29.76 21.91 158.09 158.09
SO2 97.03 97.03
N2 582.63 582.63 582.63
O2 154.94
S2
S6
S8
479.93 759.48 1190.89 1190.89
Assume ∆P through the burner and furnace is: 1.6 psi

Then P= 19.1 psia = 1.3 atmospheres
At equilibrium
Kp = ( (PH2O)2(PSx)3/x ) / ( (PH2S)2(PSO2) ) = ( [Mols H2O]2[Mols S2]3/2 ) / ( [Mols H2S]2[Mols SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1
=( [158.09 + x]^2[3/4 x]^3/2 ) / ( [194.05 - x]^2[97.03 - 1/2 x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
Equilibrium temperature can determined by reading Fig. 22-27 or can be approximated by the following
Equilibrium Temperature (°F) = -963.3 + 2131 · ln(K p) - 660.4 · ln(Kp)2 + 89.68 · ln(Kp)3
Equilibrium
x, mol/hr Temperature (°F) from Kp
(assumed) Kp (calculated) from Fig. 22-27 Approximate
130 19.82 1880 1903
135 27.68 2090 2118
140 39.42 2390 2403
135.16 27.99 2100 2126
Determine flame temperature by heat balance for each value of x using the thermodynamic data in Fig. 22-28.
x= 130 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H2S 291.08 628.5 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.5 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.2 19,049 641.6
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
O2 154.94 1084.16 167,984 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.22 601,981 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.82 26,765 1222.7
759.48 796,730
Assume a range in order to interpolate for reaction temperature
Reaction Products
H2S 64.05 20240 1,296,378 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 288.09 18350 5,286,506 19464
SO2 32.03 24220 775,649 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 97.50 17110 1,668,225 18032
1223.39 21,409,566
Heat in
Claus Reaction = (1,314,950) Btu/hr
23,025,472 Btu/hr
x= 135 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H2S 291.08 628.5 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.5 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.2 19,049 641.6
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
O2 154.94 1084.2 167,984 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.2 601,981 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.8 26,765 1222.7
759.48 796,730
Reaction Products
H2S 59.05 20240 1,195,178 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 293.09 18350 5,378,256 19464
SO2 29.53 24220 715,099 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 101.25 17110 1,732,388 18032
1224.64 21,403,728
Heat in
22,974,896 Btu/hr
x= 140 moles/hr
Feed Gas
H2S 291.08 628.48 182,935 622.2
CO2 154.39 697.54 107,695 701.6
H2O 29.76 640.19 19,049 641.6
479.93 312,762
Combustion Air
O2 154.94 1084.16 167,984 1086.7
N2 582.63 1033.22 601,981 1030.4
H2O 21.91 1221.82 26,765 1222.7
759.48 796,730
Reaction Products
H2S 54.05 20240 1,093,978 21462
CO2 159.10 23560 3,748,293 24939
H2O 298.09 18350 5,470,006 19464
SO2 27.03 24220 654,549 25609
N2 582.63 14820 8,634,515 15655
S2 105.00 17110 1,796,550 18032
1225.89 21,397,891
Heat in
22,924,321 Btu/hr


130 1880 2165
135 2090 2163
140 2390 2162

3000
2500
f(x) = 51.0000000000001 x − 4765.00000000001
2000 f(x) = − 0.354873986079867 x + 2211.40539045741 Equilibrium Temperature
Temperature, °F
Linear (Equilibrium Tempe

(°F))
1500
1000 Linear (Flame Temperatur
500
0
128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142

Intercept: 135.55 2163.3

130 1903 2121
135 2118 2173
140 2403 2177
Based on equations on Page 22-28.

3000
3000
2500
f(x) = 50.0507353092072 x − 4615.61840531728
2000 f(x) = 5.63660260579646 x + 1396.03634229804 Equilibrium Temperature (°F)
Temperature, °F
Linear (Equilibrium Temperatu

(°F))
1500
1000 Linear (Flame Temperature (°F
500
0
128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142

Intercept: 134.91 2148.3
tion as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with
h information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information
ability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
g from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any
positions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual proce
From Eq 22-2
Eq 22-9
From Eq 22-6
Reaction Products (mol/hr)

-x
+x
- 1/2x
+ 3/4 x
+ 1/4 x
SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1

x] ) * ( 1.3 / [1190.89 + 1/4 x] )^1/2
y the following
ic data in Fig. 22-28.
y Equations page 22-28

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551
y Equations page 22-28

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
By Equations page 22-28 H@ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

1,374,655 22720 1,455,222 22709 1,454,525
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,607,344 20570 5,926,072 20581 5,929,195
820,130 27000 864,679 27003 864,761
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,758,107 18960 1,848,600 18959 1,848,491
22,649,073 23,885,236 23,889,412
= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,430 Btu/hr
= (1,314,950) Btu/hr
Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus
23,023,024 Btu/hr Reaction with 135.16 moles/hr but

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493
By Equations page 22-28 H@ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

1,267,345 22720 1,341,622 22709 1,340,980
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,704,662 20570 6,028,922 20581 6,032,100
756,108 27000 797,179 27003 797,254
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,825,727 18960 1,919,700 18959 1,919,587
22,642,677 23,878,086 23,882,360

= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,430 Btu/hr
= (1,365,525) Btu/hr
22,972,449 Btu/hr

Btu/hr
181,114
108,322
19,091
3,024
311,551

Btu/hr
168,384
600,324
26,785
795,493

1,160,034 22720 1,228,022 22709 1,227,434
3,967,700 26330 4,188,988 26329 4,188,854
5,801,980 20570 6,131,772 20581 6,135,004
692,085 27000 729,679 27003 729,748
9,121,136 16480 9,601,674 16483 9,603,585
1,893,346 18960 1,990,800 18959 1,990,682
22,636,282 23,870,936 23,875,308

= 311,551 Btu/hr
= 795,493 Btu/hr
= 21,607,500 Btu/hr
= 1,623,431 Btu/hr
= (1,416,100) Btu/hr
22,921,875 Btu/hr

e and temperature that meet the thermodynamic
e Temperature

(°F))
142
e and temperature that meet the thermodynamic
Temperature
Temperature

(°F))
42
ompiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).

cacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by tra
ased on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
eering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band
ethod, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement,
h damages.
tual control set-point dead-band limitations.
e or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 2 Waste Heat Boiler Duty
Assume that 250 psig steam is generated in the waste heat boiler
Assume temp of the cooled combustion products is 700 °F
Distribution of vapor species at the given temperature, ignoring S 7

