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9i D ^ 19
D D D D D

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^-\ W ^i^EHJ Ly£j^^ U^^

PL. 1

'^m.

/"

^^^

4^r
 BUBASTIS
(1887-1889.)

Br

EDOUAUD NAVILLE.

EIGHTH MEMOIR OE

THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND.

miiti) dFtfti!=fout yutrs.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE.

LONDON:
Messrs. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., 57 & 59, LUDGATE HILL.

1891.
 LONDON
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED,
ST. John's house, clekkenwell road, e.g.
 PEEFAC E

The present volume contains tlie descrij^tion of all that has been discovered
in the excavations at Bubastis, Avith one exception. I did not include in it the

numerous inscriptions referring to the great festival of O.sorkon II., -which will

be the subject of a supplementary volume. By the great number of plates which

it will require, the description of this festival would have been quite out of
keeping Avith the rest of the book ; and it Avould differ also in character Irom

this memoir, Avhicli bears chiefly on the historical results of the excavations.

When I settled in 1887, with Mr. Griffith, on the well-known mounds of

Tell Basta, where the dealers in antiquities have been working for years —the
extent of which has been much reduced by the fellaheen digging for " sebakh,"

or by the construction of the railway, and which Marictte had pronounced so

little encouraging for scientific exj^lorers — I was far from expecting such a large

crop of monuments belonging to various epochs of Egyptian history, during a

period of 4000 years.

In 1887, a month's work brought to light the second hall of the temple,

the " Festival Hall," where we found, among numerous inscriptions of Rameses
II. and Osorkon II., remains of the twelfth dynasty, and cartouches of Pepi,
showing that the city went as far back as the sixth dynasty.

In 1888 the Rev. W. MacGregor and Count d'Hulst joined the work.
This campaign has been the most productive. Its riches may be appreciated by

what is seen in Ghizeh, in the British Museum, at Boston, and in several other
museums of Europe, America, and even Australia. During that Avinter the

Hyksos remains Averc found, as Avell as the statue of lau-lla, both shoAving that

Bubastis had been an important Hyksos settlement. Therefore it Avas not a

purely Egyptian city of high antiquity, reconstructed by Rameses and Osorkon,

as might have been concluded from the first excavations.

A 2
iv PREFACE.

chvolt in the city, and had left in its temple important traces of their

dominion.
In 18S9 Mr. Griffith was prevented from going to Egypt by his appointment
at the British Museum. Dr. Goddard, from America, took his place. We exca-
vated the cemetery of cats. In the temple, the limits of which had been reached
in the preceding year, we had chiefly to roll the blocks of the first hall, where
appeared the names of Cheops and Chefren of the fourth dynasty. These names
proved that the antiquity of the temple was higher than we thought. Thus, each
year modified in certain respects the ideas which I had formed on the age and the

nature of the edifice, and therefore it Avas preferable to wait for the publication

of the results until the excavations were completed. It enabled me to give a

general view of the history of the edifice, which, though smaller, is like Karnak,
a summary of the history of the country.

I have to express my gratitude to the Director of the Antiquities of Egypt,

M. Grebaut, for authorizing me to excavate at Tell Basta, and for the kind hel^^

he lent me in my work.

The plates of this volume are of two kinds, jihototypes and linear plates.

We made a much greater use of photography than in former excavations; and

in this respect I have to thank my friend, the llev. W. MacGregor, for his

liberality in letting me make use of his negatives, several of which have been re-

produced in this volume. A few photographs are the work of the skilled hand
of Brugsch-Bcy. The phototypes have been made by the firm of F. Thcvoz
and Co., in Geneva, and are on the whole very satisfactory. In ajipreciating
them it must be remembered that both the Rev. W. MacGregor and I are

amateur photographers ; neither of us have made a special study of this delicate

and difficult art. For this reason several of the negatives were not very good
besides, whenever some natives are included in the picture, it is hardly possible
to persuade them to remain motionless.
I am indebted to my countryman, M. E. Cramer, who lives at Cairo, for the

architectural drawing of the lotus-bud column, and to Count d'Hulst for one of the
photographs and for the plan. As for the linear plates, they have been drawn from
paper-casts by Mme. Naville, and printed by the same firm as the phototypes.
I must not forget to thank particularly Prof. Robert Harvey, of the Univer-
sity of Geneva, who kindly fulfilled the ungrateful task of revising the style of

the memoir for the press.

