ittill fifin1b.....4112111111 ClifIffRII hm...ell h....ell rill,...en CIFIC!

i7tfilltIEC;f011 13 -

NOT TO BE ISSUED
D. OUT OF THE LIBRARY. 0

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1/91. 2i/
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- 0 Kc 1111 111111131H
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00050960
 THE

Or BOMBAY
.
TOWN HALL, 'BONIBAY4

Digitized with financial assistance from the

Government of Maharashtra
on 13 February, 2016
 ADVERTISEMENT.

The opinion has been adopted by the Government of the' N. W.

Provinces that the study of Sanskrit, by the English pupils in the
Government Colleges, might be made to furnish a means of mental disci-
pline analogous to that which the study of the Latin and the Greek
furnishes in Europe.
In these " First Lessons", the plan of which was suggested by Mr.
T. K. Arnold's " First Latin Book", and which are intended to precede
the study of any regular Sanskrit grammar, the etymological rules for the
permutation of letters in the formation of words, which in the regular
grammars the learner encounters at the outset, are remitted to a later divi-
sion of the work,—attention being called at the outset to those syntactical
rules only—and to each rule only when a special occasion for it arises—
which are of constant application in modifying the appearance of perfect
words when they come together in a sentence.
Attention is also confined, in the first instance, to those forms, (such as
the 3d person singular of the verb) in which the most constantly recur-
ring word* present themselves in sentences ; and the pupil is set at once
to write exercises, in which a number of useful words arc repeated so
frequently as to render unlikely their being readily forgotten again. The
pule, whilst making progress, will here probably have the pleasant feel-
ingithat. he is making progress :—aid, after mastering this introduction,
he will not be so readily repelled by a grammar which starts from the
driest elements of the subject—like the grammars of Professors Wilson
and Williams, or the Laghu Katmai with its English Version.
If it should be thought that too little demand is here made upon the
learner for the exertion of mental effort—the reply is this, that
the main purpose of these exercises is not so much to provoke men-
tal effort as to imprint on the memory of the learner some of the broad-
est outlines of a subject which when first presented in all its details is
apt to prove repulsively bewildering.
J. R. B.
Benares College, •,,iirt kg?),
,
Sth September, 1850.14: , ^rF T t-1 t' ‘ '
 111111Id1111 1111.111111
0 050960
_„_._
 INTRODUCTION.

THE DEVANAIGARY ALPHABET:

TnE vowels, in the following pages, must be pronounced as fol-

lows : viz., a as in Roman; á as in father ; i as in it ; i as in police ;
u as in push ; is as in rude ; e as in there ; ai as in aisle ; o as in so ;
au as ow in now. The consonants are, in general, pronounced as
in English. But th and ph must be sounded as in the words ant-
hill and uphill, not as in this and philology.
VOWELS. i "-, -.)
t

a, NI ci, V i, f f, u, d, V ri, 41 ri, Ilri,W 4.4

"kr e, ai, 3j1' o, A. au, . (anus- wcira) n, : (visarga) h.

CONSONANTS.

Gutturals 4 gha, _.
* ka, 9 kha, vT ,qa,
n.
s. a.
Palatals M' cha, W chha,A. ja,
af jha, - ila.
Cerebrals Z (al Z Oa, V 4a, g 4ha, Tij ?Ia.
Dentals a ta, '21 tha, da, IT dha, q' na.


2 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

Labials 'Er pa, th pha, 4. ba, 3.1' bha, Tr ma.

Semi-vowels If ya, _K ra, 9 la, 4 va or , wa.
Sibilants and}. (a, xi sha, Tr sa, W ha.
Aspirate f
The above forms of the vowels are used only at the beginning of
a syllable. The vowel gjr a is inherent in every consonant, and
is sounded after every one which has not the mark of a pause
thus —(viz., -%) subscribed, nor another vowel, in a contracted
shape, attached to it. These other vowels, when not at the
beginning of a syllable, assume the following contracted shapes.

MEDIAL AND FINAL FORMS OF THE VOWELS.

;.- .4, • A.
T d, T i, l' 1, u;
%.1
d, ri, ?I, ei lri, m IA e, al,
.,—.
--t o/ au.

• Example of the•Vowels following the letter W

...k.
q' ka, Wr kd, 'ft' ki, %-"I' hi, q' ku,V kzi, Ikri, T krt,
v 4\
a
klri, l' klri, 4 ke, W kai, %1 - . ko, q'," kau, * kan2

or ham, : kah. The vowels u and it are added to the letter

. .
T r thus -k• ru, rd.

When two or more consonants meet, without the intervention

of a vowel, they • coalesce and becothe one conjunct character.
These compounds are formed by writing the subsequent conso-
nant under the first, by blending them in a particular way, of
by writing them in their usual order, omitting the • perporliculal.
stroke of each letter except the last.
 INTRODUCTION. 3
0 •
The letter -K r, when it immediately precedes a consonant, is
,... c
written above it, in the form of a crescent, thus-7 rga : when it
immediately follows one, it is written as a slanting line beneath
it, thus— kra, T gra. .
A
The following are among the most frequently recurring of the
CONJUNCT CONSONANTS.

W kta, W kwa, M ktwa, ksha, W:f kshya,vk 4 kshwa,

. ,
T khya, 4. sra,. 44 grya, IT ghna, An nka, W nga,
4 chcha, 'Wchchha,W jja, V file, WI' jya, jra,
4
N.. iicha, W nki, W' tta, tna, Mr trya, 'K twa,
dda, '' daa, ralia,-- dbhya,W . dya, dra,
1:41 dkwa, ar:1' ntya, W ntra, 9 pta, 74 bhya, q. s'cha,
A 0
ssr ira, Z slita, Tif sta, kTT stra, 'Kg stha, q• sya,
•
hna, IT hma, Whya, V hra.'
I
Lesson 1.
1.—A Sanskrit noun, as it stands in the dictionary, is said to be
in the crude form.
2.—Nouns, in the crude form, end&ither in a vowel or in a con-
sonant.
3.—The vowels with which most nouns end are /4' a, 9AT ci,
T i, t i, 3 u, and lg. ri.
4.—Nouns are Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. Names of
males arc masculine, and,thosc of females feminine ; but many
* Commonly pronounced gya or even dfiya.
4 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

words are masculine or feminine, which are names neither of males

nor of females. For example, rif ratha ' a car' is masculine ;
and NMI chintcf ' reflection' is feminine.
5.—By adding to, or otherwise changing, the crude form of the l
noun, seven different forms, with different senses, are obtained.
These altered forms are called cases. •
6.—The 1st case is that in which a noun appears when it denotes
the subject spoken of in the sentence. This case is called the
Subjective, or, more commonly, the Nominative, case.
7.—Words which, in the crude form, end in the vowels set down
in No. 3, commonly make the Nominative by altering the ter.
ininations thus
5 a becomes, in the Nominative, 3;1". ah.
T -i. _____, v: ih. . ....".._
• t f . re M.
W u • U: uh.
•
lir.i vAT d•
N. B.—Neuter nouns ending in VX a make the Nominative in .
SA am.
Exercise 1.
8.—Write down the Nominative case of each of the following
words both in Devanitgari mad English characters.
VOCABULARY 1.
SAN as'wa a horse. it-wr viva a lute.
1,-elift i zchchhcf, wish. buddhi understand"-
ing.
'*11 tot dsana (n.*) a seat. '1
- ' guru a preceptor.

* The letter ' n' indicates that the word is Neuter.

 LESSON I. 0
,r,„, agni fire. VW jala (n.) water.
Tr* kdka a crow. th—q phala (n.) fruit.
IT T nalci a garland.
le 8'4 prosperity.
1M guna a quality.
..1
fr44 pitri a father.
'RNA vachana (n.) speech.
T1" Chandra the moon.
.-,
14' deva a god.
7r ptyci worship.
711' griha (n.) a house.
c
Iriff dharmrna merit.
T-4' vana ,(n.) a wood.
RM. mcitri a mother.
t r-A -d parvvata a moue-
tain.
RA. madhya the midst.
.
v til hinsci injury.
1:r1 patra (n.) a leaf.
tifg pati a master.
T-19 dhcitri a creator.
trper pcintha a traveller.
tiq4.0 rdvatla 116vana.
V" vriksha a tree.
g baka a crane.
iM du'kha (n.) pain,.
"LT..s'atru an enemy.
.4
Trau sabhci an assembly.
c
%---' karttri a doer.
4
fwgur s'ishya a disciple.
veil s'rigdla a jackal.
Wffl* kula (n.) a family.
.r,,, duhitri a daughter.
Trip' samudra the ocean.
g.4 troll pustaka (n.) a book.
\3
WRIT kanyd a girl.
VIT„i vydghra a tiger. ..
•gTqddtri a giver.
vti pasta the hand.
KrR rdma Rama:
wrqw icistra (IL) a scrip-_
ture.


tt SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

A iv 49 brdhman,a a Brah- ;TM' Mimi the ground.

man. 6\
1-K tira (n.) a shore. .wrri kapi a monkey.
R-
WK nara a man. TR hula (n.) a sacrifice.

v pushpa (n.) a flower,

'cm' putra a son. t[
..,
VW' dhana (n.) wealth. qirq kavi a poet.
Trli mriga a deer. VT7:1 firdnia, a villagd.
6
Wq' anna (n.) food. fA-FIT kriyd action.
Tft hari Vishnu. lk-N ruchi relish.
RrET krodha anger. ti 1 ei ca pdtaka (n.) sin.