0.5 mol % S2 Fig. 22-21
45 mol % S6
54.5 mol % S8
Reaction Products Cooled Reaction Products

H @ 2163 °F H @ 700
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
H2S 58.50 21810 1,275,775 58.50 5774 337,752
CO2 159.10 25313 4,027,253 159.10 6868 1,092,669
H2O 293.65 19755 5,801,090 293.65 5658 1,661,460
SO2 29.25 25980 759,847 29.25 7309 213,771
N2 582.63 15871 9,246,727 582.63 4720 2,749,994
S2 101.67 18281 1,858,564 0.14 5507 792
S6 12.94 19510 252,497
S8 15.67 27050 423,985
1224.78 22,969,256 1151.87 6,732,921
∆H= 16,236,335 Btu/hr
S2 → S6 ∆Ĥ= 122,500 ∆H= 1,585,388 Btu/hr Fig. 22-29

S2 → S8 ∆Ĥ= 177,900 ∆H= 2,788,429 Btu/hr
Total heat duty:

∆H= 20,610,152 Btu/hr
Note: Partial pressure of sulfur vapor

= ((S2 + S6 + S8) / Total moles) *(Total pressure)
= 0.032 atmospheres
Vapor pressure of sulfur at 700 °F from Fig. 22-22 = 0.3 atm.
No sulfur is condensed.
The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed us
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information a
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warra
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoe
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accurac
Step 2 Waste Heat Boiler Duty
Assume that 250 psig steam is generated in the
Assume temp of the cooled combustion products is
Distribution of vapor species at the given temperature

0.5 mol % S2
45 mol % S6
54.5 mol % S8
Reaction Products
H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 58.50 21810
CO2 159.10 25313
H2O 293.65 19755
SO2 29.25 25980
N2 582.63 15871
S2 101.67 18281
Note: Page 22-29 shows the Reaction Products S6
enthalpy of S2 at 25,623 Btu/lb-mol while Page
22-28 shows 18,278 Btu/lb-mol for the same S8
stream. 1224.78
∆H= 16,236,340
S2 → S6 ∆Ĥ= 122,500 ∆H=

S2 → S8 ∆Ĥ= 177,900 ∆H=
Total heat duty:

∆H= 20,610,158 Btu/hr
Note: Partial pressure of sulfur vapor

= ((S2 + S6 + S8) / Total moles) *(Total pressure
= 0.032 atmospheres
Vapor pressure of sulfur at 700 °F from Fig. 22-22 =
No sulfur is condensed.
erein were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a
e technical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such inform
any kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability,
or any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from t
ational level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, composition
steam is generated in the waste heat boiler
700 °F
n temperature
Fig. 22-21
Reaction Products Cooled Reaction Products

2163 H @ 700
Btu/hr mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
1,275,775 58.50 5774 337,752
4,027,254 159.10 6868 1,092,669
5,801,091 293.65 5658 1,661,460
759,847 29.25 7309 213,771
9,246,728 582.63 4720 2,749,994
1,858,565 0.14 5507 792
12.94 19510 252,497
15.67 27050 423,985
22,969,261 1151.87 6,732,921
Btu/hr
1,585,388 Btu/hr Fig. 22-29

2,788,430 Btu/hr
l moles) *(Total pressure)
Fig. 22-22 = 0.3 atm.
Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in
ons, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of
sions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
nterruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, co
es, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into ac
e has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
leteness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or
n, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-po
ion method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorse
of such damages.
and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
nstitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 3 1st Sulfur Condenser
Assume pressure drop through the condenser: 0.5 psi
Process stream further cooled to : 350 °F
From Fig. 22-22, vapor pressure of sulfur at above temperature: 0.0011 atm
Distribution of sulfur species is:
14.5 mol % S6 Fig. 22-20
85.5 mol % S8
Therefore, if no sulfur condensed there would be:
3.82 mol S6
22.55 mol S8
Uncondensed sulfur
= (0.0011*14.7 / (18.6 - 0.0011*14.7)) * (1151.87 - (3.82 + 22.55))
= 0.98 mol/hr
S6 0.14 mol/hr uncondensed

3.68 mol/hr condensed
Condenser Outlet Conditions

H@ 350 °F
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
H2S 58.50 2614 152,907
CO2 159.10 3050 485,242
H2O 293.65 2652 778,607
SO2 29.25 3272 95,698
N2 582.63 2225 1,296,343
S2 (vapor)
S6 (vapor) 3.82 8976 34,324
S8 (vapor) 22.55 12395 279,489
1149.48 3,122,610
∆H= 3,610,310 Btu/hr
Fig. 22-30 ∆H:

S6 (vapor) → Sliq 178.8 Btu/lb 126,560 Btu/hr
S8 (vapor) → Sliq 123.6 Btu/lb 687,836 Btu/hr
Fig. 22-29 ∆H:
S2 (vapor) → S6 (vapor) 122,500 Btu/lb-mole 663 Btu/hr
S2 (vapor) → S8 (vapor) 177,900 Btu/lb-mole 5,674 Btu/hr
Total Duty: 4,431,044 Btu/hr

The sample calculations, equations and spreadsheets presented herein were developed using example
While every effort has been made to present accurate and reliable technical information and calculat
The Calculation Spreadsheets are provided without warranty of any kind including warranties of acc
In no event will the GPA or GPSA and their members be liable for any damages whatsoever (includi
These calculation spreadsheets are provided to provide an “Operational level” of accuracy calculatio
Step 3 1st Sulfur Condenser
Assume pressure drop through the condenser:
Process stream further cooled to :
From Fig. 22-22, vapor pressure of sulfur at above temperature:
Distribution of sulfur species is:
14.5 mol % S6
85.5 mol % S8
Therefore, if no sulfur condensed there would be:
3.82 mol S6
22.55 mol S8
Uncondensed sulfur
= (0.0011*14.7 / (18.6 - 0.0011*14.7)) * (1151.87 - (3.8
= 0.98 mol/hr

Condenser Outlet Conditions

H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 58.50 2614
CO2 159.10 3050
H2O 293.65 2652
SO2 29.25 3272
N2 582.63 2225
S2 (vapor)
S6 (vapor) 3.82 8976
S8 (vapor) 22.55 12395
1149.48
∆H= 3610312
Fig. 22-30 ∆H:

S6 (vapor) → Sliq 178.8 Btu/lb
S8 (vapor) → Sliq 123.6 Btu/lb
Fig. 22-29 ∆H:
S2 (vapor) → S6 (vapor) 122,500 Btu/lb-mol
S2 (vapor) → S8 (vapor) 177,900 Btu/lb-mol
Total Duty: 4,430,960 Btu/hr

n were developed using examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a se
chnical information and calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such informati
kind including warranties of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitn
any damages whatsoever (including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the u
nal level” of accuracy calculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, i
0.5 psi
350 °F
bove temperature: 0.0011 atm
Fig. 22-20
.6 - 0.0011*14.7)) * (1151.87 - (3.82 + 22.55))
l/hr uncondensed
l/hr condensed
l/hr uncondensed
l/hr condensed
ndenser Outlet Conditions

350 °F
Btu/hr
152,907
485,242
778,607
95,698
1,296,343
34,322
279,489
3,122,608
Btu/hr
126,560 Btu/hr
687,751 Btu/hr
663 Btu/hr
5,674 Btu/hr
essor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and ed
culations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timelin
conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ness interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warran
eratures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking i
mulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ompleteness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process
cation, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
ate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control se
culation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply end
lity of such damages.

ling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
ot constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 4 1st Reheater
One of the principal purposes of reheating is to maintain the process gas above the sulfur dewpoint throughout
the catalyst bed.
Assume 20 % H2S conversion to sulfur in the first catalyst bed
Total sulfur as S1 vapor = 65.77 mol/hr

Assume pressure drop for reheater and catalyst b 1 psi
New pressure: 17.6
Sulfur vapor pressure (as S1) then is: 65.77/1130.66 * 17.6 = 1.02 psi
= 0.07 atm
Looking at Fig. 22-22, the vapor pressure of sulfur is the above value at about 445 °F
The preheater outlet temperature is typically set 30 °F higher.
Therefore preheater outlet temperature should be 475 °F
Sulfur dist. at outlet temperature 0.255 mol % S 6 Fig. 22-21
0.745 mol % S8
H @ 475 H@ 350 °F
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr Btu/hr
H2S 58.50 3700 216,433 152,907
CO2 159.10 4368 694,890 485,242
H2O 293.65 3715 1,090,828 778,607
SO2 29.25 4677 136,784 95,698
N2 582.63 3108 1,810,801 1,296,343
S6 0.25 12693 3,173 1,275
S8 0.73 17543 12,806 10,378
1124.09 3,965,716 2,820,450
Reheater Heat Duty: 1,145,266 Btu/hr
Step 4 1st Reheater
One of the principal purposes of reheating is to maintain the p
the catalyst bed.
Assume 20 % H2S conversion to sulfur in
Total sulfur as S1 vapor = 65.79

Assume pressure drop for reheater and catalyst b
New pressure: 17.6
Sulfur vapor pressure (as S1) then is: 65.79/1130.68 * 17.6 =
= 0.07
Looking at Fig. 22-22, the vapor pressure of sulfur is the abov
The preheater outlet temperture is typically set
Therefore preheater outlet temperature should be
Composition at outlet temperatur 0.255
0.745
H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 58.50 3700
CO2 159.10 4368
H2O 293.65 3715
SO2 29.25 4677
N2 582.63 3108
S6 0.25 12693
S8 0.73 17543
1124.09
Reheater Heat Duty: 1,145,233
published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing industry
n spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and G
acy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non
g without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or rel
based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions etc)
ating is to maintain the process gas above the sulfur dewpoint throughout
2
S conversion to sulfur in the first catalyst bed
mol/hr
1 psi
65.79/1130.68 * 17.6 = 1.02 psi

atm
sure of sulfur is the above value at about 445 °F
30 °F higher.
475 °F
mol % S6 Fig. 22-21
mol % S8
475 H @ 350 °F
Btu/hr Btu/hr
216,433 152,907
694,890 485,242
1,090,828 778,607
136,784 95,698
1,810,801 1,296,343
3,173 1,275
12,806 10,412
3,965,716 2,820,483
Btu/hr
e gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors Asso
ntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein to
particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ity to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory an
urves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid p
with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
tion. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service m
any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
rocess conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA
n or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Step 5 1st Catalytic Converter
In the temperatur range of 400°F-700°F prevailing in the catalytic reactors, the Claus Reaction equilibrium involving
formation of S2, S6, and S8 should all be used in equilibrium calculations.
Good approximation (within 1% total overall conversion) obtained if only the reaction to form S 8 is considered.
Assume y mols of H2S react
2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3/8 S8
y 1/2y y 3/16y
∆H (32°F) = -54330 Btu
Feed Gas @ 475°F Outlet Conditions

mol/hr mol/hr
H2S 58.50 58.50 - y
CO2 159.10 159.10
H2O 293.65 293.65 + y
SO2 29.25 29.25 - y/2
N2 582.63 582.63
S6 0.25
S8 0.73 0.92 + 3/16 y
1124.09 1124.03 - .3125 y
At equilibrium
Kp = ( [H2O]2[S8]3/8 ) / ( [H2S]2[SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/8 – 1
= ( [293.65 + y]^2[0.92 + 3/16 y]^3/8 ) / ( [58.5 - y]^2[29.25 - 1/2 y] ) * ( 1.2 / [1124.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
As an alternative to reading Fig. 22-27, the following approximation can be used?
Equil Temp (°F) calculated = 1143 - 90.19 · ln(Kp) + 3.108 · ln(Kp)2 - 0.04539 · ln(Kp)3
Equilibrium Equilibrium
y, mol/hr Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F)
(assumed) Kp (calculated) Fig. 22-27 calculated
36 2936.56 597 598
38 3999.71 580 583
40 5601.42 566 567
38.48 4324.51 582 579 Page 22-30 uses 38.48 mole/hr w
explaination.
For each assumed value of y, calculate the total outlet stream enthalpy and the overall converter heat balance.
y= 36
At equilibrium temperature, composition is:
36 mol % S6
64 mol % S8
but we are examining only S8 formation here.
Outlet Stream H@ 597 °F

H2S 22.50 4804 108,060
CO2 159.10 5703 907,318
H2O 329.65 4763 1,570,169
SO2 11.25 6089 68,488
N2 582.63 3978 2,317,441
S6 3.03 16369 49,653
S8 5.39 22654 122,162
1113.54 5,143,292
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4) = 3,965,716 Btu/hr
Claus Reaction = 977,940 Btu/hr
Total Heat Out = 4,943,656 Btu/hr
y= 38
35 mol % S6
65 mol % S8

