Worked solutions

3 Modelling relationships: linear and

quadratic functions
Skills Check Exercise 3B
9 1 a They are not parallel, as their gradients
1 a x = −3 b t = ± 7 c    
a =−
2 are not the same, and not
perpendicular, as both gradients are
2 a 3m ( m − 5) b ( x + 6) ( x − 6) c positive.
( n + 1) ( n + 7) d ( x + 1) ( 4x − 3) b They are parallel, as m1 =−4 =m2 .

e 9x ( x + 2) f ( a + 1) (2a − 5) g 2 As m *
4
=
−3
−1, m = . Therefore
3 4
(3x + 2) ( 4x − 1) h ( 4a + 7b ) ( 4a − 7b )
−3 5 − 2 3
= = , which is rearranged to
4 x −3 x −3
Exercise 3A 3*4
x −3 = =−4 , yielding x = −1 .
1 a Using the points (-1,0) and (1,-1) on −3
y2 − y1 ( −1) − 0 −1 3 a For the first segment, the gradient is
the graph,
= m = =
x2 − x1 1 − ( −1) 2 given as =m1
320 − 0 320
= = 8 . The
40 − 0 40
b Using the points (–5,0) and (0,2) on
gradient of the second segment
y2 − y1 2−0 2
the graph,
= m = = 560 − 320 240
x2 − x1 0 − ( −5) 5 m2
= = = 12 .
60 − 40 20
y2 − y1 11 − 8 3 b This shows that Liam earns 8 dollars
a m
2 = = = per hour regular wage (for the first 40
x2 − x1 8−4 4
hours) and 12 dollars per hour worked
y2 − y1 ( −4 ) − 2 −6 overtime.
b m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
Exercise 3C
y2 − y1 8 −1 7 1
c =
m = = = 1 a The gradient is 3, y-intercept is −7.
x2 − x1 7 − ( −7 ) 14 2
2
3 As the line joining the scatter plot (drawn b The gradient is − , y-intercept is 4.
3
up with t on the x-axis and h on the y-
axis) is linear, the gradient can be found c This could be written as =y 0x − 2 ;
by using any two points in the scatterplot: thus, the gradient is 0 and the y-
h − h1 ( 4.15) − 4.3 −0.15 intercept is −2.
m= 2 = = = −0.015
t2 − t1 30 − 20 10 1 1
2 =
y x + 1 as the gradient is and the
. This is the rate of change of the height of 5 5
the candle, i.e. how fast it is burning down y-intercept is 1
in cm/s. 3 a The gradient is equal to the gradient of
4 a You can use the Pythagorean theorem =y 4 x − 3 , which is 4 , and the y-
to find the coordinate of B: as the y 4x − 1 .
intercept is -1. Thus =
elevation of B above A is 70m and the
12
direct distance is 350m, b =
m = 3 and thus 3 (1) + a =
10 .
4
xB= 3502 − 702= 122500 − 4900 Therefore a = 10 − 3 = 7 .
.
= 117600 ≈ 342.93 Thus =
y 3x + 7
Coordinates of B are (342.93,100 ) . 4 a The x-coordinate remains constant so
the equation is x = 8 .
y2 − y1 100 − 30
b m
= ≈ b The y-coordinate remains constant so
x2 − x1 342.93 the equation is y = −10
70 c As horizontal lines are perpendicular to
= ≈ 0.20
342.93 vertical lines, the line is vertical and the
equation is x = 9 .
rise
c As the gradient is given by itself,
run d The lines intersect at the point where
grade= gradient × 100% ≈ 20% . x = −2  and y = 7 .

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3D ↔ y =−3 ( x + 5) + 2 =−3x − 15 + 2

1 a The line goes through ( 0, 0 ) and =−3x − 13
through (1, −3) .
Exercise 3E
1
1 a =
y x −3
6
1
−y + x −3 =0
6
−6y + x − 18 =
0
2
b y =
− x+4
3
2
−y − x+4=0
3
3y + 2 x − 12 =
0
b The point ( −4,2 ) is on the line and so is
c y − 2 =− ( x + 3)
( −4 + 3,2 + 1) = ( −1,3) .
y − 2 =− x − 3
y + x − 2 =−3
y + x +1 =0
2 a 3x + y − 5 =0
y − 5 =−3x
y =−3x + 5
1
c The line is horizontal at y = b 2 x − 4y + 8 =
0
2
1
x −y +2 =
0
2
1
y
= x +2
2
c 5x + 2y + 7 =
0
d The line goes through ( 0,5) and 5 7
x+y+ =0
through ( 4,2 ) . 2 2
5 7
y =
− x−
2 2
3 a x -intercept:
x +2×0 +6 =0
x +6 =
0
x = −6
The x -intercept is ( −6, 0 ) .
2 y − 6 =−3 ( x − 2 )
y -intercept:
6
3 a m= = −3 0 + 2y + 6 =
0
−2
2y + 6 =
0
b y+4=−3 ( x + 3) and y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5)
2y = −6
corresponding to the two points given.
y = −3
c y+4=−3 ( x + 3)
The y -intercept is ( 0, −3) .
↔ y =−3 ( x + 3) − 4 =−3x − 9 − 4
=−3x − 13
y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5)

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 Worked solutions

e (f o g ) ( 4 ) =− g ( 4 ) + 5 =−11 + 5 =−6

1
f ( h o f ) ( −7)= 3
f ( −7 ) − 4

1
= * 12 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
3
g (f og) ( x ) =
−g ( x ) + 5

=− (2 x + 3) + 5 =−2 x + 2

1 1
b x -intercept: h (h o f ) ( x ) = 3
f (x) − 4 =
3
( − x + 5) − 4
2x − 6 * 0 + 8 =
0
1 5 1 7
2x + 8 =
0 − x+ −4=
= − x−
3 3 3 3
2 x = −8
2 a As any real number can be inserted for
x = −4 x and any real number can be
The x -intercept is ( −4, 0 ) . obtained as 3x + 8 for an x , both
domain and range are all real numbers.
y -intercept:
b Just as above, domain and range are all
2 × 0 − 6y + 8 =0 real numbers.
−6y + 8 =
0 3 a The line y = 6 has range {6} as only 6
6y = 8 can be obtained for y .

4
y =
3
 4
The y -intercept is  0,  .
 3

b No vertical line is a function as the y

corresponding to the  x -coordinate of
the x -intercept is not unique (in fact,
any y corresponds to it).

Exercise 3F
1 a (−2, −5) b (0.75, 2.5)
c (−3.58, −8.19) d (1.18, 1.12)
2 a 0.9 b −5.05
3 $1666.67
1
4 a =
x y+4
2
Exercise 3G
2 x= y + 8
1 a f (3) =−3 + 5 =2
f −1 ( x
= ) 2x − 8
b g ( 0=
) 2 * 0 +=
3 3
b x =−3y + 9
c h ( 6 ) − g (1
=)  13 * 6 − 4  − (2 * 1 + 3) x − 9 =−3y
 
1
( 2) − 5 =−7
=− f −1 ( x ) =
− x +3
3

Exercise 3H
d (
f (2 ) + g ( −1) = ( −2 + 5) + 2 * ( −1) + 3 ) 1 a =
x 4y − 5

= 3+1 = 4 4y= x + 5

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 Worked solutions

1 5 gradient-intercept form:
y
= x+
4 4 y= 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) + 600= 0.16 x − 240 + 600= 0.16 x + 3
1 5 .
f −1 (=
x) x+
4 4 b The y -intercept represents Frank’s
1 basic weekly salary of £360. The
b x =
− y +3 gradient shows that Frank’s commission
6
is 16% of his sales.
1
− y =x − 3 c
= 360 504 pounds.
y 0.16 * 900 +=
6
y =−6 x + 18
3 a Let y be the total cost in dollars and
f −1 ( x ) =−6 x + 18 x the number of months of
membership.
c x 0.25y + 1.75
=
For Plan =
A: y 9.99 x + 79.99
4 x= y + 7
For Plan B: y = 20 x
y 4x − 7
=
b We would like to know after how many
f −1 ( =
x ) 4x − 7 months the amount paid under each
plan is the same (From then onwards,
2 The graph of the inverse function is Plan A will be more cost-effective). We
obtained by mirroring the graph of f at therefore solve:
the line y = x .
9.99 x + 79.99 =
20 x
3 a f (55
= ) 10 * 55 + =
65 615  79.99 = 10.01x
b=
x 10y + 65 79.99
=x ≈ 7.99 .
10y= x − 65 10.01