A-pg bdna an arrow. fkva vidgd knowledge.— _

N'""off chakra (n.) a wheel. 34171V radshika a mouse.
6\
TRim mastaka (n.) the chaura a thief.
head.
irg..,
prabhu lord. q 1 bdla a boy.
Trf* s'akti power. RI Rich mdlika a gardener.
c
kcp:r sarpa a snake. • *I 1 41 41 circima a garden.
Nw bhakta a devotee. FRT tdrd a star.
• Lesson 2.
9.—Some final consonants, in the formation of the Nominative
case, are changed thus :-
1Er `g
ch or becomes
s V k. w. n is dropped,
.. ... .., ..
and the preceding vowel(if the word is not neuter) is.lengthened.
r is changed to visargaMind the vowel is lengthened.
T
 LESSON II. r.

10.—An aspirated letter is changed to the corresponding un-

aspirated letter. • .
11.—Some final consonants undergo no change.
Exercise 2.
12.—Write down the Nominative case of each of the following
words in Devanfigari and English characters. '
VOCABULARY 2.
WrA' vdch a word. rdw dis' a side, direction.
\ N \

A. rcijan a king. VgialW &man soul.

,.. ...
w.hastin an de- revi si 'ff vidgut lightning.
• .. phant. v.. %•3 .... •

NT gir a word.
1.1ei jagat the world:
....
11:1A* nciman

fl,
Lesson 3. ..
r-..
(n.) a name.
chitralikh a
"•.‘ painter.

13. A Sanskrit verb, as it stands in the dictionary, appears in

the form called the root.
14. To make the 3d persim singular of the present tense, the
syllable ffi ti is subjoined to the root. Thus, for example, from
the root Wki as ' to be' is formed Wft:Ff asti ' he is.'
,...
15. When such a termination as ti (No. 14) is subjoined, the
root generally requires to undergo some change. According to
the nature of this change, roots are dividedinto ten classes or conju-
potions. vs
16.Roots of the 1st conjugation interpose the short vowel VA' a
between the final and such a termination as ti (No. 14), and
change a final simple vowel* in the root into its corresponding
improper diphthong.
• Or a short vowel when tt consonant follows.
R SANSER/T MST LESSONS.

17. The improper diphthongs, or gut/a substitutes for the vowels

are the following :— -
Of T I or i i the guna substitute is q e.
— W u or ti Sit o.
— ri
la' ri
or I& - VAT ar.
18. The improper diphthong q e is changed to WiT ay, and
••.,
VXI • o to VA-4 av, when a vowel follows.
.
Exercise 3,
19. Write down the 3d person singular present tense of each
of the following verbs of the 1st conjugation, both in Devanfigari
and English letters, with the meaning in English.
VOCABULARY 3.

4.1* bhd to become. q--4. vad to speak.

G\ .
Sre at to rove. W:r... vas to dwell.
c
NT arh to be fit. MT vah to carry.
f kshi to decay. ikri*
%.1 %.,
s'uch to sorrow for.
lerc char to go. fJ51 s'ri to serve.
..
f ji to conquer. I sri to go.
'n tri to cross over. kr, srip to creep.
4s
WA. tyaj to abandon. NT 'smri to remember.
.... 4.
dah to burn. Tki" has to laugh.
•., %.,

iAN pad& to cook.

dro to ooze. w Ari to take.
wg
khan to dig.
val
 LESSON IV. 9
•
•

t -. pat to fall. WO vraj to go.

. .
tfi phal to bear fruit. c1te1.4 jalp to prate.
. .
qv' budh to know. N"K chat to move.
..) .
I:r bhram to wander.
.•
- blai, by No. 16, becomes lit • bho ;
•. Example. The root of 41c\
and. the vowel 5A* a is to be interposed between this and the ter-
mination fd ti (No. 14)—so that we have bho -I- a + ti ; —and
then, the o being changed to av by No. 18—we have- Itqf'd bha-
vati 'he becomes.
• Lesson 4.
20.—When one Sanskrit word immediately follows another,
some change often takes place in. the two letters thus brought
together.
21.—If the former of two words placed next to each other ends
in w: ah, and the other begins with a soft * consonant, the gill
ah is changed to 41* o. For example, when : devah; the
nominative singular (No. 8) of 'T4 deva ‘ a god,' is placed be-
fore et 5 fit vadati, the 3d person singular present tense (No. 19)
4.
of q-- vad ' to speak'—the two are written thus—Tit ej 5 i re
devo vadati `. the god speaks.'

Exercise 4. .
22.—Write the following phrases in Sanskrit, both in Devanfi-
* The soft cononants are ga, gha ; ja. jha ; da, dha ; da, dha ; La, bha ;
the nasals, the semi-vowels, and ha.
10 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS

gari and English letters, taking the words from Vocabularies 1

and 3, and paying attention to the rule--4-No. 21.
The crane wanders. The Br6,hman cooks. The god laughs.
The jackal dwells. The quality becomes. The horse carries. The
traveller knows. The tree falls. The man prates. The leaf de-
cays. The daughter abandons. The father crosses over. The
mouse digs. The water oozes. The mother speaks. The girl
serves.
23.—Write down the meaning, in English, of the following
phrases :-

-k-PTI. vi ti rd I Trrir ) V 61 I TN41. w- r-ff 1

6
TR: ktikret 1 VV. th-Ifff 1 1;0 45rei I'' iI'-.
Ted 1. 114 -cmirci I WMPLII' Vled I Tagl- .44;11
irriEfl* wgrra 1 ;um vtird i
Lesson 5.
24.—If the former of two words placed next to each other ends
in visarga, and the other begins, with any hard* consonant (ex-
cept a guttural, a labial, or a sibilant—before which the termina-
tion may remain unchanged—) the visarga is chiged to a sibi-
rii
lant. For example, when the word et k tarati comes after the
word !A 1- ,„IM: brdhmanah, the two are written thus-111v-
ITR:FrKffi brdhmanas-tarati ' the Brahman crosses over.'
25.—A sibilantt must be of the same class as the consonant

* The hard consonants are ka, kha ; cha, chha ; ta, Oa % ta, tha ; pa, pha ;
and the sibilants.
t 14 is the palatal sibilant, IT the cerebral, and li the dental.
 LESSON VI. 11

rto
with which it coalesces--that is to say, ' s' is the sibilant when
....
a palatal, such as cha, follows ; and Tr sly when a cerebral,
...
such as Z (a, follows.
Exercise 5.
26.—Write down, in Sanskrit, the following phrases, taking the
words from Vocabularies I and 3.
The devotee crosses over. The tree decays. The Brahman
abandons. The jackal creeps. The son remembers.
27.—Write down the meaning, iu English, of the following
phrases :—
.
lin: tIkrel I TTr 4ki-Kret i TTRI %kict I 41.:
4 MI (1 I W"ill gores I TKLIrkirAfff I J-11.004*Kra i
WK. zSiErfff I .E: 'Err-d I
Lesson 6.

28.—The 3d person singular 2d future ends in keTre,

syati.
or ishyati.
'Vied Thus the verb IT bka, which makes 1.TEra'
c• •
in the present, makes in the future RN-Etta bhavishyati ' he
will become.'
Exercise 6.
29,—Write the following phrases in Sanskrit :—
•
The horse will fall. The Brahman will speak. The son will
wander. The tree will bear fruit. The man will remember.
The jackal will take, The Brahman will know. llama will

12 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

laugh. The horse will go. Riivana will cross over. Rama will
conquer.
30.—When the future is formed by kei r, syati (No. 28)
same change often takes place in the final of the verb. The fol-
lowing list may be committed to memory :—
FikTira ' tyakshyati ' he will abandon.' .
IrkiErfa dhakshyati ' he will burn.'
ITErf-
• ff droshyati ' it will ooze.'
trUirel pakshyati ' he will cook.'
cittl rei jeshyati ' he will conquer:
w kz t Fa vatsyati ' he will dwell.'
. Exercise 7.

31.—Write down, in English, the meaning of the following

phrases:—
--... --,
q*. A) tti ra. / WK: 4 k*-1 rei I ceirra wITErfa 1 tea'

Tked I *Kv.m.0-4in 1 ciiv4i- vifTittird 1 1-q:

Vrkoff'-1 chictii ViTarrK I NM 4YErizifd 1
Lesson 7.
,
32.—The 2d case is that in which a noun appears when it is
the object of a transitive verb. This case is called the Objective,
or, more commonly, the Accusative„ case.
33.—A transitive verb is one which gives no complete meaning,
till some person or thing is mentioned, to whom or to which the
action was done.
 13
LESSON Tit:

mama killed ,(killed whom ?) .Rtvaua.

34.—The following are the accusative singular endings of
nouns that end in a vowel:,
.
N' a becomes 34 am. ...
N'T .ei — Vt am.

I i - t im.

t 1 t N into

.. .

. V U Vi um:

/a. ri—(in some words) %IT aram, .-(in others) VATK Circuit.
85.—he antswara, when followed by a vowel, takes the form of
;IT m. When followed by a consonant . of the five classes, the
-:guAural, &c., it optionally takes The form as well as the sound of
the nasal belonging to the same class. Otherwise it remains uu..
..
changed. Thus %Fr- A . annam vahati-..i• he carries the
food',vAirkiweirci annam pachati ' 'he cooks ,the food'—
*sAartial 0 annan tyajati ' he Abandons the food.'
Observe that the accusative. is generally 'placed before the verb,
as in the examples just given.
Exercise 8.
W.—Write down, in English, .the meaning of the following
,phrases :..4...