H2S 20.50 4649 95,279
CO2 159.10 5516 877,540
H2O 331.65 4617 1,531,152
SO2 10.25 5891 60,373
N2 582.63 3856 2,246,722
S6 3.08 15856 48,913
S8 5.73 21940 125,692
1112.93 4,985,670
Heat Balance:
Claus Reaction = 1,032,270 Btu/hr
y= 40
34 mol % S6
66 mol % S8

H2S 18.50 4521 83,622
CO2 159.10 5362 853,017
H2O 333.65 4496 1,500,168
SO2 9.25 5729 52,976
N2 582.63 3756 2,188,483
S6 3.13 15433 48,272
S8 6.07 21352 129,642
1112.31 4,856,179
Heat Balance:
Claus Reaction = 1,086,600 Btu/hr
Summary:
y, mol/hr H (indiv. species) H (reaction enthalpies)
36 5,143,292 4,943,656
T o t a l S t r e a m E n t h a lp y , M M B T U / h r
38 4,985,670 4,997,986
40 4,856,179 5,052,316
Calculation of Converter Outlet Temperature

5,200,000.00
5,100,000.00
5,000,000.00
4,900,000.00
4,800,000.00
4,700,000.00
35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5
y, moles/hr
H (indiv. species) H (reaction enthalpies)
Converter Outlet Equilibrium

Temperature (°F) Temperature
x, mol/hr Kp (calculated) Fig. 22-27 (°F) calculated
Intercept: 38.02 4011 581 583
At converter outlet temperature, composition is:

34.5 mol % S6
65.5 mol % S8

H2S 20.48 4658 95,383
CO2 159.10 5527 879,291
H2O 331.67 4625 1,534,089
SO2 10.24 5903 60,440
N2 582.63 3863 2,250,882
S6 3.04 15886 48,259
S8 5.77 21982 126,780
1112.91 4,995,125
Heat Balance
Heat In (from Step 4) = 3,965,716 BTU/hr
Claus Reaction = 1,032,750 BTU/hr
Total Heat Out = 4,998,466 BTU/hr
Desired accuracy for convergence ([heat in plus heats of reaction - heat out]/heat in) 1.00%
The heat in plus heat of reactions equals the heat out within 1%, validating the convergence.
Step 5 1st Catalytic Converter
quilibrium involving In the temperatur range of 400°F-700°F prevailing in the catalytic rea
formation of S2, S6, and S8 should all be used in equilibrium calculatio
is considered. Good approximation (within 1% total overall conversion) obtained if
Assume y mols of H2S react
2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3/8 S8
y 1/2y y 3/16y
∆H (32°F) = -54330
Feed Gas @ 475°F Outlet Conditions

mol/hr mol/hr
H2S 58.50 58.50
CO2 159.10 159.10
H2O 293.65 293.65
SO2 29.25 29.25
N2 582.63 582.63
S6 0.25
S8 0.73 0.92
1124.09 1124.03
At equilibrium
Kp = ( [H2O]2[S8]3/8 ) / ( [H2S]2[SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/8 – 1
= ( [293.65 + y]^2[0.92 + 3/16 y]^3/8 ) / ( [58.5 - y]^2[29.25 - 1/2 y]
Equil Temp (°F) calculated = 1143 - 90.19*ln(Kp) + 3.108*ln(Kp)2 - 0
y, mol/hr
(assumed) Kp (calculated)
36 2936.56
38 3999.71
40 5601.42
ge 22-30 uses 38.48 mole/hr without 38.48 4324.51
laination.
heat balance. For each assumed value of y, calculate the total outlet stream enthalpy
y= 36
Fig. 22-21 36 mol % S6
64 mol % S8
but we are examining only S8 formation here.
Outlet Stream H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 22.50 4804
CO2 159.10 5703
H2O 329.65 4763
SO2 11.25 6089
N2 582.63 3978
S6 3.03 16369
S8 5.39 22654
1113.54
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4) = 3,965,716
Claus Reaction = 977,940
Total Heat Out = 4,943,656
y= 38
Fig. 22-21 35 mol % S6
65 mol % S8
Outlet Stream H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 20.50 4649
CO2 159.10 5516
H2O 331.65 4617
SO2 10.25 5891
N2 582.63 3856
S6 3.08 15856
S8 5.73 21940
1112.93
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4) = 3,965,716
Claus Reaction = 1,032,270
y= 40
Fig. 22-21 34 mol % S6
66 mol % S8
Outlet Stream H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 18.50 4521
CO2 159.10 5362
H2O 333.65 4496
SO2 9.25 5729
N2 582.63 3756
S6 3.13 15433
S8 6.07 21352
1112.31
Heat Balance:
Heat In (Step 4) = 3,965,716
Claus Reaction = 1,086,600
Summary:
y, mol/hr H (indiv. species)
36 5,143,292
T o t a l S t r e a m E n t h a lp y , M M B T U / h r
38 4,985,670
40 4,856,179
Calculation of Converter Outl

5,200,000.00
5,100,000.00
5,000,000.00
4,900,000.00
4,800,000.00
4,700,000.00
35.5 36 36.5 37 37.5 38
y, moles/hr
H (indiv. species) H (reacti
x, mol/hr
Intercept: 38.02
At converter outlet temperature, composition is:

Fig. 22-21 34.5 mol % S6
65.5 mol % S8
Outlet Stream H@
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol
H2S 20.48 4658
CO2 159.10 5527
H2O 331.67 4625
SO2 10.24 5903
N2 582.63 3863
S6 3.04 15886
S8 5.77 21982
1112.91
Heat Balance
Heat In (from Step 4) =
Claus Reaction =
Total Heat Out =
Desired accuracy for convergence ([heat in plus heats of reaction - he
The heat in plus heat of reactions equals the heat out within 1%, valid
mples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing in
ulation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA
accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose o
uding without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to
ation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site condition
vailing in the catalytic reactors, the Claus Reaction equilibrium involving
d in equilibrium calculations.
ll conversion) obtained if only the reaction to form S 8 is considered.
Btu
Outlet Conditions
mol/hr
-y
+y
- y/2
+ 3/16 y
- .3125 y
Total Mols )3/8 – 1