=y 0.1x − 6.5 Therefore, Plan A is more cost-effective

from 8 months onwards.
( x ) 0.1x − 6.5
f −1= 4 a In the first 40 hours, his pay in pounds
320
x here represents the money available is given = by p = h 8h . From then
40
in CAD and f −1 ( x )   is the number of t-
on, his pay is given by
shirts one can buy with x dollars. 560 − 320
c y= 0.1 * 5065 − 6.5= 506.5 − 6.5= 500
p − 320 =
60 − 40
( h − 40) = 12 ( h − 40)
. In gradient-intercept form, this is
= p 12h − 160 .
Exercise 3I
1 a The gradient can be computed from any  8h, 0 ≤ h ≤ 40
p(h) = 
two points on the line; in this case, a 12h − 360, 40 < h ≤ 60
force F of 160 Newtons leads to an
b i p =8 × 22 =176 pounds
extension d of 5 centimetres, while no
force (i. e. a force of 0 Newtons) leads ii p = 12 × 47 − 160 = 404 pounds.
to no extension ( 0 centimetres). 5 a q=
−6.5 × 200 + 3000 =
1700
Therefore the y -intercept is ( 0, 0 ) and
b They will drop by 6.5 × 20 =
130
5−0 1 printers a month.
the gradient is = . This gives
160 − 0 32 c 2000
= 48 p − 1600
1
the model d = F . 48 p = 3600
32
3600
1 =p = 75 Euro.
b d
= = * 370 11.5625 cm. 48
32
2 a The gradient is given by
680 − 600 80
= = 0.16 . As
2000 − 1500 500
(1500, 600) is on the graph, a point-
gradient form of the equation of the line
= 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) . We find the
is y − 600

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 Worked solutions

d The graph is reflected about the x -axis

and shifted upwards by 4 units.
c

Use the “solve” function of the GDC.

e Solving −6.5p + 3000 = 48 p − 1600 Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 0)
⇒p= 84.40.. The graph is compressed vertically with
So p = €84.40 1
scale factor .
4
Then q =48 × 84.40.. − 1600 = 2451
printers d

Exercise 3J
1 a

Axis: x = 4, vertex: (4, -3)

The graph is first translated to the right
by 4 units, then stretched vertically
Axis: x = -3, vertex: (-3, 0) with scale factor 2 and finally translated
The graph is translated to the left by 3 downwards by 3 units.
units. 2 a It is compressed vertically by a scale
b 1
factor of . Thus, the function is given
4
1 1 2
by= g (x) = f (x) x .
4 4
b It is stretched vertically by a scale
factor of 2 and reflected along the x -
axis. Thus, the function is given by
g (x) =
−2f ( x ) =
−2 x 2 .
c It is translated to the right by 3 and
upwards by 2 units. Thus, the function
is given by
g ( x ) = f ( x − 3) + 2 = ( x − 3)2 + 2 .
d It is stretched vertically by a scale
factor of 1.5, translated to the left by 3
and downwards by 5 units. Thus, the
function is given by
Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 4) 2
g (=
x ) 1.5f ( x + 3) −
= 5 1.5 ( x + 3) − 5 .

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3K e The graph is translated to the left by

1 a The graph is reflected about the 6 units.
y -axis.

f The graph is translated downwards by

3 units.

b The graph is reflected about the

x -axis.

c The graph is compressed horizontally 2 a The graph of r is stretched by a scale

1
with scale factor . factor of 2. Thus r ( x ) = 2f ( x ) .
2
The graph of s is translated to the
right by 3 units and reflected about the
x -axis. Thus s ( x ) =
−f ( x − 3 ) .
b The graph of r is reflected about the
y -axis. Thus r ( x=
) f ( −x ) .
The graph of s is stretched horizontally
by a scale factor of 2 and translated
downwards by 4 units. Thus
d The graph is stretched vertically with 1 
scale factor 3. s (x) f  x  − 4
=
2 
3 a 0≤y ≤6
b It is reflected about the y -axis.

c 2 ≤ − x ≤ 8 , which is equivalent to
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2 .
d The range of g is the same as the
range of f . 0 ≤ y − c ≤ 6 is equivalent
to c ≤ y ≤ 6 + c , so c = −4 . Thus
(x) g (x) − 4 .
h=

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 Worked solutions

e h ( x ) = g ( x ) − 4 = f ( −x ) − 4

Exercise 3L
1 x-intercepts: (−2.81, 0), (0.475, 0);
y-intercept: (0, −4);
vertex: (−1.17, −8.08)
2 x-intercepts: none;
y-intercept: (0, −3);
vertex: (0.726, −0.785)
3 Domain: x ∈ ¡
Range: f(x) ≤ 9.125

Exercise 3M
1 a x = 3 is the axis of symmetry and (3, 4 )
the coordinates of the vertex.
b x = 1 is the axis of symmetry and
4 Domain: x ∈ ¡ (1, −5) the coordinates of the vertex.
Range: f(x) ≥ −30.752
c x = −3 is the axis of symmetry and
( −3,2) the coordinates of the vertex.
d x = −6 is the axis of symmetry and
( −6, −5) the coordinates of the vertex.
2 a The y -intercept is given by ( 0,5) , the
−8
axis of symmetry is at x = − =4 and
2
the vertex is at
( )
4, f ( 4 ) = ( 4,16 − 32 + 5) = ( 4, −11) .
5 Range: 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 8.1 b The y -intercept is given by ( 0,2 ) , the
−6
axis of symmetry is at x = − 1 and
=
6
the vertex is at
( )
1, f (1) = (1,3 − 6 + 2 ) = (1, −1) .

c The y -intercept is given by ( 0, −11) ,

the axis of symmetry is at
−8
x =− = −2 and the vertex is at
−4
( −2, f ( −2) ) =( −2, −8 + 16 − 11) =( −2, −3) .
6 Range: −6 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 3
d The y -intercept is given by ( 0,3) , the
6 3
axis of symmetry is at x =− =−
4 2
and the vertex is at
 3  3   3 9   3 3
 − , f  −   = − , − 9 + 3 = − , − 
 2  2   2 2   2 2
.

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 Worked solutions

3 a The x -intercepts are at (2, 0 ) and b

( 4, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at

2+4 6
x
= = = 3 . The vertex is at
2 2
(3, f (3) ) = (3,1 * ( −1) ) = (3, −1) .
b The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
(1, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−3 + 1 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at
2 2
( −1, f ( −1) ) =( −1, 4 * 2 * ( −2) ) =( −1, −16 ) .
c The x -intercepts are at ( −5, 0 ) and
(3, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−5 + 3 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at c
2 2
( −1, f ( −1) ) =(−1, − ( 4 * ( −4) ) =( −1,16 ) .
d The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
( −2, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−3 − 2 −5
=x = . The vertex is at
2 2
 −5  −5    −5 1  1 
= ,f    ,2 * *  −  
 2  2   2 2  2 
 −5 1
=  ,− 
 2 2 

4 a

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3N 4 a f (x) =( x − 4) ( x + 2) . Thus

1 a f (x) =( x − 2) ( x + 9) . The x -intercepts i ii iii q = −2
a=1 p=4
are (2, 0 ) and ( −9, 0 ) (from the
b i The x -intercepts are at ( 4, 0 ) and
intercept form), and the y -intercept is
( −2, 0)
(0, −18) (from the standard form).
ii The y -intercept is at ( 0, −8 )
 5
b f (x) = (3x − 5) ( x − 2 ) = 3 ( x − 2)  x −  .
 3 c The axis of symmetry is at
4−2
5  = x = 1 Thus the vertex is at
The x -intercepts are (2, 0 ) and  ,0  2
3 
(from the intercept form), and the y -
(1, f (1) ) = (1, ( −3) × 3) = (1, −9) .
intercept is ( 0,10 ) (from the standard 5 a i The vertex is at (3, −2 ) .
form). ii The axis of symmetry is at x = 3 .

