CALCULUS TASK

Section 5.1 – Exercise Set

In Exercises 1 – 14, 𝐷(𝑥) is the price in dollars per unit, that consumers will pay for 𝑥 units of an item,
and 𝑆(𝑥) is the price, in dollars per unit, that producers will accept for 𝑥 units. Find (a) the equilibrium
point, (b) the consumer surplus at the equilibrium point, and (c) the producer surplus at the equilibrium
point.

3. 𝐷(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2 , 𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

(a) Equilibrium Point:
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑆(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 3)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
2

−8𝑥 = −8
𝑥=1
𝐷(1) = (1 − 3)2 = 4
𝑆(1) = 12 + 2(1) + 1 = 4
(𝑥𝐸 , 𝑝𝐸 ) = (𝟏, 𝟒)

(b) Consumer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:

1
19
∫(𝑥 − 3)2 𝑑𝑥 − (1)(4) = − 4 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑
3
0

(c) Producer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:

1
7
(1)(4) − ∫(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 4 − ≈ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕
3
0

9. 𝐷(𝑥) = 5 − 𝑥, 𝑆(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 7; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
(a) Equilibrium Point:
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑆(𝑥)
5 − 𝑥 = √𝑥 + 7
(5 − 𝑥)2 = 𝑥 + 7
25 − 10𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 7
𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 18 = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 9) = 0
𝑥 = 2,9
Since 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5,
𝑥=2
𝐷(2) = 5 − 2 = 3
𝑆(2) = √2 + 7 = √9 = 3
(𝑥𝐸 , 𝑝𝐸 ) = (𝟐, 𝟑)
 (b) Consumer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:
2

∫(5 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 2(3) = 8 − 6 = 𝟐

0

(c) Producer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:

2

2(3) − ∫ √𝑥 + 7𝑑𝑥 ≈ 6 − 5.653 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟕

0

13. 𝐷(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4)2 , 𝑆(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8

(a) Equilibrium Point:
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑆(𝑥)
(𝑥 − 4)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8
−10𝑥 = −8
4
𝑥 = = 0.8
5
𝐷(0.8) = (0.8 − 4)2 = 10.24
𝑆(0.8) = (0.8)2 + 2(0.8) + 8 = 10.24
(𝑥𝐸 , 𝑝𝐸 ) = (𝟎. 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟒)

(b) Consumer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:

0.8

∫ (𝑥 − 4)2 𝑑𝑥 − (0.8)(10.24) ≈ 10.411 − 8.192 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟏𝟗

0

(c) Producer Surplus at the Equilibrium Point:

0.8

0.8(10.24) − ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 8.192 − 7.211 ≈ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟏

0

15. Business: consumer and producer surplus.

Beth enjoys skydiving and is willing to pay 𝑝 dollars per jump for 𝑥 jumps, where 𝑝 = 𝐷(𝑥) =
7.5𝑥 2 − 60.5𝑥 + 254.
a) Find Beth’s consumer surplus if she makes 2 jumps.
𝐷(2) = 7.5(2)2 − 60.5(2) + 254 = 163
2

∫(7.5𝑥 2 − 60.5𝑥 + 254)𝑑𝑥 − (2)(163) = 407 − 326 = 81

0
Answer: 𝟖𝟏

b) Suppose the supply function for Aero Skydiving Center is given by 𝑝 = 𝑆(𝑥) = 15𝑥 + 95.
Find the producer surplus if the center sells Beth 2 jumps.
𝑆(2) = 15(2) + 95 = 30 + 95 = 125
2

(2)(125) − ∫(15𝑥 + 95)𝑑𝑥 = 250 − 220 = 30

0
 Answer: 𝟑𝟎

c) Find the equilibrium point and the consumer and producer surpluses at this point. Assume
that Beth makes no more than 5 jumps.
Equilibrium Point:
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑆(𝑥)
7.5𝑥 2 − 60.5𝑥 + 254 = 15𝑥 + 95
7.5𝑥 2 − 75.5𝑥 + 159 = 0
15𝑥 2 − 151𝑥 + 318 = 0
(15𝑥 − 106)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
106
𝑥 = 3,
15
Since no more than 5 jumps,
𝑥=3
𝐷(3) = 7.5(3)2 − 60.5(3) + 254 = 140
𝑆(3) = 15(3) + 95 = 140
(𝑥𝐸 , 𝑝𝐸 ) = (3,140)