' ' vTotr-ifa .K.. t nw"*4--4-64-1.: 1 ilikm..NR-


14 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

ffiglivq: 1 trit
..I era. ri414(+1 1 loran if Kr-
qw. 1 TA..sWed TTZT: 1. TrraK % krei WK: 1 V.f.
`‘I ktti ci sil I '.1 q : I
Exercise 9.
37.—Put into Sanskrit the folloWing phrases :—
The father .knows (his) son. The Brahman will remember
the scripture. Rama will abandon the house. The car carries the
man. The son will cook the food. The devotee will know the
god. The crane will cross the water. The mouse will dig the
ground. The son will serve the father.
Lesson 8. -
38.-,-Some useful verbs of the 1st conjugation form the pre-
sent and some of the other tenses irregularly. The following
roots, with their 3d person singular present, may be committed to
memory :—

g-4T krana makes Rim ri krcirnati ' he walks.'

•..
TM gam — 7rWfd gachchhati ' he goes.'
717 qup — Ibtfrztrff gopciyati ' he protect§!
\ .9 '...

NT ghrd — rziAffi jighrati ' he smells.'

za q jiv — q'1"4-rff jivati 'he lives.'
r chi — ei Tesz ei yachchhati 'he gives.'

Tyr dris. — trgifd pas-gati

' he sees.'
...
 LESSON VIII.
15
o
to pa makes ftrqffi - pibati he drinks.'
'

331' shthci — *Falicra tishlhati ' he stands.'

Xi s'ru — whita s'rinoti ' he hears.'

6
39.-....When the 3d person singular ends in vAra. ati, the 3d
person plural ends in wr-ffl anti. Thus IT4F-ffl bhavanti
4 they become'

M.—The negative is A. na ' not :'— as A. 4.1-

4.fd. na bhavati
' he does not become ;' W irqfffl na bhavanti ' they do not be-
come.'

41.—Interrogatives are rct," him C what?' — W' kutra

.... .3
' where ?'—WIT kadei ' when ?' — WK: kutah ' whence ?'—
• c .1
Phi-MT '
...
why ?' — WEPT ' how ?'— &c. Examples : -r-*
,..
ci 5 rei kin vadati ' what does he say ?'- 1 . A ktret kutra
vasati ' where does he dwell ?' ftWirrarKcarl)"W
\) "grkfff
kimartham pitaram putro na smarati , why does the son not
remember the father ?'

.. 42.—Verbs signifying ' to go to' require the accusative of the

place gone to. Ex. Ch 1 'kel TrWra ' Ins gachchhati ' he goes
kas
to K6s'i (Benares).'

Exercise 10.
43.—The son smells the flower. They go to lias'i. The crow
does not see the jackal. Rama walks to the mountain. Why
16 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

does the father not protect the son ? The Brahman drinks water.
He gives the food. The Brahman remembers the scripture.
Lesson 9.
44.—The Nominative plural is frequently formed by changing
the termination as follows :—
. , .
vir a or WI' ci (masculine or feminine) becomes SAT: A.

%I. a (neater) if dni.

T 'i 1R41 .ayah.

.
U u qgq: avah.

V ri S;R: arah or SATK: drab.

45.—When a soft consonant, or a vowel, comes after gin dh,
t
the visarga is dropped. Ex. RV: narcihe men' :— WTI' if
c
nerd vasanti o men dwell : WKI WIT. narci arhanti 'the
men are fit.'
Exercise 11.
46.—The mice creep. The thieves take the food. The men
laugh. The Brahmans will prate. The jackals drink water.
When will the sons cook the food ? The fathers do not see the
flower. The men go to the shore. The Brahmans will not cross
the sea. The flowers fall. What do the men say ?
.
NM ei WU .'qq gri i rwr: trfavifffl 1 ww
tr--
4 4r, garrm I efficor. funtiff
,.) 1
 LESSON X. 17

1 el r5 tti Pri r4
1Mfa Wft I elt .1 "Cdt en
ft ktri

evi: WElfffl' I
Lesson 10.
47.—The Accusative plural is frequently formed by changing
the termination as follows :—
.3A a becomes NIA' an. ' 'T i becomes "(A* 2.'n.
. %., ...
z u W ". Wj ri TA rin.
Ex. 5 girl ,i.i kid devcin smarati 'he remembers the gods' :-
-..:
'14 IMilf'd s'atrzin paiyati ' he sees the enemies.'
6\ ..
Obs. A neuter word is always the same in the accusative ag
in the nominative.
48.--When a soft consonant or a vowel follows, then -v. ih

becomes TK ir ; and, in like manner, f: ih becomes iT fr ;

... ...,
er ; T.: aih
11....

becomes zT ur ; kr: eh becomes krc be-

W. Ult
...
,..,
comes "kr( air ; r. oh becomes or ; and 41'1. auh
.... •..
becomes viA t aur. Ex. 4114q rf'l kavir vadati 'the poet
says.
. Exercise 12.
49.—The crows see the jackals. The jackals do not. see the
'crows. Rama. sees ( his) enemies. The sons protect ( their)
18 SANSKRIT PIKST LESSONS.

fathers. Why do the sons not protect (their) fathers -? R6n23

protects the monkeys. The fathers sorrow for (their) sons. The
Brithmans remember the scriptures. The boys 'smell the flowers,
When do the men go to the villages ?

1... %1St wi.kraig iRtti Prt 1 fwd.d w

••• 4'1
'I—N i rei tti rye 7T: 1 .T-4 41.,:,:zrffl riq: Trffi-4,
-I
%fr w tral ctuchi: i tr5,141W TITETN 17
T4rffl AlVql: 1 Ti-Tai trarff fireK4 1 wrq•
Trgt •imzstro I To. ‘ErK-F 1 .a't
1.1 CM: 1 ,rte
cichi: I wq,....
q. %--A trwirff T14:1: 1 TrAw ;i ttlre,__:_i
•
3 ON '..,

f6T 1r4 V Tim )-Kr.. 1 -

Lesson 11.
50.—The singular of the 3d, or Instrumental, case, is frequently
formed by changing the termination as follows :—

VA' a becomes VA' ena. 7 i becomes TWT incl.

Z u . 3W1' und. V ri -KT rd.

Ex. 'kit-4 vTfa. hastena harati ' he takes with the

hand :'--AT v r# agninci dahati ' he burns with fire.'

Exercise 13.
51.—The men cook the food. with fire. The Brahman burns
 LESSON XII. 10
cl,
the sacrifice with fire. The son, with his hand, carries the flow-
er. Ravana, with anger, sees the, enemies. When does Riivana
see the enemies with anger ? When will the man take the flow-
er with his hand ? How will the deer cross over the water ?
The son, by wealth, protects (his) father. Men live by food.
Lessdn 12.
. .
52.—The indefinite past participle generally ends in "ff ta, and,
like an adjective in 5X a, takes the three genders,,thus,:—

_Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Sing. nom. W.: tah WI td Mr tam.

...,
53.—The following list of past participles may be committed to
memory :--7
•
smrita remembered.
"qrd
ZW • ukta said.
. WA- tyakta • abandoned.

7 Nita taken.

1:01C1 jita conquered.

71-6 gatc& gone.
Tffl. datta given.
re driehta teen.
trfad patita fallen.
iftW pita drunk.
NW pia restrained.


20 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

RR Win been.
_G\
s'ruta heard.
7 -6
.Rxercise 14.
54.—Translate the following phrases :—
. ,
11 I VI A1 V 4-141 NMI I WI.: fir-1T MAI 1. 94-4
V ;i:IW V e14-1 I ktelit 4-iq No: 1
6 'N WK-' vill
7Tff: .1 °heti I 11411 'T"- T 1 114*tg rEll 1 W4
oirrwaolvi Lact+t i %.-- ili IT*A. NW: I
The son, abandoned by the father, goes to the village. Rgva,i
na, conquered by Willa, will fall, The jackal, seen by the man)
will abandon the village. The sons, abandoned by the' father,
will wander. The Crow, seen by the jackal, drinks water.
Lesson 13.
55.-7-The 2d preterite is distinguished by the reduplication of
the root. The termination ot the 3d person singular is .Wf a ;
but if the root ends iri VAT ci, the termination is Vit au.
56.—In the reduplication of the root, a guttural is changed to
a palatal—i. e., w k or W kh is changed to 'W ch. .
• • •
57.—Other changes—many of them relating to single verbs---
occur iu the formation of this tense. At • present the following
examples may be committed to memory :—

3. bhzi makes Alp • babhiiva he became.

 LESSON XIII. 21

111:1 gam makes .71411+1 jaocirna he went.

•
11-c., char — Ill R chachdra he went.
fq. ji — ?AWE( jillciya he conquered.
41 — et tatdra he- crossed over.
etlik
1
' tyoj — et eel 1.71 tatydja he abandoned.