c f ( x )=
1 2
2
(
x + 6x + 8 =
1
2
)
( x + 2) ( x + 4) . b f ( x ) = x2 − 6 x + 7

The x -intercepts are − (2,0 ) and c B is the y -intercept of the graph, and

( −4, 0) (from the intercept form), and (

its coordinates are 0, ( −3) − 2 =
2
(0,7) . )
the y -intercept is ( 0, 4 ) (from the d By symmetry, p = 6 as 6 − 3 = 3 − 0 .
standard form).
6 a h (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 2 ( x − 2) − 3
d f (x) =− ( x − 4) ( 4x − 2)
= x2 − 6 x + 5
 1
−4 ( x − 4 )  x − 
= 6
 2 b The axis of symmetry lies at x =− =3
2
1 
The x -intercepts are ( 4, 0 ) and  ,0  c The vertex is at
2  ( )
3, h (3) = (3, 9 − 18 + 5) = (3, −4 ) .
(from the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −8 ) (from the standard d h (x) =( x − 5) ( x − 1)
form). e The graph is the same as that of h ( x ) ,
2 a f ( x ) = 4 x + 16 x − 20 . The x -
2 but reflected about the x -axis.
intercepts are (1, 0 ) and ( −5, 0 ) (from
the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −20 ) (from the standard
form).
b f (x) =
−2 x 2 − 16 x − 14 . The x -
intercepts are ( −7, 0 ) and ( −1, 0 ) (from
the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −14 ) (from the standard
Exercise 3O
form).
1 a The vertex is at (2, −16 ) and the y -
3 a f (x) =
−3x 2 − 6 x − 9 . The vertex is at
intercept is at ( 0, −12 ) . Thus
( −1, −6 ) (from the vertex form) and the
2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 16 , and
y -intercept is ( 0, −9 ) .
2
−12 = a ( −2 ) − 16 = 4a − 16 . Thus a = 1
1 2
b f ( x )= x − 4 x + 11 . The vertex is at . In standard form,
2
( 4,3) (from the vertex form) and the f (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 16 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 16

y -intercept is ( 0,11) . = x 2 − 4 x − 12

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 Worked solutions

b f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) ( x + 3) from the x - 3 a The vertex is at ( 4, 80 ) . The model

a * ( 1) * 3 =
intercepts. 3 =− −3a . Thus rocket is predicted to reach a maximum
of 80 m, 4 s after it is launched.
a = −1 . In standard form,
f (x) =− ( x − 1) ( x + 3) =− x2 − 2x + 3 .
(t ) at (t − 8) .
b In intercept form, h=
Inserting the coordinates of the vertex,
c f ( x ) = a ( x − 5) ( x − 1) from the x - we obtain 80 = a × 4 × ( −4 ) =−16a .
intercepts. −12 =a * ( −1) * 3 =−3a . Thus a = −5 . Overall, h ( t ) =
−5t ( t − 8 )
Thus a = 4 . In standard form, 0≤t≤8
f ( x )= 4 ( x − 5) ( x − 1)= 4 x 2 − 24 x + 20 . c h (2.4 ) =−5 × 2.4 × ( −5.6 ) = 67.2 .
d The vertex is at (2, −6 ) . Thus Therefore, the rocket is predicted to be
67.20 metres high.
2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 6 , and
2
6 = a (2 ) − 6 = 4a − 6 . Thus a = 3 . In Exercise 3P
standard form, 1 a x2 − 4x + 3 = ( x − 3) ( x − 1) . Thus x =1
2
f ( x )= 3 ( x − 2 ) 2
− 6= 3x − 12 x + 6 . or x = 3 .

e f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) from the x - b x 2 − x − 20 = ( x − 5) ( x + 4) . Thus x =5

a * ( −1) * 6 =
intercepts. 3 = −6a . Thus or x = −4 .

1 c x 2 − 8 x + 12 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 2 ) . Thus
a= − . In standard form,
2 x = 2 or x = 6 .
1 1 3
f (x) = − ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) =− x2 − x + 5 d x 2 − 121 =( x − 11) ( x + 11) . Thus x = 11
2 2 2
or x = −11 .
f The vertex is at ( −10, 60 ) . Thus
2
e x 2 + x − 42 = ( x − 6 ) ( x + 7) . Thus x =6
f ( x ) = a ( x + 10 ) + 60 , and or x = −7 .
2
45 = a ( −5) + 60 =25a + 60 . Thus f
2
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) . Thus x = 4 .
3
a= − . In standard form,
5 2 a 2 x 2 + x − 3= (2x + 3) ( x − 1) . Thus
3 3 3
f ( x ) − ( x + 10
=
5
=)2 + 60 − 5 x2 − 12x . x = 1 or x = − .
2
2 a In intercept form, b 3x 2 + 5x − 12 = (3x − 4) ( x + 3) . Thus
f ( x ) = a ( x − 3) ( x + 1) Therefore, the
4
3 −1 x = or x = −3 .
axis of symmetry is at =x = 1. 3
2
b The vertex is at (1, 4 ) as x = 1 is the
c 4 x 2 + 11x + 6 = ( x + 2) ( 4x + 3) . Thus
3
axis of symmetry and 4 the maximum x = −2 or x = − .
value. 4

 7  7 7
d 9 x 2 − 49 =  x −   x +  . Thus x =
c Since the vertex is at (1, 4 ) , h = 1 and  3  3 3
2 7
k = 4 . So f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) + 4 . As we or x = − .
3
also know that f (3) = 0 , 4a + 4 =
0 and
e 4 x 2  1
−  6 x   
+ 7= (2x − 7) (2x − 1) . Thus
thus a = −1 . So f ( x ) =− ( x − 1) + 4
2
7 1
x = or x = .
d g ( x )= f ( x − 4 ) − 5 2 2

2
f 12 x 2 + 11x − 5= (3x − 1) ( 4x + 5) . Thus
=− ( x − 5) − 1
1 5
or x = − .
(
− x 2 − 10 x + 25 − 1
= ) x =
3 4
2
=− x + 10 x − 26

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3Q 4
2
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5) = 27 . Thus
1 a (x 2
)
− x − 20 − (2 x + 8 ) = x − 3x − 28 2
± 27 + 5 .
x =
=( x − 7) ( x + 4) 5 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 =− x + 5

Thus x = 7 or x = −4 . 4x 2 + 4x =
3

b (2 x 2
) (
− 3x − 8 − − x 2 + 2 x ) (
4 x2 + x =
3 )
2
 1
4x +  =
4
= 3x − 5x − 8=2
(3x − 8) ( x + 1)  2
2
8  1
Thus x = or x = −1 . x +  = 1
3  2

c ( 4x 2
) (
+ 20 − 3x 2 + 10 x − 4 ) 1
x =− ± 1
2
= x 2 − 10 x + 24 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 4 )  3 3
f −  = + 5 = 6.5
 2 2
Thus x = 4 or x = 6 .
1 1
d (3x 2
)
+ 15x + ( x + 5)
f   =− + 5 =4.5
2 2
6 (1.18, 7.35), (−1.96, 1.07)
= 3x 2 + 16 x + 5= (3x + 1) ( x + 5)
7 (1, 5)
1 8 (2.72, 7.64), (0.613, −0.0872)
Thus x = − or x = −5 .
3 9 x = −0.802, 1.80
e 3 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) − (5 x ) 10 x = −2.91, 0.915

= 3x 2 − 5x − 12 = (3x + 4 ) ( x − 3) Exercise 3S
4 2
Thus x = − or x = 3 . b 2
3 1  =
 6= 36 . Therefore consider
2
−15
f For x ≠ 0,  x + 8 = if and only if x 2 + 12 x + 36 =2 + 36 =38 . This factorises
x
2
x2 + 8x =
−15. to ( x + 6 ) =
38 , giving x =−6 ± 38

x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3) ( x + 5) and thus 2 2
b  3 9
2   =  −  =. Therefore consider
x = −3 or x = −5 . 2  2 4
2 a (f og) ( x ) = (2x + 1)2 − 2 9 9 17
x 2 − 3x + = 2 + = . This factorises to
4 4 4
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 − 2 = 4x2 + 4x − 1 2
 3 17
b ( 4x 2
) (
+ 4 x − 1 − x 2 + 5x + 3 ) x −  =
 2 4
, giving