 And now I can only express the wish that the future excavations which I
may have to undertake for the Egypt Exploration Fund, in the service of which

Society I had the honour to work during five winters, may prove as successful

as those made at Bubastis.

EDOUARD NAVILLE.

Malagny, near Geneva,

Beptemher^ 1890.
 CONTENTS.

Tell Basta .

Thk Old EjirrRE .

The Twelfth DrNASTir

The TmuTEENTn Dynasty

The Hyksos
The Eighteenth Dy'nasty
The Nineteenth Dynasty
The Twentieth Dynasty
The Twenty-Second Dynasty
 EEEATA.

Notwithstanding careful revisions a few errors have remained in the linear plates.

PI. xsxvii. F, read ^^zz:^ instead of ^:z::7.

PI. li. 0, 1. 3, the two signs { shonld be turned the other way.
"'''
1. 5, under ^
„ read ^ instead of |.
 BUBASTIS.

TELL BASTA. Strabo speaks of the nomo or province of

Bubastis as being near the head of the Delta in
TiiK most ancient mention of Biibastis A^bicU
the immediate vicinity of the nome of Heliopolis.
we meet with, apart from the Egyptian texts,
Bubastis is cities men-
one of the eight famous
exists in the prophet Ezekiel, in the prophesy
against Egypt. ^ " The young men of Aven tioned by Pomponius Mela among the twenty
and of Pi-Boseth ' shall fall by the sword ; and thousand said to have existed under Amasis,
these cities shall go into captivity." The and of which many were still inhabited in his
Septuagint,^ translating the passage, give tlie
time. Ptoman coins of the time of Hadrianus
Greek names of tlie two cities ; Aven is Helio-
bear the name of the nome of Bubastis. It

polis, and Pi-Beseth, Bubastis ; and they are occurs in Ptolemaeus and Stephanus Byzautinus.

followed by the Vulgate and the Coptic Hierocles quotes Bubastis among the cities of

version.' the second Augustamnica, and it was oHe of

It is to Herodotus that we are indebted for

the bishoprics of Egypt. A Byzantine clirono-
grapher, John, Bishop ofNikiou,^ quotes the
tlie most complete description of Bubastis.
The Greek writer speaks twice of the city;*^ city of Basta in connection witli a rebellion

first in reference to the great festival wiiich which took place under the Emperor Phocas,
was celebrated there annually, and afterwards and the Arab geographer Macrizy ' speaks of it

when lie gives a detailed description of the repeatedly. Among the provinces of Egypt

temple, to which we shall have to revert further. was the district of Bastah, whicb contained
He also states that near Bubastis was the place thirty-nine hamlets. Bastah was given as

where the canal to Red Sea branched off

th.e
allotment to the Arab tribes who had taken
from the Nile. From his account we learn that part in the conquest. Afterwards it belonged

Bubastis was a large city of Lower Egypt, and to the province of Kalioub.

his statement is borne out by the narrative of the We do not know when it was abandoned.
capture of the town by the generals of Arta- Travellers did not direct their attention to the

xerxes, Mentor, and Bagoas, which place, and the first to have noticed the ruins
is found in
Diodorus." At Bubastis occurred seems to be the Frenchman Mains, who took
for the first
part in the Egyptian campaign at the end of
time what was to be the cause of the fall of
several cities,and especially of the capital, last century. He gives the following descrip-
®
tion of the place
internal warfare between the foreign .mer- :

" The ruins of Tell Bastah are seen from a

cenaries and the Egyptian troops, each, party
betraying the other to the Persian general. great distance. They are seven leagues distant
from the Nile, and half a league from the canal
'
Ezek. XXX. 17. '
"0?^"? (the Muizz), on its right side. We saw there
' I'eaftCTKOi 'HXioDTToXcox; koi Bov^dcrrov eV fjiaxaipa -rrctruvi'Tai.