.1. \ da — T4). dadau he gave.
tY dah — 551 v daddha he burned.
‘ -.... c
Wg dris — 'qT.4* dadaria he saw.;
..,
dru — 7-4 dudrciva it oozed.
.qT pd - --- tril. papau he drank.
1:11' path — 1:1141-4 papcicha he cooked.
trff pat — titiTK papcita he fell.
. WET budh — At IT bubodha he knew.
‘4 ... • •1
-41:1' 'bhram — Wi-AlA babhrcima he wandered.
(4-4. vad - — 3T -'1' uvcida he spoke.
A-k:... . vas — \Z ci i ki uvcisa he dwelt.
AT vah — ZITT uvciha he carried.

.1 .., such
Trq. — vik
..;
-r -1 ius'ocha he sorrowed for.
'kr q-ri --: vA-1.4 1 r.4 slirciya he served.
114 s`ru — 141511 susr civa he heard.
..,
V sri, — kimqflc • sascira he went.
c
-RV•., sriP — Witt sasarpa he crept.
sntri — (0%14l, samara he remembered.
4
22 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

, sru makes ,t14711 q susrdva - it dropped.

9. Na
1:1" has — .2f- V1 4-
jandfla he laughed.
hri . — ‘7iv i 4 jakira he took.
•
58.—Translate the following phrases : —

klcM. ig1.11e4 KRT: 1 1:1-4ss4 . %-fcr: •.)

warK I trvg-
.c
0.4 131 4 ti <;1- I N-4 rcti+tel w ITTErl WC I .,3till

Val TiCiM - 41 wr. %-q* 'Pim 1

1 slivc TrT14-11-
1
Li •
frrdT '4 i WvirT wi A,+ict 1 1 I W4 Val
,. 1
14-1•41
•A V V
'kg'
VIA. 1 Rt. q.-
4. lith. i ‘Ig14 q.4. .11.`11 I

The horse fell. The man did not cross the ocean.* The Briil
man remembered the scripture. • The father,' abandoned by tlid
son, wandered. The jackal went to the shore. When did the
boy laugh ? He gave the food. The Brahman heard the scrip'
ture. The girl served (her) mother. The fruit, taken by the
hand, fell. The thief, seen by the man, crossed over the water.
With anger, the enemy burnt the house.
Leeson Lt. '
59.—When an action succeeds another-7-as when " Ritma coil'
Tiered Ravana, and went to his home"— the former action i51
commonly expressed by a participle called the conjunctive, which
implies the having done so and so.
60.—The conjunctive participle ends in MT fwd. Ex, - Tre
TT-44- f;71 NI 1 TEt vi i 1 1 ../ rdnia, rcivanan jilted, grihaii j11'
 Lhssos xiV. - 23
0
qama c Maui, having conquered lidtvana, went to his house (or
home).
61.—The following list of conjunctive participles may be com-
mitted to memory :—

A-KT bktitwci having become.

Ri4T tyaktwd ' 'having abandoned.

5-to 1 . dattwci having given.

V NI r, hritwci having taken. .

eal pitwci
. having drunk.

14.1C41 sinrittoci having remembered. •

6
1T gatwd having gone.
49
r&TT drish/wci having.. ,
seen. .

41(441 a'rutivd having heard.

kt4Ccl f sthitiva having stood.

Exercise 16.
62..—Translate the following phrases :--
The Brahman, having gone to the shore, drinks water. The
son, having abandoned the father, will wander. The men, ha-
ving seen the tree, will go to the village. The jackal, having
drunk water, went to the shore. The 'son, having remembered
the father, spoke. .•
- m: Trr4
Ilt frrIT rem' 11-W MAT zillfa k_ AT1
24 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

• '
1 cci I a1 TrKT Wffl- VITT, I V74 ff Tr NNIT I
.6
WK., .35rKi
•2 A.Wrff I A i-soit 4-tri -I •.)
W4. Iff-R-
tti 51

Lesson 15.
63.—The following indeclinable words, including those given in
Nos. 40 and 41, may be committed to memory.
Vocabulary 4. •

VA'eti %id akasmcit unexpectedly. NW: alah hence. [then.

%R. atra here. Wgi atha so, thus, well
VW _ adya to-day. wtml adhunci now.
vA irkci anyatra elsewhere. vA .04 til .any athci otherwise.
4
Tfd iti so, thus. 1,5 1 es ;1* iddnim now.
T-4 iva like, as, so. TI. iha here.
etri ekatra in one place. qq 1151 ekadci at one time.
VVETT ekadhci in one way. kr-4 eva also, only.
TOr evam thus. %-lidig katham how ?

NIIT dwidhci in two ways. etkqi Pi et kadachit some..

WIT kadd when? times.
fwair kiiicha moreover. kintu but.
N-Tr kim what ? wff: Wall whence ?
..,
WI kutra where ? ...--- 11-1-4 kutrachit anywhere.
•3

'KR.: tatah thence, after that. WI

tatra there.
 xvt.
LESSON 25
0
A--47 tadd then. • Ma tathd thus, so.
it
"ry r.4 1 tathdhi thus. olcirt tdvat so far, so much.
....
na not. ti punar again.
.3
Tra: prdyah mostly. NAT yathd as.
AT yad,ci when. . t(4.4 -, 4 samipe near to.
c c
-4 sarvatra everywhere. Trq-cr sarvadd always.
fT hi verily.
61f.--It will be observed, from the foregoing list, that the inter-
rogatives begin with k, and the relatives with y. The. termina-
tion of time is dd—as in WIT tadci ' then ;' that of place is tra—
as in WI' tatra ' there.'
Lesson 16.
65.—The 4th, or Dative, case ; and the 5th, or Ablative, case;
of many words may be formed by the following substitutions.
Sing. Plu.

For final Dat. N'171 dya 'VW: ebhyah.

N. a Abl. W' dt VIC ebhyah.
For final Dat. 9J aye -pc ibhyah.
i Abl. v.• eh pre ibhyah.
E. 4l 4l i ti rdmdya ' to Rama ;' kiemi 0 rdvandt
from Myna;' WKITM: narebhyah ' to or from the men ;'
VT' haraye ' to Hari ; %A.,
---. . kaveh ' from the poet ;' wr-4,-
RI: kavibhyah ' to or from the poets.'


26 SANSKRIT FIRST• LESSONS.

Exercise 17.
66.—The father gave the book to the son. The girl goes from
the house. Unexpectedly a flower fell from the tree. He gave
wealth to the Brahmans. Ravana, from anger, will not speak.
He took water from the ocean. Then the king gave wealth to
the poets. The arrow will fall again.

vA ctl%10 TrIW(Trg WM' I fiTar ryr trwEr

q4) i R-d). We A Iv kg 1 ei 14-4 4 mik fel I TM
.'v 1 et 1-4 in e ei Rim trMN' T-4)1 Wrt 74 'TT-

fd tietA i n I TITiliff rei 0:11 tri4A-fif A* ,71 v m I

' Lesson 17.
67.—The 6th, or Genitive, case; and the 7th, or Locative, case;
of many words may be formed by the following substitutions;
Sing. Plu.
For final Gen. '* asya %am dndm.
9;1* a Loc. V" . e kili eshu.

For final Gen. V: e4 tAi (mint.

T i Loc. VI au *.."13 ishu.
Ex. Trim rdmasya 4 of Rama ;, '03j#^ samudre in the
ocean;' WIT tire ' on the shore;' 4TRit devdndm `of the
gods ;' 1.414.1 t' grdmeshu 'in the villages f Yt: hareh' of Ha-
..I
• .1 -,•_.......
ri , 919 tell• kavindm ' of the poets ;I a6r.,___
k
-WI- agnau ' in the
fire;' yr0 t patishu ' among the masters.'
4
 LESSON _xvin. 27.

Exercise 18.

68.—Rama dwells in the wood. He saw the house of R6vana.

He sees a garland of flowers in the hand of the Brahman. Men
dwell in houses. The family of the jackal dwells in the wood.
He "stands in the midst of the fires. He saw the crow on the
shore of the sea. He sees the flower fallen into the fire.

A. 411 cil ci ti
T- 0 i co.to ti+lAkei 'ffl--
TrVIFK 1 Wrk-rg AM VWff offR-4 trter S q I TET-
NW Ilci I cI: V41-41. Tr* fka-m" ct 4 Pi i
..... t •
ctkietimi Mir eico-i W Wkiffi I ellacimvi 7siRT .KMT
Vt1 r1 I
Lesson 18.

69.—Adjectives, when declined, are declined like nouns. They

are very commonly, however, prefixed, in their crude form, to the
noun—and then they remain unaltered throughout the declen-
sion, forming a class of compounds termed Karmmadlaciraya.
c
Thus the adjective (vim kruhna 'black,' with the noun 'WI
c
sarpa ' a snake,' may be written Tim; TR: krishnah sarpah,
EMS: lirishnasarpa ' a black snake ;' and again
or VEMW:r: T*A.
-,„
ti441 krishryna sarpena, or v-tOkiLl4m krishnasarpeua ` by a
black snake.' _
70.—The following list of adjectives may be committed to
memory. An opposite meaning is given to an adjective by pre-


28 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

fixing vir a or VW an. Thus my atulya ` unlike;' 9rAt- ..,

.... ..,
F IR anuchita ' improper.' In the neuter gender they may be
used as adverbs. Thus TW IM-ra s hran' g achchhati v
' he goes quickly.'
VOCABULARY 5.

r u krishi/a black. wji tiert ananta infinite.

4,(31 lukla white. N'W chitra variegated.

• ei nila blue. Far tulya like.