± 17 3 3 ± 17
= 3x 2 − x − 4= (3x − 4) ( x + 1) x
= +=
4 2 2
4
Thus x = or x = −1 . 3 x2 − 6 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
3
2
b
x2 − 6 x = (−3)2 =
−4 .   = 9 . Therefore
Exercise 3R 2
2 consider x 2 − 6 x + 9 =−4 + 9 =5 . This
1 x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) = 10 . Thus
2
factorises to ( x − 3) =
5 , giving x= 3 ± 5
± 10 + 4 .
x =
2 4 x 2 − 12 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
2 x 2 + 20 x + 100 =( x + 10 ) =15 . Thus
2
b
± 15 − 10 .
x = x 2 − 12 x =
−4 .  (−6)2 =
 = 36 .
2
2
3 x 2 + 12 x + 36 = ( x + 6 ) = 12 . Thus Therefore consider
± 12 − 6 .
x = x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 32 . This
−4 + 36 =

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

factorises to ( x − 6 ) =
2
32 , giving 4 6 x ( x + 8) =
12 is equivalent to
2
x =±
6 32 =±
6 4 2 b
x ( x + 8) = x2 + 8x = 2 .  =

2
4= 16 .
5 x 2 + 5x − 4 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + 5x =
4 2
2 2 Therefore consider
b 5 25
=  =  . Therefore consider x 2 + 8 x + 16 =2 + 16 =18 . This factorises
2
  2
  4 2
to ( x + 4 ) =
18 , giving
25 25 41
x 2 + 5x + =4 + = . This factorises
4 4 4 x =−4 ± 18 =−4 ± 3 2 .
2
 5 41 1
to  x +  =, giving 5 2x2 + x − 6 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + x =
3
 2 4 2
2 2
± 415 −5 ± 41 b 1 1
x
= −= . =  = . Therefore consider
4 2 2 2 4 16
1 1 1 49
6 x 2 + x − 11 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + x =
11 x2 + x + =3+ = . This factorises
2 16 16 16
2 2
b 1 1 2
=  =  . Therefore consider  1 49
2
  2
  4 to  x +  =, giving
 4 16
1 1 45
x 2 + x + = 11 + = . This factorises to ± 49 1 −1 ± 49 −1 ± 7
4 4 4 x
= −= = . This
2 16 4 4 4
 1 45
 x +  =, giving means that x is either
3
or −2 .
 2  4
2
± 45 1 −1 ± 45 −1 ± 3 5
x
= −= = 6 2 x ( x + 8 ) + 12 =
0 is equivalent to
4 2 2 2
2
b
x ( x + 8) =x2 + 8x =−6 .  =

2
4= 16 .
Exercise 3T 2
Therefore consider
1 2 x 2 + 16 x =
10 is equivalent to
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 10 . This factorises
−6 + 16 =
2
b 2 2
x2 + 8x =
5.  = 4= 16 . Therefore to ( x + 4 ) =
10 , giving x =−4 ± 10 .
2
 
7 a Revenue is equal to cost when
consider x 2 + 8 x + 16 =5 + 16 =21 . This
2
R ( x ) = C ( x ) , i. e. when
factorises to ( x + 4 ) =
21 , giving
35x − 0.25x 2 =
300 + 15x .
x =−4 ± 21 .
b This is equivalent to
2 5x 2 − 30 x =
10 is equivalent to −0.25x 2 + 20 x =
300 , which is in turn
2
b equivalent to x 2 − 80 x =
−1200 .
x2 − 6 x =
2.   =( −3)2 =9 . Therefore
2 b
2

2
consider x − 6 x + 9 = 2 + 9 = 11 . This
  =
2
( −40)2 =
1600 . Therefore
 
factorises to ( x − 3) =
2
11 , giving consider
x 2 − 80 x + 1600 = 400 .
−1200 + 1600 =
x= 3 ± 11 .
2
2
This factorises to ( x − 40 ) =
400 ,
3 6 x − 12 x − 3 =0 is equivalent to
2 giving x = 40 ± 400 = 40 ± 20 = 20,60 .
1 b
x2 − 2x =.   =( −1)2 =
1 . Therefore
c The break-even points lie at x = 20 and
2 2
x = 60 .
1 3
consider x 2 − 2 x + 1 = +1 = . This d We will want to find where the
2 2
maximum of the equation
2 3
factorises to ( x − 1) = , giving ( x ) R ( x ) − C ( x ) lies. This will just
P=
2
3 be the coordinates of the vertex, since
x= 1 ± . the leading coefficient is negative.
2
(x) R (x) − C (x)
P=
−0.25x 2 + 20 x − 300
=

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

In vertex form, this is −5 ± 25 + 144 −5 ± 169

2 3 a x
= =
P (x) =
−0.25 ( x − 40 ) + 100 . Thus, the 12 12
maximal profit is reached at 40 −5 ± 13 2 3
subscribers. = ; that is, x = or x = − .
12 3 2
e As seen from the vertex form above,
the vertex has coordinates (40,100) 4 ± 16 − 8 4± 8 2± 2
b x = =
− =
and therefore the maximal profit is 4 4 2
equal to 100 thousand Euros. −2 ± 4 + 16
c x= = 1± 5
−2
Exercise 3U 4 a c = −2
−4 ± 16 + 8 24
1 a x =
2
=−2 ±
2
=−2 ± 6 b 2 x 2 − 4 x −= (
2 2 x2 − 2x − 1 )
2
=b x
8 ± 64 − 60 8 ± 2
= ; that is, x = 1 = 2 ( x − 1) − 4 . Therefore the vertex is
6 6
at (1, −4 ) .
5
or x = .
3 c Using the quadratic formula:
4 ± 16 + 16
5 ± 25 + 16 5 ± 41 x= = 1 ± 2 . Therefore
=c x = 4
4 4
r = 1 and s = 2 .
2 a x 2 + 3x − 9 =
0 . Thus
−3 ± 9 + 36 −3 ± 45 Exercise 3V
x = = −
2 2 2
1 a ∆ = ( −5) − 4 × 1 × 9 = 25 − 36 = −11 .
−3 ± 3 5
= Therefore the equation has no real
2
roots.
b 3x 2 − 4 x − 2 =
0 . Thus
b ∆= 72 − 4 × 6 × ( −3=
) 49 + 72= 121 .
4 ± 16 + 24 4 ± 40 2 ± 10
x = =
− = Therefore the equation has two distinct
6 6 3
real roots.
c − x2 + 2x + 2 =
0 . Thus 2
c ∆ = ( −4 ) − 4 × 1 × 15 = 16 − 60 = −44 .
−2 ± 4 + 8
x= = 1± 3 Therefore the equation has no real
−2 roots.
d 3x 2 + 4 x + 10 =
0 . Thus d ∆= 42 − 4 × 3 × ( −8=
) 16 + 96= 112 .
−4 ± 16 − 120 −4 ± −104 Therefore the equation has two distinct
=x = . As -
6 6 real roots.
104 has no real square root, the
equation has no real solution. e ∆ = ( −4)2 − 4 × 1 × 4 = 16 − 16 = 0 .
Therefore the equation has two equal
e −2 x 2 + 10 x − 9 =
0 . Thus
real roots.
−10 ± 100 − 72 5 ± 7
=x = f
2
∆ = ( −1) − 4 × 5 × 10 = 1 − 200 = −199 .
−4 2
Therefore the equation has no real
f 2x2 − 9x + 9 =
0 . Thus roots.
9 ± 81 − 72 9±3
x = = − ; that is, 2 a ∆ = 32 − 4k = 9 − 4k . This is positive
4 4
9
3 whenever k < .
x = 3 or x = . 4
2
∆ 202 − 20=
b = k 400 − 20k . This is
g ( x + 3) ( x + 1=) 2 x ( x − 1) . This is
positive whenever k < 20 .
equivalent to x 2 + 4 x + 3= 2 x 2 − 2 x ,
3 a ∆= 52 − 4 p= 25 − 4 p . This is 0 if and
which simplifies to x 2 − 6 x − 3 =0 . Thus
25
6 ± 36 + 12 only if p = .
x = 3
=± 3 2 3.
12 =± 4
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

