SRI SRI UNIVERSITY

[YOGIC SCIENCE] : B.Sc. YOGA : 2ND SEMESTER

Name : Debraj Karak [Regd. No. - FHW-BSY-2019-22-010]

[SUBJECT CODE: BS-AEECT204] : [ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES]

SECTION – A

a) Chernobyl disaster
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on Saturday 26 April 1986, at
the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north
of the Ukrainian SSR. The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the
radioactive reactor core into the environment, with the deposition of radioactive materials
in many parts of Europe.

b) Delhi Air pollution

Delhi is the most polluted city in the world according to recent WHO report. The primary
sources of this polution are stubble burning, lit garbage, road dust, power plants, factories,
and vehicles. Research shows that pollution can lower immune system and increase the
risks of breathlessness, chest constriction, irritation in eyes, asthma, allergy,
cancer, epilepsy, diabetes.

c) Sustainable development
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals
while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural
resources and ecosystem services based upon which the economy and society depend. It
is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

d) Earth and its spheres

The spheres are the four subsystems that make up the planet Earth. They are
called spheres because they are round, just like the Earth. The four spheres are the
geosphere (all the rock on Earth), hydrosphere (all the water on Earth), atmosphere (all the
gases surrounding Earth), and biosphere (all the living things on Earth).

e) In-situ conservation of biodiversity

In-situ conservation is the on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in
natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural
populations of Teagan species.[1] This process protects the inhabitants and ensures the
sustainability of the environment and ecosystem
 f) Disease outbreak with special reference of COVID-19
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus.
Common symptoms include: fever, tiredness, dry cough.
Other symptoms include: shortness of breath, aches and pains, sore throat and very few
people will report diarrhoea, nausea or a runny nose.

To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19, do the following:

 Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol-based
hand rub.
 Maintain at least 1 metre distance between you and people coughing or sneezing.
 Avoid touching your face.
 Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 Practice physical distancing by avoiding unnecessary travel and staying away from
large groups of people.

SECTION – B

1. Prepare a basic municipal solid waste management plant. Draw a flow chart of its
processing.
Waste Management Process
Municipal solid waste (MSW), commonly known as trash or garbage.

Collection and transport

The functional element of collection includes not only the gathering of solid waste and
recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials, after collection, to the
location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a materials
processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill disposal site.

Waste Handling and Separation

 Organic Waste - food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper
 Reusable - electrical appliances, light bulbs, washing machines, TVs, computers,
screens, mobile phones, alarm clocks, watches, etc
 Recyclable materials - paper, cardboard, glass, bottles, jars, tin cans, aluminum
cans, aluminium foil, metals, certain plastics, textiles, clothing, tires, batteries, etc.

Energy Generation
Municipal solid waste can be used to generate energy. Several technologies have been
developed that make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more
economical than ever before.

Landfills
Landfills are created by land dumping. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an
engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or
hazards to public health or safety, such as the problems of insects and the contamination
of ground water.

2. Compare In-situ and Ex-situ strategies for biodiversity conservation.

Biodiversity possesses a rich and diverse fauna and flora and is unique in having immense
natural beauty in its different ecosystem. The maintenance of species and ecosystems is a
keystone to sustainable development. Therefore, the protection and efficient management
of wild species and their environment is the prime objective of the conservation.

What is In situ Conservation?

In situ Conservation is one of the methods of the conservation of genetic resources in
natural populations of plant or animal species. In other words, it is a set of conservation
techniques involving the designation, management and monitoring of biodiversity in the
same area where it is encountered.
It is applied to conservation of agricultural biodiversity in agro forestry by farmers,
especially those using unconventional farming practices.

What is Ex situ Conservation?

Ex situ Conservation is one of the methods of the conservation of living organism outside
their natural habitat through genetic conservation. It includes both captive propagation of
species and their eventual release into natural or restored ecosystem.

Objectives of the Conservation

Conservation means the judicious use of natural resources preventing wastage and
degradation. There two important objectives of conservation which are given below:

 Preserving of the quality and purity of environment.

 Establishing a balanced cycle of harvest and renewal so that a continuous supply of

natural resources is ensured which means that we cut trees we should plant an
equal number.