• a
• KW rakta red. 5 dirgha long.

114 V el mahat* great. hraswa short.

1"
4--i bahu much. F4. nava new.

9;r0T alpa little. Quell

.., vydkula perplexed.

'n s'ighra swift. 14-41 ilinya empty.

Zi" manda slow. b..$ .1k sundara beautiful.

:1111. sddhu good. t,4 44 yogya suitable.

..)
T' 1W sanskrita polished. VI' • vriddha aged.
6
'NW priya beloved. -km. dakshitta southern.
4. 1
-.A. kshudra mean. VER stlitila bulky.
•
4. This becomes IM tnand in compound words.
 LESSON XIX. 29

ddra distant. r,.., 4

k sthira firm.
•V
Nrimei vtsmita astonished. Lk kiki purdija old.
..i
ZNR uchita proper.
•
Like the participles mentioned at No. 52, the adjectives that
end in a generally make the feminine in d and the neuter in am.
Thus 114t41 chweil priyd kanyd ' a beloved girl ;' 'qf-Q4114.1 k_
.
dakchinam ararlyam ' the southern forest.'
Lesson 19.
71.—In the formation of Karmmadluiraya (No. 69) and other
compounds (as well as in cases where one word in a sentence
immediately follows another—see No. 20—) some change often
takes place in the two letters thus brought together. Some rules
and remarks in regard to these changes here follow.
72.—Similar vowels are those that differ only in length. Thus
a and d are similar ; i and 1; u and ti ; &c. Others—as i and
. u—are dissimilar.
73.—Two similar vowels meeting, coalesce and form one long
vowel. Ex. a+a=d; a÷ci=d; d+a=d; d+d.ci; 1-vi.t ; &c.
74.—If a word end with a or d when the next begins with a
dissimilar vowel, then a guna substitute ( see No. 17) takes the
place of the two concurring vowels. Thus a + i=e; a + u=o.
75.—If a word end with a or ci when the next begins with a
diphthong ; then a substitute called vriddhi takes the place of the
two concurring vowels. The vriddhi substitute of e or ai is ai;
and that of o or au is au.
76.—If a word end with i, u, or ri—short or long—when the
next begins with any other dissimilar vowel, then i is changed to
its semivowel y, u to v, and ri to r.
 30 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

Exercise 19.
77.—Turn the following pairs of words into Karmmadhciraya
compounds—paying attention to the rules indicated as applica-
ble to each—and putting each compound in the nominative sin-
gular. .
1:1EKW sahskrita I- zrTh ukti (No. 74), 'polished speech.'
G
.04 et sei ananta + vAit'Hitdtrnan (Nos. 73 and 74), ' the infi-
nite soul.' mil ‘ri nila + ' cti utpala, 6 a blue lotus.' TrIT
mand ÷IgfEr ri shi ( Nos. 74 and 17), ' a great sage.'
Lesson 20. -
78.—When the case of a noun depends upon another noun or
participle, the dependent noun may be prefixed in its crude form
to the other, making the compound called Tatpurusha. For ex-
.
ample ' the shore of the sea' ((jig Ake' 4 4 samudrasya tiram,
N.,
may be expressed thus TIVIrd"" samudra-tiram 'the sea-
shore.'
79.—In a Tatpurusha compound the first term, in the crude
form, has sometimes the force of a Genitive, sometimes of a Lo-
cative, &c. For example—in the compound tivim paaa-
myna ' mud-sunk,' the word' mud' has evidently the force of
the Locative—the meaning being ' sunk in the mud.' Again--
41--gm!loblicikrishta ' greed-attracted' evidently means ' at-
e.
tracted by greed'—the first term having the force of the Instru-
- mental case.
Exercise 20.
•
80.—Turn the following pairs of words into Tatpurusha
 LESSON xxi. 31

compounds--writing each compound in the Nominative sin-

gular.
' ' The influx ( vijii (dm dgama) of wealth ( NW artha.'—No.
c
73). C A hundred ( '‘kl"ff siata[n.] ) of fools ( 11q• mirkha).'
c\
' Sport ( %-----
41 kridd) in the water: `The shore of the Ganges
OW gan'gci)."[Who has] come (-4(141ry dgata) for refuge (7...
.c;ff s'araua)."Deserted (*9* hina) by learning (rq 4isi 1 vzdyci).'
`Covered Rri el vesktita) with clothes ( We4 vaera)." A
couple ( Wrf dwaya [n.] ) of verses ( Jitch s'loka)." Lord
( trffi pati) of the earth mil:pet prithivi )." The bank of a
6
pond ( 7KIf saras ).'
...
Exercise 21.

Wd: TrKtirl TM A IV tit q **FC1-4. 5524 I

V fqvIl 44 Kt 1 ArITWt TikKR Wrt--- ;Tr-4'-
N rct 1 -.4•Trtt Walt LI V44 shi S I 'V tire'
Al V Alike' 'TA* 1041 :rgT 14r4*mi Wil:l' I
Lesson 21. •
81.---The Pronouns are declined in most respects like nouns.
The 1st and 2d personal pronouns are very irregular. The follow-
ing, being some of the most useful forms in which these present
themselves, may be committed to memory.

. aham I. WEI. vayam we.

Nom. VA-1*
Ace. Ter mcim me. WkriTA asmdn us.


32 - SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

Inst. R-41 mayd by me. %Mfg: asmdbhih by us.

.
Gen. RR mama my. '4i %IV asmdkam our.

N. 4 twam thou. ytiyam you.

Tat
Ace. Mt twdm thee.
.., 1: a r4. .yushmcin you.
71.
I. MiT twayci by thee. 7111:11*: yushmahihby you
....
G. wq- Lava thy. 7:11Fir4 yushmcikam your.
..,

N. Tr: sah he (or `that'). R to they (or 'those)'.

Acc. R. tam him. W'r4' tan them.
a --
I. 'R--4 tena by him. ff. taih by them.
..
D. FRT tasmai to him. FM tebhyah to them.
Ab. 6 %I et tasmcit from him. *an tebhyah from then
F... .
G. Wfa tasya his. MU teshcim of them. ,
L. WrgiR•••
tasmin in him. R-Er
,.1
teshu in them.
82.—The feminine of this pronoun is VI ad ' she' or ' that.'
In the neuter we have 'KT tad 'that,' and mfq• tdni g those.'

83.—A useful demonstrative pronoun is formed by prefixing

'V' e to the foregoing. Thus irET: eshah 'he,' `that;' Val..
4
etad ' that.' The pronoun TT idam ' this,' makes 3jR1 cyan;
in the Nominative singular masculine.
84.—As observed at No. 64, the interrogatives begin


LESSON XXII. $3
•
with k, and the relatives with y. Thus W. kah ' who?' co 4.i 1 ri ,
kasmdt ' from whom ?' or ' from what 2' 74: yah ' who ;' "Et ....
IRITK yasmcit ' from whom' or ' from which'.
...
__.
85.—The Nom. sing. neut. of W. kah is T.W . kim ' what?'
86.—The indeclinable affixes chit, api, and chana, added to the
several cases of the interrogative pronoun, give them an indefi-
nite signification. Thus %-fiArt kas'chit (No. 25) ' somebody'
'....
or' anybody f —cirri Net kenachit ' by some one.'
Exercise 22.
87.—Write the following phrases in. Sanskrit.
Where is my son ? Where is thy book ? The jackal, seen by
thee, will abandon the forest. The crow, seen by me, abandons
the tree. When (was) this speech heard by him ? By whom
(was) the speech of the Braman heard ? Where does their fa-
ther dwell ? This is our house. Where is your house ? Who
sees you ? Some one sees you. Who dwell in those houses ?
This speech (was) heard by a certain BrAlman. The king gave
wealth to him.
Lesson 22.

88.—The mas. nom. sing. C sah ' he," that,' and Tv

eshah ' this,' drop the visarga when a consonant follows. Thin
li •Ivatrii sa gachchhati ' he goes ;' irEr Tr414:
..*
esha mane
shyah ' this man.'
89.—The conjunction ' and' is expressed by N cha, which is
placed after its word. Thus 'FM" xr1
..1
pill puiras'cha ' the
 34 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

father and the son.' In the same way the conjunction 41 ad

' or :4—'thus ft-AT trilwr pita' putro vd ' the father or the son.'
..,
VOCABULARY 6.

ctled kzntet but. Nftr api also.

.3
4'k yadi if. t~ chet if.

wri tarhi then. 41. no

4ff
. Met if not.

tr-Kw
NJ
parantu but. fv hi because.

90.—When the subject or object of the verb is a whole clause,

the clause is concluded by the conjunction Vfff iti `thus.' •
For example :— .kicion TritIll fta' vFa i :r Er r 7-4--
rdvano rcimena jita, iti mayci s'rutam ' Ravana was conquered by
Rama—thus (has been) heard by me :—'or Trglirr
..% k14-11.1
f-A-ff Tra. *151(1 cl I Oilft: rdvalio rdmeja jita, iti vadati
vcilmikih i Valmiki says Rivana was conquered by Rama.'

