Failure Analysis of Lamina

Macromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Maximum Stress Failure Theory
Tsai-Hill Failure Theory
 Strength Failure Theories
for an Angle Lamina

• The failure theories are generally based on the normal and shear
strengths of a unidirectional lamina.

• In the case of a unidirectional lamina, the five strength parameters are:

σ T
1 ult
Longitudinal tensile strength

Longitudinal compressive strength

σ C
1 ult

σ 
T
2 ult
Transverse tensile strength

Transverse compressive strength

σ  C
2 ult

 12 ult
In-plane shear strength
 Maximum Stress Failure Theory
• The lamina is considered to be failed if:

 σ1C ult  σ1  σ1T ult , or

 σ C2 ult   2  σ T2 ult , or

  12 ult   12   12 ult

is violated.

• Note that all five strength parameters are positive numbers.

• Each component of stress does not interact with each other.
 Example 1
Find the maximum value of S>0 if a stress of  x  2S ,  y  3S , and  xy  4S
is applied to a 60o lamina of Graphite/Epoxy. Use Maximum Stress failure theory.
Use properties of a unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy lamina.

Off-axis loading in the x-direction

 Solution
Transformation of stresses to the local axes for θ = 60
 σ 1  c2 s
2
2 sc   σ x
     
 σ 2 =  s
2
c
2
 2 sc   σ y
     
 
 τ 12  
  sc sc 2
-
c s 
2 
 τ xy 


 σ x  c2 s
2
- 2 sc   σ 1
     
 σ y  =  s2 c
2
2 sc   σ 2
     
 
 τ xy  
 sc -sc 2
-
c s 
2

 τ 12 
  σ1  0.2500 0.7500 0.8660  2 S 
    
 σ 2 = 0.7500 0.2500 -0.8660 -3S 
     4S 
 τ12  - 0 .4330 0 .4330 - 0 .5000 
 0.1714 101
 
=-0.2714 101 S.
 
-0.4165 101
 Solution
The ultimate strengths of a unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy lamina are:

 T

1 ult  1500 MPa,

 C

1 ult  1500 MPa,
 T

2 ult  40 MPa,
 C

2 ult  246 MPa,
 12 ult  68 MPa.
 Solution

Then using the inequalities of the Maximum Stress Failure Theory:

 1500 (10 6 )  0.1714 (101 ) S  1500 (10 6 ),  σ 1  0.1714  10 
1

   
 246 (10 6 )  0.2714 (101 ) S  40 (10 6 ),  σ 2 = -0.2714  10  S.
1

   
 68(10 6 )  0.4165 (101 ) S  68(10 6 ),  τ12  -0.4165  10 
1

or,
 875 .1(10 6 )  S  875 .1(10 6 ),
 14 .73(10 6 )  S  90 .64 (10 6 )
 16 .33(10 6 )  S  16 .33(10 6 ).
All the inequality conditions (and S  0 )are satisfied if 0  S  16.33 MPa.
The above inequalities also show that the angle lamina will fail in shear. The
maximum stress that can be applied before failure is:
 x  32.66 MPa, x=  48.99 MPa, xy=65.32 MPa.
 Tsai-Hill Failure Theory
• Unlike the Maximum Strain and Maximum Stress Failure Theories, the Tsai-
Hill failure theory considers the interaction among the three unidirectional
lamina strength parameter.

• Tsai-Hill Failure Theory underestimates the failure stress because the

transverse strength of a unidirectional lamina is generally much less than its
transverse compressive strength.
 Tsai-Hill Failure Theory
 σ1   σ1  σ 2   σ 2   τ12 
2 2 2

             1
 X 1   X 2  X 2   Y   S 

  , if   0
X 1   1T ult 1

   , if   0
C
1 ult 1

X    , if   0
2
T
1 ult 2

   , if   0
C
1 ult 2

Y    , if   0
T
2 ult 2

   , if   0
C
2 ult 2

S   12 ult
 Example 2
Find the maximum value of S>0 if a stress of  x  2S ,  y  3S , and  xy  4S
is applied to a 60o lamina of Graphite/Epoxy. Use Tsai-Hill Failure Theory. Use
properties of a unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy lamina.

Off-axis Lamina
 Tsai-Hill Failure Theory

• Stresses in local coordinates:

 σ 1  0.1714  10 
1

   
 σ 2 =-0.2714  10  S.
1

   
 τ12  -0.4165  10 
1

• Failure

 σ1   σ1  σ 2   σ 2   τ12 
2 2 2

             1
 X 1   X 2  X 2   Y   S 
 Solution
The ultimate strengths of a unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy lamina are:

 T

1 ult  1500 MPa,

 C

1 ult  1500 MPa,
 T

2 ult  40 MPa,
 C

2 ult  246 MPa,
 12 ult  68 MPa.
 Tsai-Hill Failure Theory
 σ1   σ1  σ 2   σ 2   τ12 
2 2 2

             1
 X 1   X 2  X 2   Y   S 

  , if   0
X 1   1T ult 1

   , if   0
C
1 ult 1

 σ 1  0.1714  10 
X    , if   0
1
T
2 1 ult 2    
 σ 2 = -0.2714  10  S.
   , if   0
1

   
C

 τ12  -0.4165  10 
1 ult 2 1

Y    , if   0
T
2 ult 2

   , if   0
C
2 ult 2

S   12 ult
 Strength parameters
• Choose
• X1 = 1500 MPa σ1 is positive
 
X 1   1T , if  1  0
 
T
1 ult  1500 MPa,
   C
ult

1 ult , if  1  0
• X2 = 1500 MPa σ2 is negative

 
C
 1500 MPa,  
X 2   1T ult
, if  2  0
  
1 ult
C
1 ult , if  2  0

• Y = 246 MPa, σ2 is negative  

Y   2T , if  2  0
 
ult
C
2 ult  246 MPa,   C
2 ult , if  2  0

• S = 68 MPa S   12 ult
 12 ult  68 MPa.
 Tsai-Hill Failure

• Applying Tsai-Hill:

 σ1   σ1  σ 2   σ 2   τ12 
2 2 2

             1
 X 1   X 2  X 2   Y   S 