2 As the parabola described by ∆ is concave

b ( −12) − 12p =
∆ = 144 − 12 p . This is 0
1
if and only if p = 12 . up, this is negative if and only if 0 < m <
9
c ∆ = ( −2p )2 − 32 = 4 p2 − 32 . This is 0 if 5=∆ 36k 2 − 4k ( k +
= 2 ) 32k 2 − 8k
and only if p2 = 8 , which holds for = 8k ( 4k − 1) . The zeroes of this equation
± 8=
p= ±2 2 . 1
are at k = 0 and k = . As the parabola
2 4
d ∆ =( −3p ) + 8p =9p + 8p =p (9p + 8) .
2
described by ∆ is concave up, this is
This is 0 if and only if p = 0 or 1
positive if and only if k < 0 or k > .
8 4
p= − .
9 6 a ∆= p2 − 48
4 a ∆ = ( −2)2 − 4m = 4 − 4m . This is b As the graph has no x -intercepts,
negative if and only if m > 1 . p2 − 48 < 0 . This means that
b ∆ = ( −6 )2 − 12m = 36 − 12m . This is − 48 < p < 48 , which can be
negative if and only if m > 3 . simplified as −4 3 < p < 4 3 .
c ∆= 5 − 4 ( m − 2=
2
) 33 − 4m . This is c As 62 = 36 < 48 < 49 = 72 , m = 6 .
33
negative if and only if m > .  4
4 d 3x 2 + 6 x +=
4 3  x2 + 2x + 
 3 
 2 1 2
Exercise 3W = 3  ( x + 1) +  = 3 ( x + 1) + 1
 3 
1 a We need to find the x -intercepts. By
the quadratic formula, Thus a = 3 , h = −1 and k = 1
−5 ± 25 + 24 −5 ± 7
= x = . Since the
6 6 Exercise 3X
coefficient of x 2 is positive, the 1
parabola will be concave up. Thus the 1 24
= h (2h + 4 )
2
inequality is satisfied whenever x ≤ −2
1 48 2h2 + 4h
=
or x ≥
3 2h2 + 4h − 48 =
0
b x 2 ≤ 5 if and only if − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5 . h2 + 2h − 24 = 0
(h + 6)(h − 4) =0
c This is equivalent to x 2 + 4 x − 6 < 0 . By
= 4, −6
h
the quadratic formula,
h must be positive
−4 ± 16 + 24
x = =−2 ± 10. So h = 4 m
2
As the parabola is concave up, the b = 2h + 4 = 12 m
inequality is satisfied whenever 2 a 2 + 20(3) − 4.9(32 ) =
h(3) = 17.9 m
−2 − 10 < x < −2 + 10 .
b 2 + 20t − 4.9t 2 =
6
2 a x ≤ −0.245 or x ≥ 12.2
4.9t 2 − 20t + 4 =
0
2
b − ≤ x ≤3 20 ± 400 − 78.4
3 t =
9.8
c −0.890 ≤ x ≤ 1.26
t = 0.211 seconds, 3.87 seconds
3 a = k 2 − 16 . This is positive whenever
∆
b 20
k > 4 or k < −4 . c Maximum height when: t =
− =
2a 9.8
∆ 4k 2 − 12 . This is positive whenever
b = 2
 20   20 
k > 3 or k < − 3 . 2 + 20 
h=  − 4.9  
 9.8   9.8 
4= 4m m (36m − 4 ) . The zeroes
∆ 36m2 −= h = 22.4 metres
1 3 a Fare
= 5.50 − 0.05x
of this equation are at m = 0 and m = .
9
b Number of riders
= 800 + 10x
© Oxford University Press 2019 14
 Worked solutions

(5.50 − 0.05x ) (800 + 10x )

c Revenue = Chapter review
1 a
= 4400 − 40 x + 55x − 0.5x 2
= 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2
d 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 =
4500
0= 0.5x 2 − 15x + 100
x = 10,20
10 or 20 decreases
e 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 > 0
Using GDC: x < 110
− ( x − 2) + 4 =
2
4 a y = − x(x − 4)

or y =− x 2 + 4x
b If the center of the object is aligned
with the center of the archway, it spans
form x = 0.5 to x = 3.5 . Evaluating
the function at x = 0.5 and x = 3.5
gives 1.75. Since 1.6 < 1.75, the object
will fit through the archway.
5 a A ( x=
) x (155 − x=) 155x − x 2 b
b Maximum area occurs at:
−b 155
=x = = 77.5
2a 2
310 − 2(77.5)
= w = 77.5
2
Dimension: 77.5 metres by 77.5 metres
c No; The touchline would not be longer
than the goal line and 77.5 metres is
less that the minimum of 90 metres for
the touchline.
d 90 ≤ x ≤ 120 (If the goal line
restrictions are also taken into
consideration the answer is
90 ≤ x ≤ 110 .
e Maximum occurs when x = 90
310 − 2(90) 310 − 180
=w = = 65
2 2
Area = 90 × 65 =
5850 m2
c

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

2 − −1 3 1 −b 4
2a m= = = − c Axis of symmetry: = = −2
−4 − 8 −12 4 2a −2
1 x = −2
y − 2 =−(x + 4)
4 y-intercept found from the function:
1 1
y −2 =
− x −1 ⇒ y =
4
− x +1
4
(0, 6 )
1 6 a 3x 2 + 18 x + 20 = 3(x 2 + 6 x ) + 20
b =
y x −5
2
= 3(( x + 3) − 9) + 20
2

−1 3
c=m = 3 ( x + 3) − 27 + 20
2
=
 2 2
− 3
= 3 ( x + 3) − 7
2
 
3 i a=3 ii h = −3 iii k = −7
y − 4=
2
( x − 2)
3 3 b ( −3, −7 )
y − 4= x − 3 ⇒ y= x +1
2 2 c ( −3 + 5, −7 − 3) =(2, −10)
d y = −4
( x − 3)
2
7 a 64
=
3 a f (1) = 3 , f (2) = 3
b x − 3 =±8
x = −5,11

( x + 2)
2
b 7
=

x + 2 =± 7
x =−2 − 7, −2 + 7
c x 2 + 14 x + 49 =
0
(x + 7)2 = 0 ⇒ x = −7
d x 2 + x − 12 =
0
(x + 4)(x − 3) =
0⇒x =−4,3
e 3x 2 + 4 x − 7 =
0
7
4 a Vertical stretch with scale factor 2, (3x + 7)(
= x − 1) 0 ⇒ x = 1, −
horizontal translation right 3 3
b Vertical dilation with scale factor 8 Equal real root: b2 − 4ac =
0
1
, vertical translation up 5 2 16 4 4
2 9k= ⇒ k2
− 16 0= − ,
⇒k =
9 3 3
c Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
9 From the x-intercepts:
translation left 2, vertical translation
down 1 f (x ) = a(x + 4)(x − 2) = ax 2 + 2ax − 8a
1 From the y -intercept:
d Horizontal dilation with scale factor
3 −8a = −16 ⇒ a = 2
e Reflection in the y-axis, vertical f (x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 16
translation up 6
10 Using GDC solver
5 a x − intercepts: 2(x − 3)(x + 7) =
0
a −0.679 , 3.68 b −4.92 , 1.42
⇒ x = 3, −7 ∴ (3, 0 ) ,(−7, 0) 11 a t = 0, h = 18 m
Axis of symmetry occurs b Maximum height occurs when:
at midpoint of x-intercepts −b 13
x
= =
3 + −7 2a 9.8
x = ⇒x =−2
2  13   13 
2

h=
18 + 13   − 4.9  
b Found from the function  9.8   9.8 
Axis of symmetry: x = 4, Vertex: ( 4,2 ) h = 26.6 m