Clu-on. de Jean Je Nikiou, ed. Zotenberg, p.

rtejui cI>oYR^s,cej evegei ^nrr tchcji. Quatroiiicre, Mem. sur I'Egypte, p. 100.
' ii. GO, 137. "
xvi. 49. Mcmoires sur I'Egypte, i. p. 215.

B
 BUBASTIS.

several remains of monuments wliicli may be practised in the whole temple, it has been
useful for tlie history of Egyptian arcliitecturc. most active in the western part, judging from
We noticed in particular part of a cornice of a the immense number of chips of red limestone
very vigorous style ; the sculpture of it is fairly from Gebel Ahmar, the best material for mill-
preserved. This block, which may be eight stones. Probably more towards the east the
feet long and six high, is of a very hard red temple was covered, for Mains would certainly
granite ; the work is most elaborate, it is have mentioned the large columns which would
covered with hieroglyphs, of which wo made a have struck him more than the cornice, had he
drawing. seen them.
" We saw on other masses of granite, among A more complete description has been given
the hieroglyphs, characters which we had not by Sir Gardner AVilkinson. It appeared first
noticed anywhere else. The face of an obelisk in the transactions of an Egyptian society,^

is completely covered with stars, and represents whence it passed into Murray's hand-book.
the sky. The stars have five rays of a length Wilkinson seems to have been at Bubastis
of two centimetres, and are joined to each before 1840. Probably some digging had been
other in an irregular order. Enormous masses done by the fellaheen, cither for " sebakh " or
of granite, nearly all mutilated, are heaped up for quarrying, for he saw a good deal more
in the most wonderful way. It is difficult to than Mains. He speaks of lotus-bud columns,
conceive what power could break and pile them of a palm-tree column which must have been
up in that manner. Several have been cut for twenty-two feet high, and which was lying near
making millstones some of them are com-
; the canal, where it is still now to be seen ; and
pletely hewn, but have been left on the spot, he read on the stones the names of Eameses II.,

probably for want of means of transport. . . . Osorkon I., and of a king whom he calls

This city, like all others, was raised on great wrongly Amyrtaeos, and who is Nectanebo I.,

masses of raw bricks. The extent of Bubastis Nekhthorheb.

in all directions is from twelve to fourteen Since Wilkinson saw the place more stones
hundred metres. In the interior is a great have been carried away, and the Nile mud
depression, in the middle of which are the has covered parts of the temple which were
monuments which we noticed." visible in his time. I visited the place for the
This description is interesting because it first time in 1SS2. In the great rectangular
shows that in the time of Mains the part of depression which marks the site of the temple,
the tem]Dle which was visible was the western a few weather-beaten granite blocks were to be
hall, the hall of Nekhthorheb, the most ex- seen, butno column or statue, only two pits
tensive, and where at present still exists the which were Mariette's attempts at excavations,
greatest heap of blocks. The monuments very soon given up, as they were without
which struck him have been published in the results. The appearance of the place was
great work of the French expedition ; ^ they exactly the same in 1887 when I settled there
are the upper cornice, adorned with large asps, with Mr. Griffith, and we resolved to excavate
of which Ave discovered several fragments, and the famous sanctuai-y of Bubastis, described by
part of the ceiling, which he mistook for the Herodotus as follows :
—
side of an obelisk, and which is, in fact, adorned " Among the many cities which thus attained
with stars. Altliough quarrying has been
-
Miscellanea Aegyptiaca, p. 2.
Doscr. de I'Egj'pte, Antiquitcs, v. pi. 29, 9. ' ii. 137, cd. Ravvlinson.
 TELL BASTA.