Exercise 23.
A tiger also dwells in the southern forest. Then he dwelt in
a garden, but now he wanders on the -sea-shore. Something fell
again. In our village is a master of poets. When is an empty
house beautiful ? The girl and her aged father and mother are
here. The poet says the tiger went to Kfisq. Is this man or
that boy suitable ? Unexpectedly a mouse fell from the seat.
Again the Brahmans cross over the water. Verily . he conquered
the enemy. Thus the monkey will burn their houses. The
horse went, but the jackal even now stands. Sometimes the
 LESSON. xxiir. 35

devotee wandered here. The traveller heard the sound of a lute

somewhere. That man knew the scriptures. After that he went
slowly to the old tree. Thus he took the books and the arrows,
with (his) hand, from the thief. Among the Brahmans is a good
preceptor. He will sometimes cook the food suitably. The pre-
ceptor says, Who laughed then ?

Lesson 23.
91.—In making the passive voice of the present and some of
the other tenses, the letter 'Er ya is added to the root—and the
terminations called the dtmane-pada are subjoined. Thus, the
dtmanepada termination of the 3d pers. sing. present being
A. te, we have T-Irk dahyate ' it is burned,' TMER pachyate
' it is cooked,' &c.
92.—Some verbs are conjugated, in the active voice, with the
terminations called the citmane-pada. For example :—

tra' yat 'to strive' makes 'Ern' yatate ' he strives'

,..
TIT ram ' to sport' 'K41---4 ramate ' he sports.'
--, -.
*I'M... loch 'to see' rem lochate sees.'
'he
c-,
TR vrit n
' to be' - cull varttate ' he is.'
..,
VT, s'ubh ' to shine' if* s'obhate ' he shines.'
•-,
TIT shah ' to endure' f
— ivd• sahate ' he endures.'
... . .
liq shev
V., ...s. ...S.

— gq-d"
' to serve' sevate
' he serves.'
,..
..., •
flirt shmi ' to smile' 41 ei ri smayate ' he smiles.'
36 SANSKRIT' FIRST LESSONS.

Exercise 24.
Translate the following sentences.
The crow is seen by the jackal. The father is abandoned by the
son. The oblation is burned by the fire. The food is cooked by
the man. The deer sports in the forest. 'The Brahman endures
pain. The girl smiles. He sees crows on the tree. The king
shines in the assembly. Why is the gardener perplexed?

fcrwr tAltr tiv

.ar*r .1.:*
..s
el 1 Tr-AT %ii.N.
' 4
c....
-v4 MI WM 1 W4 IrkiiV WM' W`trd I WATT

*Kt{ t ikerKT wfl CI I -Cl TI rtI ti 1 Iffg

.., takat
fiwtm wl-Atciam. 4ii-tei;i a
Lesson 24.
93.—Verbs of the 2d conjugation do not insert the vowel a
before the tense.affixes (No. 17). Thus the verb NV as ' to
be' makes Nig/ asti ' he is.'
Of the verb ' to be' the following portions may be committed
to memory.
Present.
Singular. Plural.

Vik:iT ash he is. lif. santi they are.

1st Preterite.

v41t1 0 dsit he was. 9ATTIA. dsan they were.

.... ...


LESSON - my. 37

Imperative.

9irlir astu let it be. T('W santu let them be.

v ..)
Potential.

TM sycit he may (or should) be. TEj ; syuh they may be.
..,
Exercise 25. •
There is in that wood a certain tree. Thy father is not in the
house: There was water everywhere. Thus let it be, said the
Brahman. The son should not be perplexed. In the empty
village was an aged jackal. Let the horses be beautiful. The
garden .is distant. The preceptors should be good men. He
says it is proper. That man said it was improper. Having
seen the deer sunk in the rand, the jackal laughed.

R 1,.;or trictli w 1 %mita. 01•44w

ors q4
• .t
A54-4 Tr WC 1 Trfq ma ga-a. wr‘ fqm eti I lAT -
RiWiZifd I MIT ql* fti (et 1 %-zi. MI i v MT: gr. I
94.— In addition to the rules for the treatment of visarga given
in Nos. 21, 24, and 48, it is to be observed that vir: ah, when VAT
a follows, drops the visarga. Thus Ivim VATfahn' s'rigdla
aszt ' there was a jackal.' . %

W.—The vowel 3x a drops when it comes after a word ending

in VAT o or 7 e. Thus Wcr S -qi nano' dya.. ' the man to-
day ;' A" S I. lif-M to ' era na santi ' they are not here.'
38 SANSIMIT PIRST LESSONS.

The characters serves, like an apostrophe, to mark the place of

the expunged vowel.
Lesson 25.
The following are useful verbs of the 2d conjugation.,

4 bric to speak (or say). WR brite he speaks.

0.
A--1. vach to speak. q rf vakti be speaks. '
,...
zn. yci to go. 41 0 yciti he goes.

zwr shnd to bathe. ok-4 11i snciti he bathes.

Tif han to kill. V eti hanti he kills.

96.—The characteristic peculiarity of the Scl conjugation 1r-the

reduplication of the radical syllable. For examples :— T. .aci , to
.51 Pi dadciti ' he gives.'
give' makes

97.—The characteristic of the 4th conjugation is 7:( ya. Ex-

amples :—

NW kship to throw ftCrit kshipyali he throws.

....
WA' jan to be produced. 01 q6 jcfyate it is produced.
...
Mra. 'jai to perish. irixtird nas'yati he perishes
....,
1:1-1. pad to go. tr-d
padyate he goes.
...,
yudh to fight. TA* yudhyate he fights.

'NT vid to exist. q ci-R vidyate it exists.



LESSON XXY. 89

98.—The characteristic of the 5th conjugation is the syllable

W nu—changeable, under certain circumstances, to 41. no. Es-
ss
amples :—
e.
%MT rip to obtain. v41114110 cipnoti he obtains.
. n
Trq s'ak to be able. ulal, IN s'aknoti he is able.

99.—The 6th conjugation, like the 1st, takes a short V4 a

but does not, like the 1st, substitute guna (No. 17.) Exam-
ples :—

.1:r trip to satisfy. ra Li rh tripati he satisfies.

TV ish to wish. TWffi ichchhati he wishes.

.
TrW' prachchh to ask. q vezfn prichchhati he asks.
. t. -.
17 tnri to die. f di terry mriyate he dies.
.
WV' sp,is' to touch. Tri.igra. spris'ati he touches.

100.—The 7th conjugation, in certain tenses, inserts q' na be-

fore the final of the root. Examples:— ..

fiTT bhid to break. fil"A'N' Minatti he breaks.

NV his to injure. 'f 'w hinasti he injures.

101.—The 8th conjugation adds Z u (which in certain cases
becomes Wr o). Examples :—
,... ,
V kri to do or make. trra karoti he makes.


40 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

1
Other parts of this verb are gem ,k chakdra ' he made ;
c
chr,e4rei karishyati ' he will make ;' Trzfra
..,'
kuryydt ' he
should make.

102.—The 9th congugation subjoins 'ffT nd. Examples :—

WT grah to take. de% Ira grilmdti he takes.

.
.
VT jnii to know. 71Wira jcinciti he knows.

103.—The 10th conjugatiJa subjoins T i, which is liable,

among other things, to be changed to its semi-vowel. Exam-
ples.:—

TIT kath to tell. WEITted kathayati he tells. , _

flg chit to think.

.... c
led ei rry chintayati he thinks.
71'W matr to advise. Rwzird mantrayati he advises.

Exercise 26.
Translate the following sentences.
The son says. Rama kills Ravana. The king gives wealth to
the Brahman. The girl throws the flower. How is a blue lotus
produced here ? Rivana fights, but, conquered by Rama, he
perishes. An enemy of that man does • not exist anywhere. He,
obtains wealth. Not any one is able. He satisfies the sons with
food. What does that man wish ? Why does not any one ask
him ? The man, having gone to the sea-shore, dies. The girl
does not touch the flower. The son breaks the fruit from the
tree. The good man does not injure any one. What is he


LISBON XXVI. 4.1

doing? He takes the book. No one knOws. Why does he not

tell? Thus he thinks. He does not thus advise.

Lesson 26.

In the following exercise the verbs given in the preceding les-

son are exhibited in the various forms treated of in Nos. 28, 30,
39, 52, 55, 57, and 61,—a reference to which rules may enable
the learner to translate the phrases.

Exercise 27.
.