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

c 18 + 13t − 4.9t 2 =
0 6 ± 208
x = A1
t = −1.00,3.66 as t > 0 2

Time taken = 3.66 seconds x= 3 ± 52 A1

d 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.66 x= 3 ± 2 13 A1
e 18 + 13t − 4.9t =
23 2
b Using GDC
2
−4.9t + 13t − 5 =0 3 − 2 13 ≤ x ≤ 3 + 2 13 M1A1
t = 0.4667..,2.1863..
16 a 3 ( x − 1) − 18
2
(
= 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 18 )
2.1863.. – 0.4667.. = 1.72 seconds
M1
12 a A ( −4, 0 ) ; B ( 0,7 ) ; C ( 4, 0 )
2
= 3x − 6 x − 15 A1
7−0 7
b m= = − b (1, −18) A1
0−4 4
c x =1 A1
7 7 d f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≥ −18 A1A1
y − 0 =− (x − 4) ⇒ y =− x + 7
4 4
( )
2
e g ( x=
) 3 ( x − 2) − 1 − 18 − 1 M1A1
c 2p cm by −1.75p + 7 cm
= 3 ( x − 3) − 19
2
2 p ( −1.75p + 7 ) =
d Area = −3.5p2 + 14 p

e Maximum area occurs when (

= 3 x 2 − 6 x + 9 − 19 )
−b 14
p
= = = 2 = 3x 2 − 18 x + 8 A1
2a 7
17 a 2
8x + 6 x − 5 =0
So dimensions are 4 cm by 3.5 cm
f Area = 4 × 3.5 =
14 cm2 ( 4x + 5) (2x − 1) =
0 M1A1
13 a −7 x − 12y + 168 =
0 5
4 x + 5 =0 ⇒ x =− A1
12y =−7 x + 168 M1 4
7x 1
y =
− + 14 A1 2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = A1
12 2
b A (24, 0 ) and B ( 0,14 ) A1A1 b 8x 2 + 6 x − 5 − k =0
1 No real solutions
c Area = × 24 × 14 =168 units2 M1A1
2 ⇒ b2 − 4ac < 0 M1
14 a
36 − 4 × 8 × ( −5 − k ) < 0 A1

36 + 32 (5 + k ) < 0

36 36
5+k < − ⇒ k <− −5
32 32
9 40 49
k <− − ⇒ k <− A1
8 8 8
18 a x 2 − 10 x + 27

= ( x − 5) − 25 + 27
2
M1A1

= ( x − 5) + 2
2
A1

b Coordinates of the vertex is (5,2 )

M1A1
A1
b (0,5.9) and ( −0.885, 0 ) A1A1 c Equation of symmetry is x = 5 A1
c −1.1 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 7.35 A1A1

−b ± b2 − 4ac
15 a x = M1
2a

© Oxford University Press 2019 17

 Worked solutions

19 a At (10, 0 ) , 0 = 102 + 10b + c , so

10b + c =−100 M1A1
b
Line of symmetry is x = − , so b = −5
2
A1
Solving simultaneously gives
−50 + c =−100
So c = −50 A1
Therefore the equation is
y = x 2 − 5x − 50
b Setting x = 0 gives the y-intercept of
(0, −50) A1
Setting y = 0 and solving gives the x-
intercept of ( −5, 0 ) A1

20 a f ( x )= 2  x 2 − 2 x − 4 M1

= 2 ( x − 1) − 1 − 4
2
A1
 

= 2 ( x − 1) − 5
2

 

= 2 ( x − 1) − 10
2
A1

b A horizontal translation right 1 unit

A1
A vertical stretch with scale factor 2
A1
A vertical translation down 10 units
A1
21 a Two real roots ⇒ b2 − 4ac =
0 M1
36 − 4 (2k ) ( k ) =
0 A1

36 − 8k 2 =
0
36 9 3
2
k= = ⇒ k = ± A1A1
8 2 2
b Equation of line of symmetry is
b 6 3
x =− = − =− M1A1
2a 4k 2k
3 3
Therefore =1 ⇒ k = A1
2k 2
c k = 2 ⇒ 4x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 =0
(2x + 1) ( x + 1) =
0 M1

1
x =
− or x =
−1 A1A1
2
22 a A′ ( −6,10 ) , B′ ( 0, −16 ) , C ′ (1, 9 )
and D′ (7, −10 ) A4
b A (12,13) , B ( 0, −13) , C ( −2,12 )

and D ( −14, −7 ) A4

© Oxford University Press 2019 18

 Worked solutions

4 Equivalent representations:
rational functions
Skills check Exercise 4B
1 a x = −5 b x =6 1 a
5
c 2x = 5 ⇒ x =
2
2

Exercise 4A
1 1 1
1 a b c −
3 5 2
1 5 7
d − =−1 e f
1 3 22
9 1 1 4
g − h
= =
8 3 2 ⋅ 4 + 3 11
2
4 4
3 1 2 1
2 a 1.5 = ⇒ = b
2 1.5 3 x
1 1 4 c
c d e
2x 4y 3x
t 4d
f g h
d 3
x −3
x +2
1 4
3 a 4⋅ = =1
4 4
7 11 7 ⋅ 11 77
b ⋅ = = = 1
11 7 7 ⋅ 11 77
2 x 2x
c ⋅ = = 1
x 2 2x
x − 1 x − 2 (x − 1)(x − 2)
d =
⋅ = 1
x − 2 x − 1 (x − 1)(x − 2)

© Oxford University Press 2019 Mixed review 1

 Worked solutions

2 c

3 a d The curves are in the opposite

quadrants. The negative reflects the
function in the x-axis.
4 x = 0, y = 0
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0

Exercise 4C
2 2
1 a x =2 ⇒ y = = =1
x 2
b y =4
2
y =
x
2
=4
x
2
x =
4
x = 0.5
Chamse spends 30 seconds brushing
her teeth.

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

2 a and c 1
b y =
x −5
The vertical asymptote is at
x = −(−5) = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 5.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.

−1
c y =
x−4
The vertical asymptote is at
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.

1000 The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.

b l = 10 ⇒ v = = 100 Hz
10 5
d y =
c A string 5 cm long has vibrations of x +5
frequency 200 Hz. The vertical asymptote is at
64 x +5 = 0 ⇔ x =−5 and the horizontal
3 a =
y = 4 videos of length 16
16 asymptote at y = 0.
minutes The domain is
64 x ∈ ¡ , x + 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −5.
b y = is the equation that models
x The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.
the number of videos of x minutes.
12
c and d e=y +2
x +1
The vertical asymptote is at
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 2.
The domain is
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.

12
f=y −2
x +1
The vertical asymptote is at
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −2.
The domain is
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.

1.33 minutes The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {−2}.

4
g=y +2
Exercise 4D x −3
1 The vertical asymptote is at
1 a y =
x +1 x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 3 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 2.
The vertical asymptote is at x = −1
and the horizontal asymptote at y = 0. The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 3.
The domain is The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.
© Oxford University Press 2019 3
 Worked solutions

−4 d x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −5 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1
h
= y −4
x−4
The vertical asymptote is at
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −4.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {−4}.
2 a x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0

e x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −0.5 y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0

b x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0

f x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0

c x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

g x ∈ ¡ ,x ≠ 2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 2 1000
6=
0.6c + 330
6(0.6c + 330) =1000
3.6c + 1980 = 1000
1000 − 1980
c =
3.6
c = −272.22o
200
5 a c =
s −5
The vertical asymptote is at
s − 5 = 0 ⇔ s = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at c = 0.

h x ∈ ¡ ,x ≠ 2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1

b 15 sessions.
6

3 a 2: Translation of 2 units right

b 5: Reflection in y = 0 and a translation
of 2 units right
c 1: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units up
d 4: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units down
e 3: Translation of 2 units right and
vertical stretch by a factor of 3
4 a

b 5.56 The linear function is a line of symmetry

for the rational function. The linear
c t =6
function crosses the x-axis at the same
place as the vertical asymptote.