Consumer Surplus:
3

∫(7.5𝑥 2 − 60.5𝑥 + 254)𝑑𝑥 − 3(140) = 557.25 − 420 = 137.25

0

Producer Surplus:
3

3(140) − ∫(15𝑥 + 95)𝑑𝑥 = 420 − 352.5 = 67.5

0

Answers: (𝒙𝑬 , 𝒑𝑬 ) = (𝟑, 𝟏𝟒𝟎), Consumer Surplus: 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟓, Producer Surplus: 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓

d) Explain what the equilibrium point represents to both Beth and Aero Skydiving Center.
Answer: The equilibrium point represents the best deal for both Beth and the Aero
Skydiving Center. This means that at 5 jumps, Beth is getting more in return in 3 jumps
compared to the other counts. At the same time, this also gives Aero Skydiving Center a
biggest earnings in sales of 5 jumps or less.

23. Rent control.

Demand for apartments in Curtisville is 𝐷(𝑥) = 1500 − 5𝑥, and supply is 𝑆(𝑥) = 600 + 10𝑥,
where 𝑥 is the number of apartments, in hundreds, and 𝐷(𝑥) and 𝑆(𝑥) are the rent in dollars
per months, per apartment.
a) Find the equilibrium point.
𝐷(𝑥) = 𝑆(𝑥)
1500 − 5𝑥 = 600 + 10𝑥
−15𝑥 = −900
𝑥 = 60
𝐷(60) = 1500 − 5(60) = 1500 − 300 = 1200
𝑆(60) = 600 + 10(60) = 600 + 600 = 1200
Answer: (𝟔𝟎, 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎)
 b) Find the consumer surplus and producer surplus at the equilibrium point.
Consumer Surplus:
60

∫ (1500 − 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 60(1200) = 81,000 − 72,000 = 9,000

0

Producer Surplus:
60

60(1200) − ∫ (600 + 10𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 72,000 − 54,000 = 18,000

0

Answers: Consumer Surplus is 𝟗, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 and Producer Surplus is 𝟏𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎.

c) Suppose a maximum rent of $1000 per month is imposed by the town council. Find the
point (𝑥𝐶 , 𝑝𝐶 ).
𝑆(𝑥) = 1000
600 + 10𝑥 = 1000
10𝑥 = 400
𝑥 = 40
(𝑥𝐶 , 𝑝𝐶 ) = (40,1000)
Answer: (𝟒𝟎, 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)

d) Find the new consumer surplus and new producer surplus.

Consumer Surplus:
40

∫ (1500 − 5𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 40(1000) = 56,000 − 40,000 = 16,000

0

Producer Surplus:
40

40(1000) − ∫ (600 + 10𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 40,000 − 32,000 = 8,000

0

Answers: Consumer Surplus is 𝟏𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 and Producer Surplus is 𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎.

e) Find the deadweight loss.

60 60

∫ [(1500 − 5𝑥) − (600 + 10𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (900 − 15𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3,000

40 40
Answer: 𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Section 5.7 Exercise Set

In Exercises 1-6, find (a) the general solution and (b) the particular solution for the given initial
condition.
3. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2, 𝑦(0) = 4
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
(a) General Solution: 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒆𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟓
(b) Particular Solution: 𝒚 = 𝟒 𝒆𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒

3
5. 𝑦 ′ = + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 ; 𝑦(1) = −4
𝑥
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓
(a) General Solution: 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑
− 𝟓
+𝑪
𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟓 𝟔𝟐
(b) Particular Solution: 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟓

7. Let 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0.
a) Show that 𝑦 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 is a solution to this differential equation.
𝒚′ = −𝟒𝒆−𝟒𝒙

Substitute 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝟒𝒙 and 𝒚′ = −𝟒𝒆−𝟒𝒙 to 𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.