• VI atiW‘ri'fflictmliffi• I th*I-GNI oivord I

Wei' q' ettv4rti (Aro 1 ki4 Fierirticli et5G-1 I r4

e3, .
TrKT ti+1
4
ciT- vr"*""rd I WTTftff WM w I -
417 i fcrar $ 44.41 cci 1 4 • 1 mik rd 1 :um r.
.. .
WV F NIA' TiNet, t v swzr wt: 1 3 w:r-
i fi wq. 7r-dif4 -‘11trA' w
.kiN' Tr<w nonir-
q. 1
th-q TE-itm wil Tim,*Fri I WI zlirci %
.I —l-r

1to-lici I
If the disciple shall ask, then he will obtain ; if not, he will
not obtain. Having seen the ocean, he goes to the mountain.
The monkey sports in the garden, and in the wood, and on the
bank of the pond. They say the traveller will die. Why do the
boys break the garlands ? Sometimes he speaks improperly.
F


42 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

The beautiful girl bathes in the ocean. Having drunk water he

goes to the sacrifice. Thus he wandered and there lie dwelt.
The father, having seen (his) son, smiles. Everywhere and al-
ways disciples thus serve (their) preceptors. They endure great
pain. The Brahman, deserted by learning, does not shine im the
assembly. Sin is produced by anger. Good men quickly obtain
great prosperity.
Lesson 27.
104.—Two or more words coupled together by the conjunction
' and' may be made into a compound called Dwandwa. If there be
only two words in it, the compound takes the terminations of the
Dual number. The nom. dual termination of a noun ending in
N. a is V;Pt au. Thus ' Rama and Lakshmana' may be ex-
pressed by ki+t‘ri von1 refina-lakshmeraau. . --
105.—When a Dwandwa compound contains more than two
terms, it generally takes the terminations of the plural. Exam-
ple: slu-romv leireid..Ar: brdhmana-kshatriya-vii-iti-
drdh ' the Brahman, and Kshatriya, and Vaigya, and S'tidra.'
106.—Verbs, as well as nouns and pronouns, have a dual
number. The 8d pers. dual of the present' tense ends in
'ff: tah. Thus ki+milvik 1 44 4- 1ff: rdma-lakehma-
nau vane vasatah ; 'Rama and Lakshmana dwell in the forest :—
WrAl 1* Wkrd: kdkau vrikshe vasatah ' two crows dwell
in the tree.'
107.—When two or more words are put together to form an ,
epithet, the compound is called a Bahuvriht. For example :--
 LESSON lam. 43

WANT( ndmadheya meaning a I Dame,' we may have the epi-

thet 4 far"-,wairri pciialiputra-ncimadheya ' the name
v
of which is Pataliputra.' Such an epithet, like an adjective,
agrees with its noun. Thus 1413N111-
411:641
Th.' MI-K• pd-
faliputra-ndmadheyan nagaram ' a city named PAaliputra:',
kuia-hasto narah ' a man with kutia-grass in
VV.V k I WC
his hand.'
108.—The changes (referred to in No. 71) when heterogene-
ous letters come together, in compounds or in sentences, are not
confined to the vowels. The principal rule in regard to the
changes of the consonants is the following.
109.—A hard consonant (No. 24) before a soft consonant
is changed to the soft of its own class ; and vice versd.
Thus ZIWW mahat + arq bhaya = 1:ry ,g ti mahadbhaya
•-.
' great fear:

110.—A dental consonant coming before a palatal or a cere-

bral is changed to a corresponding letter. The pronunciation
is not so much altered by this, but that one who knows the sepa-
rate words can readily recognise them when so combined. The
same remark applies to the change of W na to Iff 9a in cer.,
tain cases—as when preceded by 1 ra.
111.—The letters W t and ¶ a meeting become NF
. . ,..
chChh. The commonest instance of this occurs in '9".ff tat +
...
151-KT arutuxi = WRT tachchhrutwd ' having heard
v v
that.'


44 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

.Erercise 28.
The two sons go to the sea-shore. The crow and the jackal
dwell in the forest. Having heard that,, the deer abandons the
forest. There is, on the bank of the Ganges, a city named Kiii.
Why do the preceptor and the disciple again go to the garden ?
When will the snake, the mouse, and the, horse dwell in one.
place ? Men of slow understanding are infinite. A mau of .
great wealth wishes thus. A boy and a girl of good family are
here. A village of empty houses is not distant. A man Of great
merit says so. A boy beloved by (his) mother and a girl beloved
by (her) father are here.
Lesson 28.
112.—In the,native Sanskrit grammar, all the varieties of de-
clension are educed from a set of technical terminations which
the learner will find it worth his while to commit to...,ommory-
They are to be read across the page—thus "su, au, jas" &c.
Sing. Dual. Plur.
Nom. IT su. VA. au. 51 Pia.
.1 ...
Acc. * am. bfl 6 aut. 9TH eas.
. .
Inst. al' td. urr bhydm. NW bhis.
Dat. j tie. 'Rd bhya'm. wk' bhyas.
Ab.l. z. kt nan. qt bhydm.
Itil:r bhyas.
Gen. Wfr ?las. VA Ri 03. 94 GEM,
'.•, •.•
Loc. fl: ni. 11"")-fr 08.
VA. sup.
 LESSON XXVIII. 45

113.—The vocative has no separate termination, being consi-

dered as a modification only of the nominative.

114.—Now, of these inflectional terminations it is to be remark-

ed, that some of the letters serve only to form syllables and facili-
tate enunciation : they are rejected, therefore, when those letters
which are essential are applied to the word to be declined. These
auxiliary letters are the u of su ; the j of jas ; the i of Sas ; the
of au; and ici; the t everywhere; the i of liaSi ; and the p
of sup. It is also to be observed that a final Tr 's is changed
...
to visarga. The actual terminations therefore will be :—
Sing. Dual. Plur.

Nom. : h il au 34: ah

Acc. V. am 941 ' au 3;11 ah

Inst. ITT oi Irit bhycim f4T: bhih
• . •
Dal. 11 e 1,747 bhy dna 4,74: bhyah.

AU. 94: ah 'art . bhydna 14: bhyah.

Gen. 3r: ah '9A". oh VA dm.

Loc. I i vit: oh Tr su.

1I5.—In applying these terminations to the final letter of the

word to be declined, recollection must be preserved of the rules
for the permutation of vowels and consonants. For example, in
declining the word AI nau ' a ship,' it must be remembered
that VA. au, followed by a vowel, becomes 3rr4 1v; and that
...

46 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

fr a becomes .Er eh whezi i“ollows any other vowel than a or

d and is not final. Thus:,
Sing. Dual. Plur.
Nom., nauh, a ship. Mit ncivau, two ships., Wpi•• navah,
[ ships.
Acc. WK.na'vam, a abip ndvau, wq: ncivah,
inst. WW1 nava, by — -4,Tit naubhydm, naubhih,
..: ,
Dat. RN nave, to — 41,Ift naubhydm naubhyah,
Abl. ij ndvah, from qlart naubhydm, Ai: naubhyah,
Gen. WC ndvah, of — : ncivoh, wrd 'dam,
Loc. , tuivi, in — 07-4: na'voh, friS naushu g
Exercise. 29.
Write down, with the signification, the following cases 'of the
following words, viz

Inst. sing, inst. pin., and loc. plu„ of CirrX ukti 'speech.'
Gen. sing. and inst. sing. of %tram dtman ' soul' or ' self.'
Loc. sing., and gen. plu. of r5-4 dia ' a side' or ' direction.'
Loc. sing. of ;we' manas ' themind' Inst. sing. and inst.
phi. of Wfia °gni ' fire. Nom. dual and loc. plu. of qt.
na41 4 a river.' Loc. plu. of Vet stri ' a woman.' pat. sing.,
inst. phi., and be. pi% of fq-4. pitti 'a father.' Inst. sing.,
 LESSON 7MIIE. • 47

dat. sing., abl. sing., inst. plu. and gen. plu. of AN"
•-, odeh
' speech.' Inst. sing. of AV' marut ' the•wind.. Loc. sing.
..
of tatx• iarad ' autumn'. Gen. plu. of Ifilra" dhtmat
...
' sensible' Loc. sing. of Trcfr saran 4 a pond.' Gen. plu.
...
of VrET madhu-lih ' a bee'
4

Lesson 29. •

„ 116.—As the native Sanskrit grammar presents one scheme of

terminations which, by means of the requisite substitutions may
be accommodated to all nouns, so it presents one scheme of ter-
minations which, with the requisite substitutions, becomes appli-
cable to all the tenses of every verb. These terminations are
enunciated in a different order, as regards person, from that tp
which the European reader is accustomed,—the person. applicable
to what is spoken of being the first, and that applicable to the
speaker being the third. Instead of naming the persons by num-
bers, therefore, it may be advisable here to give them the epithets
appropriated to them in the native grammar—calling that which
is spoken of the ' Lowest,' the one spoken to the 'Middle' and the
speaker the ' Highest' person.
I17.—The terminations are as follows :—

Sing. Dual. Plur.

-FRIT tip. 'RV' las. raf
Lowest. jhi.
.. ....
Middle. fel' siP• Tiff that. 14 tha.
... ....
Highest. fag' mil). Wfr
--.. vas. NV-.. • mar.
...
48. SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

118.—In these, as in oThe inflectional terminations of nouns,

some of the letters serve to indicate certain operations; and these
are rejected when the termination is affixed to the verb. After
the requisite rejections and substitutions, the terminations ap-
pear as follows

fa. ii. -ff, tah. -*trot," anti.

ffr si. 'Zr; thah. Er tha.

fxr mi. w: yak. g: mah.

119.—Adding these terminations to the'root gjrq ad ' to eat,'
and changing its final soft consonant to a hard one (No. 109)
when the affix begins with a hard consonant, we have

vA -et atti, he eats. ‘rer;dttah, they two eat. 54- 4fA

[ adanti, they eat.
virrm atsi, thou eatest. ¶J atthah, you two eat. TM
[ attha, you eat.
Nit admi, I eat. WC adwah, we two eat. ITC.
[admah, we eat.

120.—When a vowel precedes the m or v of a tense-affix, it is

lengthened. Thus we have 7raTF4:1 bhavdmi ' I become :'—
lifWarifg bhavishydmi ' I will become.'
121.—In order that the foregoing set of terminations may
serve for other tenses than the present, they require to be vari-
ously modified. For instance, as may be gathered from No.
28, the syllableq. sya requires to be interposed when the sense
 tEssoist xxix. 49

inny serve for other tenses than the present, they. require to be
variously modified. For instance, as may be gathered from No.
28, the syllable Er 1;0 requires to be interposed when the sense
is to be future. Again, to express time past, (that of the 1st
preterite) the final i of the singular is dropped, and the vowel
11 a is prefixed to the Verb as an augment. Thus %MA
-
abhaval ' he became?