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

Exercise 4E 2 i B
x +1 a=
1, b =
−3, c =
1, d =
2
1 a y = ⇒a=1, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 d
Vertical asymptote: x =− =−2
The vertical asymptote is at c
d (−1) a
x = − = − =1 and the horizontal Horizontal asymptote: y= = 1
c 1 c
a 1 ii A
asymptote at y= = = 1
c 1 =a 0,
= b 4,
= c 1,
= d 0
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 1. d
Vertical asymptote: x =− =0
c
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 1.
a
Horizontal asymptote: y= = 0
2x + 3 c
b y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 3, c= 1, d= 1
x +1 iii D
The vertical asymptote is at a=
−2, b =
3, c =
1, d =
2
d 1 d
x =− =− =−1 and the horizontal Vertical asymptote: x =− =−2
c 1 c
a 2 a
asymptote at y= = = 2. Horizontal asymptote: y = = −2
c 1 c
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −1. iv C

Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2. a= 2, b = −3, c =
1, d =2
d
6x − 1 Vertical asymptote: x = − = −2
c y = ⇒a=6, b =−1, c =2, d =4 c
2x + 4 a
Horizontal asymptote: y= = 2
The vertical asymptote is at c
d 4
x = − = − = −2 and the horizontal x−p
c 2 3 y = ⇒a=1, b =− p, c =1, d =−q
x −q
a 6
asymptote at y= = = 3. The vertical asymptote is at
c 2
d (−q)
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2. x = − = − =q and the horizontal
c 1
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 3. a 1
asymptote at y= = = 1.
2 − 3x c 1
d y = ⇒a=−3, b =2, c =−4, d =5
5 − 4x Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ q.
The vertical asymptote is at Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 1.
d 5 4 a
x = − = − =1.25 and the
c (−4)
horizontal asymptote at
a −3
y= = = 0.75.
c −4
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 1.25.
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0.75.

9x − 2
e y = ⇒a=9, b =−2, c =−3, d =6
6 − 3x
The vertical asymptote is at
d 6
x = − = − =2 and the horizontal
c (−3)
a 9
asymptote at y = = = −3.
c (−3)
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 2.
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −3.

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

b 2x − 3 x + 6
b =
x +1 x −2
(2 x − 3)(x − 2) = (x + 1)(x + 6)
2 x 2 − 3x − 4 x + 6 = x 2 + 6 x + x + 6
x 2 − 14 x =
0
x(x − 14) =
0
So x = 0 and x = 14.
5 10
c 7− =
x −2 x +2
7(x − 2) − 5 10
=
x −2 x +2
c 7 x − 19 10
=
x −2 x +2
(7 x − 19)(x + 2)= 10(x − 2)
7 x 2 + 14 x − 19 x − 38 = 10 x − 20
7 x 2 − 15x − 18 =
0
(x − 3)(7 x + 6) =
0

6
So x = 3 and x = − .
7
x +5 6
d = 1+
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +1+ 6
==
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +7
=
x + 8 x +1
d
(x + 5)(x + 1) = (x + 8)(x + 7)
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = x 2 + 15x + 56
9 x + 51 = 0
51 17
x =
− =
−
9 3
6 x = 3 is the extraneous solution.
Therefore the solution to Will’s
equation is x = 2.
x +3
7 a f (x) =
x −2
y +3
x =
y −2
5 x +7 x(y − 2) = y + 3
5 a + 2
=
2x x + 4 xy − 2 x =y + 3
xy − y = 2 x + 3
5(x + 4) + 2 x(x + 7)
=2 y(x − 1) = 2 x + 3
2 x(x + 4)
2x + 3
5x + 20 + 2 x 2 + 14 x= 4 x(x + 4) y =
x −1
2 x 2 + 19 x + 20 = 4 x 2 + 16 x 2x + 3
−1
2 x 2 − 3x − 20 =
0 f (x) =
x −1
2 x 2 − 8 x + 5x − 20 =
0
2 x(x − 4) + 5(x − 4) =0
(x − 4)(2 x + 5) = 0

−5
So x = 4 and x = .
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

7 − 2x 20 + 10m
b f (x) = 9 a C (m) = as 20 is the initial
x m
7 − 2y cost and them for every month there is
x = another 10 AUD cost.
y
xy= 7 − 2y b
y(x + 2) = 7
7
y =
x +2
7
f −1(x ) =
x +2
1 + 7x
c f (x) =
9−x
1 + 7y
x =
9−y
x(9 − y ) =1 + 7y
9 x − xy = 1 + 7y
y(7 + x ) = 9 x − 1
c 4 months
9x − 1
y = d The price will get closer to the
7+x
9x − 1 horizontal asymptote y = 10.
f −1(x ) =
x +7 6
10 a f (x=
) m+
5 − 11x x−n
d f (x) =
x +6 m(x − n) + 6
=
5 − 11y x−n
x = mx − mn + 6
y +6 =
x−n
x(y + 6) =5 − 11y
a=m
xy + 6 x =5 − 11y
b= 6 − mn
y(x + 11) = 5 − 6x
c =1
5 − 6x
y = d = −n
x + 11
5 − 6x The vertical asymptote is at
f −1(x ) =
x + 11 d (−n)
x = − = − =n= 5.
8 a and c c 1
Hence n = 5.
b f (7) = 7
6 6
f (7) =
m+ m+
=
7−5 2
f (7) = m + 3 = 7
m=4
c The vertical asymptote is at
a 4
x= = = 4.
c 1
4 4 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 2
11 a =
y 3
+= =
x −2 x −2 x −2
a=3
b 20
b = −2
10s + 500
c M(s)
= = 20 c =1
s
d = −2
10s + 500 =
20s
500 = 10s
s = 50
© Oxford University Press 2019 8
 Worked solutions

The horizontal asymptote is at c f (x) = 0

a 3
y= = = 3. 2x + 1
c 1 =0
x −1
b The vertical asymptote is at 2x + 1 = 0
d (−2) 1
x = − = − =2. x = −
c 1 2
c The x-intercept is when y = 0. The x-intercept of f is at point
3x − 2 1
=0 (− , 0) = (−0.5, 0).
x −2 2
3x = 2 The point is 13 a g o f (x ) = g(f (x ))
2
x = x +2 1
3 (
= g= )
x +3 x +2
2 x +3
( , 0) = (0.667, 0).
3 x +3
=
The y-intercept is when x = 0. x +2
3⋅0 −2 −2 b
= = 1= y
0−2 −2
The point is (0,1).
d

x = −2.5

Chapter review
12 a 2
1 a y = ⇒ a = 0, b = 2, c = 1, d = 0
x
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 0
y= = = 0.
c 1
The vertical asymptote is at
d 0
x = − = − = 0.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0

b 1
b y= ⇒ a= 0, b= 1, c = 1, d = 8
2x + 1 x +8
f (x) = ⇒a=2, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 The horizontal asymptote is at
The horizontal asymptote is at a 0
y= = = 0.
a 2 c 1
y= = = 2.
c 1 The vertical asymptote is at
The vertical asymptote is at d 8
x = − = − = −8.
d (−1) c 1
x = − = − =1.
c 1 Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −8
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
 Worked solutions

c 1− x
g y = ⇒a=−1, b =1, c =1, d =4
x x+4
y = ⇒a=1, b =0, c =2, d =−10
2 x − 10 The horizontal asymptote is at
a −1
y = = = −1.
The horizontal asymptote is at c 1
a 1
y= = . The vertical asymptote is at
c 2
d 4
x = − = − = −4.
The vertical asymptote is at c 1
d −10
x = − = − =5. Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4
c 2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 5
2x − 1 2 x − 1 − 4(2 x + 6)
1 h=
y −4
=
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2x + 6 2x + 6
2
2 x − 1 − 8 x − 24 −6 x − 25
3 3 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 3 = =
d =
y 3
+= = 2x + 6 2x + 6
x −2 x −2 x −2 ⇒a= −6, b = −25, c =2, d =6
⇒a=3, b =−3, c =1, d =−2
The horizontal asymptote is at
The horizontal asymptote is at a −6
y = = = −3.
a 3 c 2
y= = = 3.
c 1 The vertical asymptote is at
The vertical asymptote is at d 6
x = − = − = −3.
d −2 c 2
x = − = − =2.
c 1 Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −3
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −3
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 3
2 a
2x
e y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 0, c= 1, d= −9
x −9
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 2
y= = = 2.
c 1
The vertical asymptote is at
d −9
x = − = − =9.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 9
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2