58.5 - y]^2[29.25 - 1/2 y] ) * ( 1.2 / [1124.03 - .3125 y] )^-5/8
ln(Kp) + 3.108*ln(Kp)2 - 0.04538*ln(Kp)3
Equilibrium Equilibrium
Temperature (°F) Temperature (°F)
Fig. 22-27 calculated
597 598
580 583
566 567
582 579
otal outlet stream enthalpy and the overall converter heat balance.
Fig. 22-21
e.
597 °F
Btu/hr
108,060
907,318
1,570,169
68,488
2,317,441
49,653
122,162
5,143,292
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Fig. 22-21
580 °F
Btu/hr
95,279
877,540
1,531,152
60,373
2,246,722
48,913
125,692
4,985,670
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Fig. 22-21
566 °F
Btu/hr
83,622
853,017
1,500,168
52,976
2,188,483
48,272
129,642
4,856,179
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
H (reaction enthalpies)
4,943,656
4,997,986
5,052,316
f Converter Outlet Temperature
36.5 37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5

y, moles/hr
ndiv. species) H (reaction enthalpies)
Equilibrium
Converter Outlet Temperature
Temperature (°F) (°F)
Kp (calculated) Fig. 22-27 calculated
4011 581 583
Fig. 22-21
581 °F
Btu/hr
95,383
879,291
1,534,089
60,440
2,250,882
48,259
126,780
4,995,125
3,965,716 BTU/hr
1,032,750 BTU/hr
4,998,466 BTU/hr
plus heats of reaction - heat out]/heat in) 1%
heat out within 1%, validating the convergence.
ce to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processo
is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference h
s for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal the
erial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions,
ooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ch information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, an
act, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
unt actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
ade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring b
nd limitations.
mmendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Incinerator
Conversion Efficiency: 98%
Recovery Efficiency (allowing sulfur vapor losses and
about 1/2% for liquid sulfur entrainment): 97%
Tail gas composition:

These cells are obtained after
H @ 300 °F the specified number of
mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr catalytic converter stages
H2S 3.88 2188 8,489 have been used for
CO2 calculations. The
159.1 2534 403,159 calculations for the second
H2O 348.26 2228 775,923 and third stages are not
SO2 1.94 2720 5,277 shown and should be done
N2 by hand. Then put the
582.65 1873 1,091,303 calculated answers in these
S6 (vapor) 0.02 7501 150 boxes to continue.
S8 (vapor) 0.22 10360 2,279
Sliq (as S1) 1.4 5078 7,109 Enthalpy from equations on Page 22-28
1097.47 2,293,690
Excess air, based upon combustion: 50%

Step 1. Calculate oxygen required for combustibles in feed gas; outlet temp 1000 °F
H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2 From Eq 22-2
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -222,700 Btu
S1 + O2 → SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -136,600 Btu
S6 + 6O2 → 6SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -808,600 Btu
S8 + 8O2 → 8SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F) = -1,063,600 Btu
H2S: 5.82 mol/hr O2

S 1: 3.28 mol/hr O2
9.10 mol/hr O2
Page 22-31 uses methane fuel
50% 13.65 mol/hr O2 without explaination. At 50%
oxygen demand by 68.7 mole/h
Feed Air
H@ 100 °F
mol/hr mol/hr Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
H2S 3.88
CO2 159.1
H2O 348.26 1.93 557.1 1,075
SO2 1.94
N2 582.65 51.33 474.1 24,335
S (as S1) 3.28
O2 13.65 492.8 6,727
1099.11 66.91 32,137
Products
H@ 1000 °F
H2S
CO2 159.10 10430 1,659,413
H2O 354.07 8333 2,950,465
SO2 9.10 10980 99,918
N2 633.98 6932 4,394,749
S (as S1)
O2 4.55 7404 33,688
1160.80 9,138,234
Heat Balance
Heat Out 9,138,234 Btu/hr
Heat In
Feed @ 300 2,293,690 Btu/hr
Air @ 100 32,137 Btu/hr
H2S Combustion 864,076 Btu/hr
S1 Combustion 448,048 Btu/hr
3,637,951 Btu/hr
Heat Gained by Feed Gas 5,500,283 Btu/hr
Step 1(b). Calculate net heat release for fuel (assumed methane), base rate 10
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
∆H (32°F) = -345,100 Btu
Fuel
H@ 100 °F
CH4 10 567.7 5,677
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
10 5,677
Air
H@ 100 °F
CH4
CO2
O2 30 492.8 14,784
N2 112.81 474.1 53,483
H2O 4.24 557.1 2,362
147.05 70,629
Combustion Products
H@ 1000 °F
CH4
CO2 10 10430 104,300
O2 10 7404 74,040
N2 112.81 6932 781,999
H2O 24.24 8333 201,992
157.05 1,162,331
Heat Balance
Heat In
Fuel 5,677 Btu/hr
Air 70,629 Btu/hr
C1 Combustion 3,451,000 Btu/hr
3,527,306 Btu/hr
Net Heat Release of Fuel 2,364,975 Btu/hr
Step 1(c). Calculate fuel requirement and stack gas rate and composition.
Fuel required = (Heat gained by feed gas / Net Heat Release of Fuel) * Fuel basis
= 23.26 mol/hr
Stack Gas
mol/hr mol %
CO2 182.36 11.95
H2O 410.45 26.90
SO2 9.10 0.60
N2 896.35 58.74
O2 27.81 1.82
1526.06 100.00
Total Heat Release

Fuel 8,026,078 Btu/hr
H2S (From Step 1) 864,076 Btu/hr
S (From Step 1) 448,048 Btu/hr
9,338,202 Btu/hr
Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel at 0.5% excess air using 23.26 mols/hr methane as fuel.
O2 for CH4 combustion 46.51 mol/hr O2
+ 50% 69.77 mol/hr O2
O2 for H2S and S1 13.65 mol/hr O2
83.42 mol/hr O2
Fuel
H@ 100 °F
CH4 23.26 567.7 13,203
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
23.26 13,203
Air
H@ 100 °F
CH4
CO2
O2 83.42 492.8 41,110
N2 313.69 474.1 148,720
H2O 11.79 557.1 6,568
408.90 196,399
Products
H@ 1000 °F
H2S
CO2 182.36 10430 1,901,986
H2O 406.56 8333 3,387,902
SO2 9.10 10980 99,918
N2 896.34 6932 6,213,429
S (as S1)
O2 27.81 7404 205,885
1522.17 11,809,120
Heat Balance
Heat In
Feed 2,293,690 Btu/hr
Air 196,399 Btu/hr
Fuel 13,203 Btu/hr
H2S Combustion 864,076 Btu/hr
C1 Combustion 8,026,078 Btu/hr
11,834,850 Btu/hr
Desired accuracy for convergence ([heat in plus heats of reaction - heat out]/heat in) 1.00%
The heat in plus heat of reactions equals the heat out within 1%, validating the convergence.
Incinerator
Conversion Efficiency:
Recovery Efficiency (allowing sulfur vapor losses and
about 1/2% for liquid sulfur entrainment):
Tail gas composition:

se cells are obtained after
he specified number of
atalytic converter stages mol/hr
have been used for H2S 3.88
calculations. The CO2
lculations for the second 159.1
and third stages are not H2O 348.26
own and should be done SO2 1.94
by hand. Then put the N2
lculated answers in these 582.65
boxes to continue. S6 (vapor) 0.02
S8 (vapor) 0.22
on Page 22-28 Sliq (as S1) 1.4
1097.47
Excess air, based upon combustion:

Step 1. Calculate oxygen required for combustibles in feed
From Eq 22-2 H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F)
Eq 22-10 S1 + O2 → SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F)
Page 22-31 S6 + 6O2 → 6SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F)
Page 22-31 S8 + 8O2 → 8SO2
∆Ĥ (32°F)
H2S: 5.82
S1: 3.28
9.10
ge 22-31 uses methane fuel rate of 22.90 moles/hr
hout explaination. At 50% excess, this increases the 50% 13.65
gen demand by 68.7 mole/hr.
Feed
mol/hr
H2S 3.88
CO2 159.1
H2O 348.26
SO2 1.94
N2 582.65
S (as S1) 3.28
O2
1099.11
Products
mol/hr
H2S
CO2 159.10
H2O 354.07
SO2 9.10
N2 633.98
S (as S1)
O2 4.55
1160.80
Heat Balance
Heat Out
Heat In
Feed @ 300
Air @ 100
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
Heat Gained by Feed Gas
mol/hr Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel (assumed metha
page 22-31 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
∆H (32°F)
Fuel
mol/hr
CH4 10
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
10
Air
mol/hr
CH4
CO2
O2 30
N2 112.81
H2O 4.24
147.05
Combustion Product
mol/hr
CH4
CO2 10
O2 10
N2 112.81
H2O 24.24
157.05
Heat Balance
Heat In
Fuel
Air
C1 Combustion
Heat Out
Net Heat Release of Fuel
Step 3. Calculate fuel requirement and stack gas rate and

Fuel required = (Heat gained by feed gas / Net Heat Relea
= 23.26
Stack Gas
mol/hr
CO2 182.36
H2O 410.45
SO2 9.10
N2 896.34
O2 27.81
1526.06
Total Heat Release

Fuel 8,026,107
H2S (From Step 1) 864,076
S (From Step 1) 448,048
9,338,231
Step 2. Calculate net heat release for fuel at 0.5% excess a

O2 for CH4 combustion
+ 50%
O2 for H2S and S1
Fuel
mol/hr
CH4 23.26
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
23.26
Air
mol/hr
CH4
CO2
O2 83.42
N2 313.69
H2O 11.79
408.90
Products
mol/hr
H2S
CO2 182.36
H2O 406.56
SO2 9.10
N2 896.34
S (as S1)
O2 27.81
1522.17
Heat Balance
Heat Out
Heat In
Feed
Air
Fuel
H2S Combustion
S1 Combustion
S6 Combustion
S8 Combustion
C1 Combustion
Desired accuracy for convergence ([heat in plus heats of re
The heat in plus heat of reactions equals the heat out withi
s published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indust
on spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and
uracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or no
ng without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or r
n based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions et
98%
wing sulfur vapor losses and
r entrainment): 97%
These cells are obtained after

H @ 300 °F the specified number of
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr catalytic converter stages
2188 8,489 have been used for
calculations. The
2534 403,159 calculations for the second
2228 775,923 and third stages are not
2720 5,277 shown and should be done
by hand. Then put the
1873 1,091,303 calculated answers in these
7501 150 boxes to continue.
10360 2,279
5077.6 7,109 From page 22-28
2,293,690
50%
equired for combustibles in feed gas; outlet temp 1000 °F
From Eq 22-2
= -222,700 Btu
Eq 22-10
= -136,600 Btu
Page 22-31
= -808,600 Btu
Page 22-31
= -1,063,600 Btu
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
mol/hr O2
Air
H@ 100 °F
1.93 557.1 1,075
51.33 474.1 24,335

13.65 492.8 6,727
66.91 32,137
Products
H@ 1000 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
10430 1,659,413
8333 2,950,465
10980 99,918
6932 4,394,749
7404 33,688
9,138,234
9,138,234 Btu/hr
2,293,690 Btu/hr
32,137 Btu/hr
864,076 Btu/hr
448,048 Btu/hr
3,637,951 Btu/hr
5,500,283 Btu/hr
release for fuel (assumed methane) at 50% excess air, base rate 10 mol/hr
page 22-31
= -345,100 Btu
Fuel
H@ 100 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
567.7 5,677
5,677
Air
H@ 100 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
492.8 14,784
474.1 53,483
557.1 2,363
70,630
Combustion Products
H@ 1000 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
10430 104,300
7404 74,040
6932 782,000
8333 202,000
1,162,340
5,677 Btu/hr
70,630 Btu/hr
3,451,000 Btu/hr
3,527,307 Btu/hr
1,162,340 Btu/hr
2,364,967 Btu/hr
irement and stack gas rate and composition.

ed by feed gas / Net Heat Release of Fuel) * Fuel basis
mol/hr
Stack Gas
mol %
11.95
26.90
0.60
58.74
1.82
100.00
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
elease for fuel at 0.5% excess air using 23.26 mols/hr methane as fuel.
H4 combustion 46.51 mol/hr O2
69.77 mol/hr O2
r H2S and S1 13.65 mol/hr O2
83.42 mol/hr O2
Fuel
H@ 100 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
567.7 13,203
13,203
Air
H@ 100 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
492.8 41,110
474.1 148,720
557.1 6,568
196,399
Products
H@ 1000 °F
Btu/lb-mol Btu/hr
10430 1,901,987
8333 3,387,903
10980 99,918
6932 6,213,429
0
7404 205,886
11,809,123
11,809,123 Btu/hr
2,293,690 Btu/hr
196,399 Btu/hr
13,203 Btu/hr
864,076 Btu/hr
191,240 Btu/hr
16,172 Btu/hr
233,992 Btu/hr
8,026,107 Btu/hr
11,834,879 Btu/hr
ergence ([heat in plus heats of reaction - heat out]/heat in) 1.00%
ctions equals the heat out within 1%, validating the convergence.
vice to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Process
n is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference
ss for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
e, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal th
perial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process condition
dited in cooperation with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ness of such information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trad
nty, contract, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
nto account actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
r service by trade-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation
point dead-band limitations.