122.—NT 4 V *, thou,' and lit I he,' are declined in

the dual as follows :—
-
14
iziwi,
Nom . %IT* ai
Acc. •
Inst. %ff.-4114T iWait Wild
Dat.

Abl. d.;--

Gen. vAlcitll: • MTI:

1c1t1 •
Loc. -

knrcise 30.

Translate the following sentences.

Who art thou? I go to Ate village. They two will go to the

tillage. Do you two go to the wood ? Shall we two go to the
sea-shore r Thou seest my house. What dost thou ? What
• U
50 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

(lost thou wish ? What doss. thou say ? I do not say any thing.
Art thou able, or not? I am not able. I saw thy son.

%Mr qt'. W TrW;i: 1 ZIT' *id* # vrer i it

e
ll -51.4w: 1 ;r4TA• coret fi 4T I ;i1V Pi cei

Nertel I P4 I WI' WT4t 11-

411-ratirfirff I etiettl
kik ti KET1 I . ..bi v 54 cti eftrkttimetra A''W
.w
eiqiti 1
Lesson 30.
123.—The infinitive is formed by adding # turn. Ex. 41-4.
v .. v
ycilum 'to go.'
Many verbs insert T i before '6. Ex. ifr46 bhauitutn ' to
.1 .3
become.'
The following is a list of infinitives.
t* kri makes Wffl" karttutn, to make.
•2
MT gam 7* to gantum, go.
v
..,* jetum, to conquer.
.17 "74
fm. v
dd Ta &turn, to give.
'T

driti war draskum, to see.

VT -----
(1
WI shod •
— WM sthcitum, to
stay.
v
WET vach 4% • vaktum, to speak.


LESSON XXXI. 51

Exercise SI.
Translate the following sentences.
Ravens is not able to conquer Rime. The father wishes to
give the book to the son. The two sons wish to go to the wood,
Dost thou wish to go to the sea-shore ? I wish to see thy father.
Do you two wish to stay here ? , What dost thou wish to do ?
It is improper to do thus. To speak thus is unsuitable.
e .
WT tr- ..) 41-adzieti I K
4-4 TM. . Wk-Are 'ffrkt
Ow waitrET 1 ,licittil zit A' WffiT: I WI'
VraffrIffiT, I W'W writrarigra NWT TArd. I
TI* 4m•.14rtio+4
•S
riti I t-lle -Er# TR
•
' TIT":( I
Lesson 31.

124.—The present participle active ends in %in at. Thus

Ir4-4..,bhavat ' being f VI"—
-g i go.ing',
at
yachchh ' fain.
. .
tisbjhat ' staying.'
This`participle is declined as follows ;—

Nom. ;T-- q• gachchhan, ' going.'

Sing.
Acc. 7Mr4 gachckhan6cm.

Dual Nom. and Acc. 11 -— , gachchhantau.

Flu. Nom, 7r f; oachchhantai.

50960


51 smisgarr T1RST LESSONS.

The rest of the declensionlnay be effected by subjoining the

terminations from No. 114.

125.—The indefinite past participle active ends in ?KW ta-

Vat :—as Walla' kritavat ' was making.' It is declined like the
.... •
present participle (No. 123) except that it takes a long vowel in
the nom. sing.,—rthus % eiq lin kritamin. It is commonly used
...
with an auxiliary verb—thus 94* Vffgrekri akati kritavoin
asmi ' I was doing'

126.—A class of future participles, most extensively employed,

'Er ya.
is forined by the affixes Alifi tavka, *4 Wilke, and
Examples. arrAW44 bhavilavaa ' What is to be or etnOlL4 4. 7,4`37
*ITMITI sahaniya ' what is to be endured ;' VIVI labhya ' to be
acquired.

The following are further examples :—

.
46A'off vaktavya to be spoken,

R-Kr bhajya to be worshipped.

WA aakya possible.

fill sahya endurable.

c •
IT kiiryya to be made.
 LESSON xxxu. 53

$( draditavya • to be seen.

liWai gantavya to be gone.

127.—The future participle is much used in the nom. sing.

neuter. Thus RV ,r4 qt twayci gantavyam ' it is to be gone
• .....
WW `thus is it
by thee'—i. e., thou art to go :'—alar ITN rise, W
to be become by him'—i. e. ' thus must he become.'
Exercise 32.
Translate the following sentences.
e•
MIT 40411.4 W AV etreteti+1 1 N't c1IMITK*1
;Myr r4T7114111Zia I f( qTlf. WO* VrAT
vIlvteiT cilrii I t. riMi WI win nwei $i:*
, t
tivvei difiri ictittlei t N arrm RR trw:
.., I
Lesson 82.
128.—Verbs compounded with prepositions sometimes retain
the meaning of the original ; more frequently they have the
sense of their component elements ; but in many instances
they have significations which depart widely from those which
they might be expected, from their composition, to convey. The
explanation of such compounds is the province of the dictio-
nary.
129.—Of the twenty-one prepositions, the most useful here
follow, the sense being exemplified in verbs or in derivatives,
541 SANSKRIT FIRST LESSONS.

of frequent occurrence, &on, verbs compounded with the prepo-

sitions.

Sjifa ati ' beyond.' Vremiii pi atikrcimati ' he goes

beyond.'

Wrtr adhi 'over' - wrEpra adhiyata 'gone over' (as

a book when read through).

9A-4 anu 'after, like' v4fectikrci anucharati 'he goes af.

v
ter' (as a disciple goes after and imitates his preceptor).

:441:r apa ' off.' 44 q' kin apaharati ' he carries

• off.'

345.1" abhi ' opposite.! 9;th4 lffi* abhigachchhati ' he

approaches.'

9;f1 ci ' reversing.' NITTVfff cigachchhati. 'be comes,'

vAiqqi rn ddaddti ' be takes.'

w:i upa ' near.' ' Lirelgry upatishlhate' he stands

near.'

' without fault'

fAT • nir ' withont. fq'q q nirdosha
...
tif-K pari ' around.' of kfu paridhi ' perimeter.'

gra prati ' again, back,' MN-7 pratikcira 'retaliation.'

14 rd q el Pratidinam ' day by day.'

 LESSON XXXI II. t ti
)
fq ' apart.' Pieta 4k
of vikdra ' change of form.'
, ....
ici ei 01 maga ' disjunction.'
# sant ' with, 4rg saggama ' association.'

130.—Of prepositions used separately or without verbs, IA

prali ' towards' governs the accusative ; saha ' with' go-

verns the instrumental, and 'NAT vinci ' without, except,' either
the accusative or the instrumental,
Exercise 33.
Translate the following sentences. •
This book is to be gone over by thee. The disciple goes after
his preceptor. Ravana carries off SU,. The traveller approach-
es the tiger. The traveller does not approach the tiger without
fear. The father, with the son, stands near the tree. The crow
does not associate with the jackal. Day by day the crow and
the jackal associate with the deer. How is their disjunction to
be made ?

Irdigrawgfa. scrii-4 ei +I i fvl ail %I. et -a knif

yrk-R
..1 i.tilentitizufiK tiel<r: i 44-414-moaiim-i Ri'•
'.\

Li *KIN: I 1:ff .. 54 0 c+114 WI; I 341. TralTrist

0 ‘3

q 4fflql: .1 VW *11+1;1 SET lu 41i Cf: I WWI Vitra

firm ti tochTi 1551 ro 1 WAftPTFRIVT RR WIT:
Bd sAnstart, rim LESSORS.
Lesson 33.
it will have been obserted, in Lesson 24, that the 3d pers.
sing. of the imperative ends in W. In the passit'e the termi-
nation is ff him—preceded by the ya of the passive (No. 91).
Thus 4.4 q cii argyatthn 'let it be heard ;' fin ti ra kriyaldot
c%
'10 it be done ;' tWrat drieyal4rn ' let it be seen ;; CIVrift
achyatdra ' let it be told.'
132.—In Lesson 24, the potential is exhibited ending in VW
ydt—as Wan' kuryycit ' he should make '---but the form in
which it is more commonly met with is that of the 1st conjuga-
tion, where it ends in Va' Pt_ Thug tea' 111.4...14 --'1, awuld- -

be ;' off: bhaveyulz ' they should be.'

Exerci4e 84.
Translate the following sentences.
The preceptor should be a good man. The horse should be
Swift. The disciple should not be perplexed. Let the - wish be
heard by the father. Let the deer sport in the forest. Let the
beautiful girl smile. Let the crow go. Why should it be im-
proper to do thus? He should obtain merit. They should go
home. Let not injury be done to any one.

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 LESSON XXItl.t. 57

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Page Lim. • For Read

8 19 ,c ire, „
4( tri.

11 7 " decays" " moves."

13 22 ,-, .crl:,, ,, Trl:,,
Ns
'16 2 " Brahman." " devotee."
25 2 " thus" " thus, for example."
CI
7 " verily" " because."
34 22 " Verily" -" Everywhere."
40 4 " congugation" " conjugation."
50 2 c. saw),
" see."
55 11 "his" " the."

56 4
16 " swift" " white."
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Digitized with financial assistance from the

Government of Maharashtra
on 13 February, 2016