8x − 5
f y = ⇒a=8, b =−5, c =2, d =4
2x + 4
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 8
y= = = 4.
c 2
The vertical asymptote is at
d 4
x = − = − = −2.
c 2
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

b The vertical asymptote is at

d −1
x = − = − =1.
c 1
1
b The x-intercept is ( , 0) = (0.5, 0) as:
2
f (x) = 0
2x − 1
=0
x −1
2x − 1 = 0
1
x =
2
The y-intercept is (0,1) as:
x =0
2⋅0 −1
f (0)
= = 1
0 −1
c c

d 4

1 1 + 2(x − 1) 2 x − 1 x = −1.5, 1
3 a f (x=
) 2
+= =
x −1 x −1 x −1 5 a 1.29, 2.71 b 2.71 c 1.27
⇒a=2, b =−1, c =1, d =−1 6 a f (x) = 0
The horizontal asymptote is at 2x − 8
=0
a 2 1− x
y= = = 2.
c 1 2x − 8 =0
8
x= = 4
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

The x-intercept is therefore (4, 0).  1 

9 a The x-intercept is  − , 0 
2x − 8  2 
b f (x) =
1− x
⇒a=2, b =−8, c =−1, d =1
The vertical asymptote is at
d 1
x = − = − =1.
c −1
c The horizontal asymptote is at
a 2
y = = = −2.
c −1
ax + b
7 a f (x) = b x = 2.5, y = 4
x −d
c 2.375 d 3.8
The vertical asymptote is at
−d 2y + 1
x = − = d. 10 a x =
1 y −1

The horizontal asymptote is at x(y − 1) = 2y + 1

a xy − x = 2y + 1
y= = a.
1 y(x − 2) = x + 1
Hence 3 = d and 2 = a . x +1
y =
x −2
a+b 2+b x +1
b f (1) = = = −4
1−d 1−3 f −1(x ) =
x −2
2+b b
f (1) = = −4
−2
2+b = 8
b = 6.
5 5 + n(x − m)
8 a f (=
x) n
+=
x−m x−m
nx − mn + 5
=
x−m
a=
n, b =
−mn + 5, c =
1, d =
−m
c a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = −1
d −m
4=− =− =m
c 1 The vertical asymptote is at
b f (0) = 7 d −1
x = − = − =1.
c 1
n ⋅ 0 − 4n + 5 −4n + 5
f (0)
= = = 7 The horizontal asymptote is at
0−4 −4
a 2
4n − 5 = 28 y= = = 2.
c 1
4n = 33
33 d f (x) = 0
n=
4 2x + 1
=0
33 x −1
4 33 2x + 1 = 0
c =
y =
1 4 1
x = −
2
1
The x-intercept is (− , 0).
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

e f (x ) = f −1(x ) c g(x ) = 0

2x + 1 x + 1 1
= +3 = 0
x −1 x −2 x −3
(2 x + 1)(x − 2) = (x − 1)(x + 1) 1
= −3
2 x 2 − 3x − 2 = x 2 − 1 x −3
1
x 2 − 3x − 1 =0 x − 3 =−
3
−b ± b2 − 4ac 3 ± 9 + 4 1 8
=x1,2 = x =3 − =
2a 2 3 3
3 ± 13 The x-intercept is (2.67, 0).
= = -0.303,3.30
2
x =0
1 1 8
11 a f (x) = g(0) =− +3 =
x −2 3 3
1 The y-intercept is (0,2.67).
x =
y −2
1 1 + 3(x − 3)
xy − 2 x = 1 d g(x
= ) 3
+=
x −3 x −3
1 + 2x
y = 1 + 3x − 9 3x − 8
x = =
1 + 2x 1 x −3 x −3
f −1(x=) = +2
x x ⇒a=3, b =−8, c =1, d =−3
b The vertical asymptote is at
d −3
x = − = − =3.
c 1
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 3
y= = = 3.
c 1
e

1 1 + 2x
c =
x −2 x
(1 + 2 x )(x − 2)
x =
x = x + 2x 2 − 2 − 4x
2x 2 − 4x − 2 =
0
x 2 − 2x − 1 =0

−b ± b2 − 4ac 2± 8 13 a f (x
= ) 2x + 3
=x1,2 =
2a 2
x 2y + 3
=
x >2
2y= x − 3
Hence the solution is x = 2.41. x −3
y =
12 a 2
−1 x −3
f (x) =
2
x −3 5
b o f −1(x ) g=
g= ( )
2 x −3
4
2
5 5
= =
2(x − 3) 2 x − 6

5 5
c x =
0 ⇒ h(0) = =
−
1 2⋅0 −6 6
b =
g(x ) +3
x −3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

The y-intercept of h is The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.

5 c The x-intercept:
(0, − ) = (0, −0.833).
6
f (x) = 0
d
2x + 2
=0
x−4
2x + 2 =0
x = −1
The point (−1, 0).

2
The y-intercept: f (0) = = −0.5
−4
The point (0, −0.5).
d

5
e h(x ) =
2x − 6
5
x =
2y − 6
x(2y − 6) = 5
2 xy − 6 x = 5
5 + 6x
y =
2x
−1 5 + 6x
h (x) =
2x
The x-intercept of h−1 is given by
h−1(x ) = 0
5 + 6x
=0
2x
5 + 6x = 0 e Horizontal shift of 4 units right and a
5 vertical shift of 2 units up.
x = −
6
15 a x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2 A1
The point is therefore 3
b f (x) ∈ ¡ , f (x) ≠ A1
5 2
(− , 0) =(−0.833, 0).
6 20
c When x = 0 , f ( x ) =
− −5 .
=
f =
a 6,
= b 5,
= c 2,
= d 0 4
The vertical asymptote is at So one coordinate is ( 0. − 5) A1
d 0
x = − = − = 0. 20
c 2 When y = 0 , x =
3
10 2(x − 4) + 10 2 x + 2  20 
14 f (x ) =
2+ = = So the other coordinate is  ,0
x−4 x−4 x−4  3 
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1, d = −4 A1
a The vertical asymptote is at 16 a Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
d −4
x = − = − =4. Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 0 A1A1
c 1
The horizontal asymptote is at b Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
a 2 Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 4 A1A1
y= = = 2.
c 1 c Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
b The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4. Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 4 A1A1

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

d Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0 20 a 6 A1
Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 0 A1A1 18 (1 + 0.82 × 12 )
=b P ≈ 57 M1A1
3 + ( 0.034 × 12 )
17 a x =1 A1
b y =3 A1 18 (1 + 0.82t )
c Solving 100 = M1
c 3 + 0.034t
300 + 3.4t = 18 (1 + 0.82t )

300 + 3.4t =18 + 14.76t

282 = 11.36t
282
=t = 24.8 months A1
11.36
d A horizontal asymptote exists at
18 × 0.82
= P = 434.12 M1A1
0.034
Therefore for t ≥ 0 , P < 435 R1
17 − 10 x 12 + 5 − 10 x
a f (x)
21= = M1A1
2x − 1 2x − 1
A3
12 + 5 (1 − 2 x )
18 a y = 10 A1 = A1
2x − 1
b x =2 A1 12 − 5 (2 x − 1)
=
3 10 (2 − x ) + 3 2x − 1
c f (x) = 10 + =
2−x 2−x 12 5 (2 x − 1)
M1A1 = −
2x − 1 (2x − 1)
−10 x + 23
= A1 12
−x + 2 = −5 A1
2x − 1
19 a Vertical asymptote occurs when
c + 8x = 0 M1
1
b x = A1
c + 8 ( − 34 ) =
0 2
c y = −5 A1
c =6 A1
d
a + bx
b y =
6 + 8x
Substituting the first coordinate:
M1
2 a + 12 b
=
5 10
4= a + 12 b
8 2a + b (1)
= A1

Substituting the second coordinate:

3 a + 4b A3
− =
38 38
−3 = a + 4b (2) A1
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously:
a=5 A1
b = −2 A1

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

22 3
Asymptotes are x = − and y = 2
2
A1A1
 1
Intersections with axes are at  0,  and
 3
 1 
 − ,0 A1A1
 4 

A2

© Oxford University Press 2019 16