sement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Enthalpies of Paraffin Hydrocarbons, Combustion Products and Sulfur Compounds
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
°F C1 C2 C3 nC4 iC4 nC5 nC6 N2
32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 232 337 470 631 615 768 911 195
77 374 548 765 1,027 1,002 1,249 1,483 314
100 568 841 1,176 1,577 1,543 1,919 2,280 474
200 1,445 2,216 3,128 4,184 4,117 5,094 6,054 1,173
300 2,394 3,762 5,345 7,132 7,052 8,693 10,340 1,873
400 3,426 5,476 7,817 10,410 10,330 12,700 15,110 2,577
500 4,548 7,352 10,530 13,990 13,920 17,100 20,340 3,285
600 5,759 9,380 13,460 17,850 17,800 21,850 25,990 3,999
700 7,053 11,550 16,590 21,970 21,950 26,940 32,030 4,720
800 8,424 13,850 19,910 26,330 26,330 32,320 38,410 5,449
900 9,867 16,280 23,400 30,900 30,930 37,980 45,110 6,186
1,000 11,380 18,830 27,050 35,680 35,740 43,890 52,100 6,932
1,100 12,950 21,480 30,850 40,640 40,730 50,030 59,360 7,687
1,200 14,570 24,230 34,780 45,780 45,890 56,390 66,860 8,450
1,300 16,260 27,080 38,850 51,080 51,220 62,940 74,580 9,221
1,400 17,990 30,010 43,030 56,520 56,690 69,690 82,520 10,000
1,500 19,770 33,030 47,320 62,110 62,290 76,600 90,640 10,790
1,600 21,600 36,120 51,710 67,820 68,030 83,660 98,940 11,580
1,700 23,480 39,280 56,200 73,640 73,870 90,870 107,400 12,380
1,800 25,400 42,510 60,770 79,580 79,830 98,210 116,000 13,190
1,900 27,360 45,800 65,430 85,620 85,880 105,700 124,800 14,000
2,000 29,360 49,140 70,160 91,750 92,030 113,200 133,700 14,820
2,200 33,470 55,980 79,820 104,300 104,600 128,700 151,800 16,480
2,400 37,730 63,000 89,720 117,100 117,400 144,600 170,400 18,150
2,600 42,110 70,180 99,830 130,100 130,500 160,900 189,500 19,830
2,800 46,600 77,480 110,100 143,400 143,800 177,500 209,000 21,530
3,000 51,200 84,910 120,600 156,900 157,300 194,500 228,900 23,240
Sulfur Compounds
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
O2 Air H2 CO CO2 H2O S2 SO2 SO3 H2S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
202 195 196 195 245 229 215 263 338 225
325 313 315 314 396 368 347 426 547 362
493 473 476 475 604 557 526 649 835 547
1,232 1,169 1,173 1,174 1,543 1,388 1,319 1,657 2,148 1,360
1,983 1,870 1,870 1,877 2,534 2,228 2,132 2,720 3,541 2,188
2,742 2,576 2,565 2,584 3,566 3,075 2,960 3,824 5,000 3,040
3,508 3,289 3,261 3,297 4,635 3,928 3,800 4,961 6,516 3,920
4,279 4,010 3,956 4,017 5,736 4,789 4,650 6,124 8,084 4,831
5,053 4,740 4,651 4,746 6,868 5,658 5,507 7,309 9,699 5,774
5,833 5,479 5,346 5,484 8,028 6,537 6,372 8,515 11,360 6,749
6,616 6,227 6,043 6,231 9,215 7,428 7,241 9,740 13,050 7,753
7,404 6,985 6,741 6,988 10,430 8,333 8,116 10,980 14,780 8,784
8,197 7,751 7,441 7,754 11,660 9,253 8,996 12,240 16,550 9,842
8,996 8,526 8,144 8,528 12,920 10,190 9,881 13,520 18,340 10,920
9,800 9,308 8,850 9,312 14,200 11,150 10,770 14,810 20,160 12,020
10,610 10,100 9,561 10,100 15,490 12,120 11,660 16,120 21,990 13,150
11,430 10,900 10,280 10,900 16,800 13,110 12,560 17,440 23,850 14,290
12,250 11,700 11,000 11,710 18,130 14,120 13,460 18,770 25,730 15,440
13,080 12,510 11,720 12,520 19,470 15,150 14,370 20,120 27,630 16,620
13,920 13,320 12,450 13,340 20,820 16,200 15,280 21,470 29,540 17,810
14,760 14,140 13,190 14,160 22,180 17,270 16,190 22,840 31,460 19,020
15,610 14,970 13,940 14,990 23,560 18,350 17,110 24,220 33,390 20,240
17,330 16,630 15,440 16,660 26,330 20,570 18,960 27,000 37,300 22,720
19,070 18,310 16,980 18,350 29,140 22,860 20,830 29,820 41,240 25,260
20,830 20,010 18,540 20,050 31,970 25,200 22,710 32,660 45,200 27,850
22,620 21,720 20,130 21,760 34,830 27,600 24,610 35,520 49,200 30,480
24,420 23,430 21,740 23,490 37,710 30,040 26,520 38,410 53,220 33,160
examples published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processin
calculation spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the G
s of accuracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpo
(including without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , referenc
lculation based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site cond
20 21 22 23
CS2 COS S6 S8
0 0 0 0
299 272 743 1,029
482 440 1,200 1,661
734 670 1,826 2,526
1,862 1,707 4,618 6,384
3,038 2,797 7,501 10,360
4,255 3,930 10,450 14,430
5,506 5,100 13,440 18,580
6,786 6,302 16,460 22,780
8,091 7,531 19,510 27,050
9,417 8,786 22,580 31,380
10,760 10,060 25,670 35,770
12,120 11,360 28,770 40,210
13,500 12,670 31,880 44,710
14,890 14,000 35,010 49,250
16,280 15,350 38,150 53,850
17,690 16,700 41,300 58,470
19,110 18,070 44,460 63,140
20,530 19,450 47,640 67,820
21,960 20,840 50,820 72,520
23,400 22,240 54,020 77,230
24,840 23,640 57,240 81,940
26,280 25,050 60,460 86,640
29,190 27,890 66,960 96,040
32,110 30,760 73,500 105,400
35,040 33,640 80,090 114,700
37,980 36,540 86,720 124,000
40,930 39,460 93,380 133,200
vice to the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Proces
on is voluntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference
ess for a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
se, inability to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal t
mperial curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process condition
peration with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
information. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and
, tort or any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
actual process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
e-name, trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by
limitations.
endation or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
As an alternative to interpolating Fig. 22-28 for molar enthalpies in BTU/lbmole, the following equations can be used in the no
are in the form Molar Enthalpy = A + B · T + C · T 2 where T = temperature (°F)
Temperature Range (°F) H2S CO2 H2O CH4 O2 N2
32 700 A -241 -295 -264 -233 -238 -220
32 700 B 7.71 8.84 8.19 7.51 7.29 6.91
32 700 C 0.00125 0.002 0.00387 0.00412 0.000387 0.000203
1600 2600 A -1523 -2178 -181 -616
1600 2600 B 9.49 11.97 7.62 7.24
1600 2600 C 0.000693 0.000449 0.000826 0.000242
tions can be used in the noted temperature ranges. These equations
SO2 S2 S6 S8 Sliq (as S1)