Difference between In situ and Ex situ Conservation

In situ Conservation
It means conservation of biodiversity on
site.
Protected areas are the sanctuaries and
national parks.
It aims to enable biodiversity to maintain
itself within the context of the ecosystem.
Establish protected area network, with
appropriate management practices,
corridors to link fragments restore
degraded habitats within and outside.
It involves in the reduction of biotic
pressure rehabilitation
It helps in the multiplication of the species
through the process of evolution and
adaptation.
It maintained the ecological integrity.
Ex situ Conservation
It means conservation of biodiversity
from their site of occurrence.
Artificial conditions are created to make
their habitat almost like a natural habitat.
It involves the maintenance of genetic
variation (Genetic Conservation) away
from its original location.
Established botanical and zoological
gardens, conservation stands; banks of
germ plasm, pollen, seed, seedling, tissue
culture, gene and DNA etc.
It identifies and rehabilitates threatened
species; launched augmentation,
reintroduction or introduction
programmes.
This method will enhance the probability
of reproductive success for endangered
species.
It creates artificial natural habitat for
endangered species and also protect the
species from the external threat like
 predation and poaching.
It provides greater mobility to the animal It provides less mobility to the organism
species because of large habitat area. because of small habitat area.
Example- National parks, biosphere Example- Zoo, aquarium, seed banks
reserves, parks, sanctuaries.
Hence, we can say that both In situ and Ex situ are the method of conservation. The basic
difference between in situ and ex situ lies on the habitat place where the process is carried
out.

3. Compare Odd even system with other pollution mitigation strategies

Odd–even rationing is a method of rationing in which access to some resource is restricted
to some of the population on any given day. In a common example, drivers of private
vehicles may be allowed to drive, park, or purchase gasoline on alternating days, according
to whether the last digit in their license plate is even or odd. Similarly, during a drought,
houses can be restricted from using water outdoors according to the parity of the house
number.
Typically a day is "odd" or "even" depending on the day of the month. An issue with this
approach is that two "odd" days in a row occur whenever a month ends on an odd-
numbered day. Sometimes odd or even may be based on day of the week, with Sundays
excluded or included for everyone.
India
Arvind Kejriwal-led Delhi government implemented the odd-even scheme for the first time
in Delhi in 2016, 2017 and then in 2019. Every year, post-Diwali, air pollution levels in
India's capital city shoot up to dangerous levels. Apart from air pollution from Diwali
crackers, the crop-residue burning in the neighbouring Punjab and Haryana adds to the
city's woes. On November 1, 2019, the Air Quality Index (AQI) level went as high as 700
forcing a Supreme Court-mandated panel to declare a public health emergency in the Delhi-
NCR region. It banned construction activity for five days and schools were shut, too.
The odd-even scheme of the Delhi government is a traffic rationing measure under which
private vehicles with registration numbers ending with an odd digit will be allowed on
roads on odd dates and those with an even digit on even dates. As and when the scheme is
implemented, vehicle registrations ending with odd digits like 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 would not be
allowed on the roads on even dates like 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. Similarly, vehicles with registration
numbers ending with an even digit - 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 - would not be allowed on the roads on
days with odd number date, like 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15.

Benefits:
1.Reduces pollution/better air quality - half the cars, half the pollution generated, specially
for people suffering from respiratory conditions.
2.Money saved - petrol/diesel less consumed saves both money for people andgovernment
also.
3.Income to government - with no cars at disposal, one will have to travel by
bus/metro/auto - all of which provides revenue for government directly or indirectly.
4.Reduced traffic - less time on road = more time on our hands. Also, emergency situations
requiring transport can be handled better.
5.Conversations - art of conversation or small talks helps a lot in life, and car pooling forces
to hone it up.

4. Create a basic solar power plant for your house and neighborhood. Discuss its
components.
For creating a basic solar power plant in house needs to be done with precision in order to
generate maximum electricity through the solar power plant. No two rooftop are the same
therefore the process requires system design and careful supervision to ensure proper
installation of the solar rooftop power plant. Solar panels used in any solar power system
should be installed facing south direction. Tilt angle of solar panel should be 8 to 33 degree
in india, but it varies as per the height of the installation. Solar panel must be grouted using
anchor bolt of concrete foundation to insure durability in rough condition. UPS and
batteries must be installed as close to the panels as possible to minimize DC transmission
losses. One needs to ensure thar the maximum permissible voltage is not exceeded when
connecting the panels in series. There should be a minimum gap of 5mm between two solar
panels being interconnected must be the same type and same power class. There should be
no shade or shadow on the solar panels as this may leads to losses, formation of hotspots,
etc.

Components of solar power plant are:

 Solar panel – solar panel is comprised of multiple PV cells that convert sunshine to
electricity.

 Inverter – after solar panels, the most crucial component of a residential solar
power plant is an inverter. It acts as an interface which converts power produced by
solar panels into electricity, that can be consumed by appliances.

 Mountainting structure – it is the most critical part as it acts as the skeleton for the
entire system, a sturdy structutre will result in years of power generation as it needs
to withstand strong winds and other natural forces.

 Cables – you can’t use any regular cable for your solar power system. Specialized
cables custom made for residential solar power plants are used to entire minimal
loss of electricity being generated.
 Peripherals – these are the elements which are essential for proper functioning and
safety of the system. No compromise must be made on their quality or it will
jeopardize the entire solar power system.

 Batteries – apart from these, if you are going for an off grid solution, solar batteries
are one of the crucial components as they allow you to store the electricity
generated by the solar plant and use it in case of power outages or in case of no
mains. A good battery would be the one which gives long backup and requires very
less maintenance.