−𝟒𝒆−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒(𝒆−𝟒𝒙 ) = 𝟎
𝟎=𝟎

b) Show that 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −4𝑥 is a solution where 𝐶 is a constant.

𝒚′ = −𝟒𝑪𝒆−𝟒𝒙

Substitute 𝒚 = 𝑪𝒆−𝟒𝒙 and 𝒚′ = −𝟒𝑪𝒆−𝟒𝒙 to 𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎.

−𝟒𝑪𝒆−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒(𝑪𝒆−𝟒𝒙 ) = 𝟎
𝟎=𝟎

11. Show that 𝑦 = −2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

𝒚′ = −𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙
𝒚′′ = 𝒙𝒆𝒙
(𝒙𝒆 ) − 𝟐(−𝒆 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙 ) + (−𝟐𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙 ) = 𝟎
𝒙 𝒙

𝟎=𝟎

In Exercises 15 – 20, (a) find the general solution of each differential equation, and (b) check the solution
by substituting into the differential equation.
𝑑𝐶
15. 𝑑𝑡 = 0.66𝐶
(a) 𝑪 = 𝒌𝒆𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝒕
𝒅
(b) (𝒌𝒆𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝒕 ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔(𝒌𝒆𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝒕 ) → 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒆𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝒆𝟎.𝟔𝟔𝒕
𝒅𝒕

In Exercises 21 – 30, (a) find the particular solution of each differential equation as determined by the
initial condition, and (b) check the solution by substituting into the differential equation.
21. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑦(0) = 4
𝒙𝟑
(a) 𝒚 = 𝟑
+ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 4
𝒅 𝒙𝟑
(b) ( + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 → 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
In Exercises 31 – 38, solve by separating variables.
𝑑𝑦
31. 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 𝑦
𝟓
Answer: 𝐥𝐧(𝒚) = 𝒙𝟓 + 𝑪 → 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒆𝒙

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
35. 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑦
Answer: 𝟐𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

In Exercises 39 – 42, solve for 𝑦.

39. 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦 = 5 when 𝑥 = 0
𝒙𝟐
Answer: 𝒚 = 𝟖𝒆 𝟐 − 𝟑

43. Growth of an account.

Debra invests 𝐴0 = $500 in an account that earns at a rate of 3.75%, compounded
continuously.

a) Write the differential equation, with the initial condition, that represents 𝐴(𝑡), the value of
Debra’s account after 𝑡 years.
𝒅𝑨
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝑨
𝒅𝒕
𝑨(𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎𝟎

b) Find the particular solution of the differential equation from part (a).
𝑨(𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒕

c) Find 𝐴(5) and 𝐴′ (5).

𝐴′ (𝑡) = 18.75𝑒 0.0375𝑡
𝑨(𝟓) = 𝟔𝟎𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟓
𝑨′ (𝟓) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝟕

d) Find 𝐴′ (5)/𝐴(5), and explain what this number represents.

𝑨′ (𝟓)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝑨(𝟓)
This number represents the rate of growth of the account at 𝒕 = 𝟓 which is consistent
with the given interest rate.

Section 6.2 Exercise Set

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
In Exercises 1 – 4, find 𝜕𝑥, 𝜕𝑦, 𝜕𝑥 𝑧(−2, −3), and 𝜕𝑦 𝑧(0, −5).
3. 𝑧 = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
𝝏𝒛 𝝏
= 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 𝒛(−𝟐, −𝟑) = 𝟏𝟒
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒛 𝝏
= 𝟑𝒙 𝒛(𝟎, −𝟓) = 𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
In Exercises 7 – 8, find 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥 (−2,1), and 𝑓𝑦 (−3, −2)
7. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝒙 𝟐√𝟑
𝒇𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙 (−𝟐, 𝟏) = −
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟑
𝒚 𝟐√𝟓
𝒇𝒚 = − 𝒇𝒚 (−𝟑, −𝟐) =
√𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟓

In Exercises 9 – 20, find 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 .

13. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 ln(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝒚 𝟐𝒚
𝒇𝒙 = 𝒇𝒚 = + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
𝑥 𝑦
17. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 − 3𝑥
𝟏 𝒚 𝟏
𝒇𝒙 = + 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 −
𝒚 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝒙

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
In Exercises 21 – 22, find 𝜕𝑏 and 𝜕𝑚.
21. 𝑓(𝑏, 𝑚) = 5𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑏 2 − 3𝑏 + (2𝑚 + 𝑏 − 8)2 + (3𝑚 + 𝑏 − 9)2
𝜕𝑓
= −2𝑚𝑏 − 3 + 2(2𝑚 + 𝑏 − 8) + 2(3𝑚 + 𝑏 − 9) = −𝟐𝒎𝒃 + 𝟏𝟎𝒎 + 𝟒𝒃 − 𝟑𝟕
𝜕𝑏
𝜕𝑓
= 10𝑚 − 𝑏 2 + 2(2)(2𝑚 + 𝑏 − 8) + 2(3)(3𝑚 + 𝑏 − 9) = 𝟑𝟔𝒎 − 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎𝒃 − 𝟖𝟔
𝜕𝑚

In Exercises 23 – 26, find 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , and 𝑓𝜆 .

25. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝜆) = 9𝑥𝑦 − 𝜆(3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7)
𝒇𝒙 = 𝟗𝒚 − 𝟑𝝀
𝒇𝒚 = 𝟗𝒙 + 𝝀
𝒇𝝀 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟕

In Exercises 27 – 30, find the four second-order partial derivatives.

27. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝟔𝒚 𝒇𝒚𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎

In Exercises 31 – 36, find 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦𝑦 .

35. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 ln 𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = ln 𝑦
𝑥
𝑓𝑦 =
𝑦
𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝒇𝒚𝒙 =
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒚
𝒚 𝒙
𝒇𝒚𝒚 =− 𝟐
𝒚
39. Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 .
a) Use differentials to estimate, Δ𝑧 for 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 3, Δ𝑥 = 0.5, and Δ𝑦 = 0.2.
Δ𝑥 yΔ𝑦
Δ𝑧 = +
√2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 √2𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝚫𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟎

b) Find Δ𝑧 by evaluating 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥, 𝑦 + Δ𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).

Δ𝑧 = 𝑓(6.5,3.2) − 𝑓(6,3)
𝚫𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟖

41. The Cobb-Douglas model.

Lincolnville Sporting Goods has the following production function for a certain product:
2 3
𝑝(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2400𝑥 5 𝑦 5
where 𝑝 is the number of units produced with 𝑥 units of labor and 𝑦 units of capital.

a) Find the number of units produced with 32 units of labor and 1024 units of capital.
𝑝(32,1024) = 𝟔𝟏𝟒, 𝟒𝟎𝟎

b) Find the marginal productivities.

𝟑 𝟑
𝒑𝒙 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝒙−𝟓 𝒚𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝒑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝒚−𝟓

c) Evaluate the marginal productivities at 𝑥 = 32 and 𝑦 = 1024.

𝑝𝑥 (32,1024) = 𝟕, 𝟔𝟖𝟎
𝑝𝑦 (32,1024) = 𝟑𝟔𝟎

d) Interpret the meanings of the marginal productivities found in part (c).

Based on the marginal productivities computed, it can be seen that it is better to add
labor than capital for the production of this good as the change in the quantity due to
change in labor is higher than that due to change in capital.

43. Business: tolerance.

The four walls of a square banquet room are to be painted. Each wall is 120 ft long and 15 high.
Assume that the measurements have a tolerance of ±6 in.

a) Find the surface area of the four walls assuming that the given measurements are exact.
Surface Area: 4ℎ𝑙 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝟎 ft2

b) Use differentials to approximate the change in surface area, assuming that the measures
include the extra 6 in.
Change in Surface Area: 4ℎΔ𝑙 + 4𝑙Δℎ = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ft 2

c) Find the actual change in surface area, assuming that the measurements include the extra 6
in.
Change in Surface Area: 4(120.5)(15.5) − 4(120)(15) = 𝟐𝟕𝟏 ft 2
d) If one paint covers 300 sq. ft, how many extra cans of paint are needed to ensure that the
job is completed.
One more extra can of paint is needed to ensure that the job is completed.