-322 -254 -905 -1236 -515
9.60 7.75 27.21 37.39 16.35
0.00189 0.00069 0.00284 0.00436 0.00764
-1652 -479
12.07 8.38
0.000434 0.000207
es published in the Engineering Data Book as published by the Gas Processor Suppliers Association as a service to the gas processing indus
ion spreadsheets based on the GPSA Engineering Data Book sample calculations, the use of such information is voluntary and the GPA and
uracy or reasonableness of factual or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions, or merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or no
ng without limitation, those resulting from lost profits, lost data or business interruption) arising from the use, inability to , reference to or r
n based on rather broad assumptions (including but not limited to; temperatures, pressures, compositions, imperial curves, site conditions et
the gas processing industry. All information and calculation formulae has been compiled and edited in cooperation with Gas Processors As
luntary and the GPA and GPSA do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy or timeliness of such information. Reference herein
a particular purpose or non-infringement of intellectual property.
ility to , reference to or reliance on the information in thes Publication, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or any other legal theory a
curves, site conditions etc) and do not replace detailed and accurate Design Engineering taking into account actual process conditions, fluid
with Gas Processors Association (GPA).
ation. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, calculation method, process, or service by trade-name, trademark, and service
any other legal theory and whether or not advised of the possibility of such damages.
process conditions, fluid properties, equipment condition or fowling and actual control set-point dead-band limitations.
trademark, and service mark manufacturer or otherwise does not constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the GPA
n or favoring by the GPA and/or GPSA.
Sheet Note
Process calculations for a Claus sulfur recovery unit are complicated by the
existence of various species of gaseous sulfur(S 2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8)
whose equilibrium concentrations in relation to each other are often not
precisely known, and by the number of side reactions involving other feed
gas components such as CO2, hydrocarbons, ammonia, etc., which take
Conditions place simultaneously. These calculations are usually carried out by
computer with equilibrium conditions and compositions.
A data base which is often utilized for these Claus plant calculations is the
JANAF (Joint Army Navy Air Force) tables.
Reasonably accurate process calculations can be carried out manually,

however, if side reactions are ignored. The following example illustrates a
simplified method of calculating the significant process parameters for a
100 LT/D (feed) Claus plant.
Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without any explanation.

Step 1 Note: Page 22-29 calculates Claus Reaction with 135.16 moles/hr but
Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 °F without any
explanation.
Step 2 Note: Page 22-29 shows the Reaction Products enthalpy of S 2 at 25,623
Btu/lb-mol while Page 22-28 shows 18,278 Btu/lb-mol for the same stream.
Step 5 Page 22-30 uses 38.48 mole/hr without explaination.
Incinerator Page 22-31 uses methane fuel rate of 22.90 moles/hr without explaination.
At 50% excess, this increases the oxygen demand by 68.7 mole/hr.

Section 22

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Section 22

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FIG.

Kp = equilibrium Claus Process = a process in which 1/3 of the H2S in

P = partial pressure, Tail Gas = a process unit designed to take tail

* For the low pressure, vapor phase Claus reaction

control set-point dead-band limitations.

H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2

Find oxygen required

Assume x=mols of H2S reacting

Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)

Feed Gas Combustion

Assume ∆P through the burner and furnace is: 1.6 psi

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2165°F

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2162°F

x, mol/hr Equilibrium Flame

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

Linear (Equil Temp)

1000 Linear (Flame Temp)

x, mol/hr Equil. and Flame Temperature (°F)

x, mol/hr Equilibrium Flame

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

Linear (Equilibrium Temperature

x, mol/hr Equil. and Flame Temperature (°F)

Reaction Products (mol/hr)

s SO2] ) * ( π / Total Mols )3/x – 1

Note: Page 22-27 assumes x = 135.16 mol/hr without

mic data in Fig. 22-28.

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28 H @ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28 H @ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28 H @ 2200 °F By Equations page 22-28

By Equations page 22-28

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2177°F

Linear (Equil Temp)

Linear (Flame Temp)

Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 °F

ue and temperature that meet the thermodynamic

Equilibrium Temperature (°F)

Linear (Equilibrium Temperature

Flame Temperature (°F)

Linear (Flame Temperature (°F))

Note: Page 22-28 assumes temperature of 2127 °F

H2S + 1½ O2 → H2O + SO2

Find oxygen required

Assume x=mols of H2S reacting

Material Balance (Combustion/Reaction Section)

Feed Gas Combustion

Assume ∆P through the burner and furnace is: 1.6 psi

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2165°F

By interpolation, flame temperature is approx: 2162°F

x, mol/hr Equilibrium Flame

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

Linear (Equilibrium Tempe

x, mol/hr Equil. and Flame Temperature (°F)

x, mol/hr Equilibrium Flame

Based on equations on Page 22-28.

Calculation of Reaction Furnace Temperature

Linear (Equilibrium Temperatu

x, mol/hr Equil. and Flame Temperature (°F)

.6 - 0.001114.7)) (1151.87 - (3.82 + 22.55))

Equil Temp (°F) calculated = 1143 - 90.19ln(Kp) + 3.108ln(Kp)2 - 0