to a great elcvatiou, uonc (I think) was raised hall, intended to be the largest, but which never
so much as the town called Babastis, where was finished.
there is a temple of the goddess Bubastis, which As I said before, the site of the temple is a
well deserves to be described. Other tcmjjles rectangular depression, about nine hundred to
may be grander, and may have cost more in the a thousand feet long, in the middle of which
building, but thei'e is none so pleasant to the stood the edifice, i-unning nearly from east to
eye as this of Bubastis. The Babastis of the west. At present it is still easy to recognize
Egyptians is the same as the Artemis of the the correctness of the statement of Herodotus,
Greeks. when he says that the whole building was an
" The following is a description of this edi- island, for the beds of the canals which sur-
fice : Excepting the entrance, the whole rounded it are still traceable. The sides of
forms an island. Two artificial channels from the rectangle consist of lofty mounds, which
the Nile, one on either side of the temple, are nothing but layers of decayed brick-houses,
encompass the building, leaving only a uai'row which were always rebuilt on the same spot,
passage by which it is approached. These so that after centuries the ground was considei'-
channels are each a hundred feet wide, and are ably raised. It is clear that from them one
thickly shaded with trees. The gateway is must have looked down on the stone buildings
sixty feet in height, and is ornamented with which had remained at the same level. Here
figures cut upon the stone, six cubits high, and again the statement of Herodotus is that of an
Avell worthy of notice. The temple stands in eye-witpess. "When we had unearthed the whole
the middle of the city, and is visible on all area of the temple, the view extended over a
sides as one Avalks round it ; for as the city space about five hundred feet long, covered
has been raised by embankment, while the with enormous blocks of granite. It was easy
temple has been left untouched in its original to recognize from the intervals between the
condition, you look down upon it wheresoever various heaps of stones that there had been
you arc. A low wall runs round the enclosure, four different halls varying in their proportions.
having figures engraved upon it, and inside But the whole was so much ruined; besides, so
thei'e is a grove of beautiful tall trees growing many stones have been carried away, that it

round the shrine, which contains the image of was impossible to make an approximate recon-
the goddess. The enclosure is a furlong in struction or even a plan of what the temple
length, and the same in breadth. The entrance must have been.
to it is by a road paved with stones for a dis- Beginning from the east, 'the entrance hall
tance of about three furlongs, which passes was about eighty feet long and one hundred
straight through the market-place in an and sixty wide (pi. liv.). The sculptures were
easterly direction, and is about four hundred chiefly of Rameses II. and Osorkon I., but
feet in width. Trees of an extraordinaiy height there were found the two most ancient kings,
grow on each side of the road, which conducts Cheops and Chefren. The gateway was adorned
from the temple of Bubastis to that of with two large columns, with palm-leaf capitals,
Mercury." and outside of it stood the two great Hyksos
The description of Herodotus does not ex- statues. Following the axis of the building,
actly correspond to what must have been the and going towards the west, the next hall was
temple, the ruins of which we excavated, for eighty feet long by one hundred and thirty. It

since the Greek traveller saw it, the King had no columns, but a considerable number of
Nekhthorheb of the XXXth dynasty added a statues of different epochs, and was the richest
E 2
in inscriptions of various tiir.cs. It underwent invaders from Syria, whether they took the
several changes, especially under Osorkon II., northern road through Pelusium, Daphnte and
and will be designated by the name wliicli the San, or whether they journeyed more south
king gave it, " The Festival Hall." It con- through Pithom-Heroopolis. It was an impor-

tained a shrine, of which there are a few frag- tant position to hold, and consequently very

ments left, was around it

and I should think it much exposed to all the accidents of war.

that Herodotus saw the beautiful trees which As the temples of Lower Egypt are mere
he mentions. heaps of blocks, whoever wishes to explore

Next came the colonnade, with two styles of them thoroughly is obliged to roll down the

columns and square pillars. It is not possible stones and to turn them in order to see what
to know its width, but it was about one may be hidden undei^neath. This part of the
hundred and ninety feet long. The temple work, which was done by gangs of strong men,
ended with the hall of Nekhthorheb, one called the " shayaleen," took a considerable

hundred and sixty feet square. Probably time, and was often most laborious ; but it

there was. around the temple an enclosure wall yielded very important results. In the two
of black basalt, but traces of it are visible only first halls every single block has been turned,
near the two western halls. Nearly all the so as to show whether it had any inscription.
stones left are red granite, no white limestone It has changed considerably the appearance of
has remained. In the hall of Nekhthorheb a the place. Instead of forming lofty piles, the
great part of the building must have been made stones arc strewn over a large space near each
of red limestone from Gebel Ahmar, but as it other. The place is less picturesque ; the ap-
is the best stone for mills and presses it has pearance of the ruins is far less imposing than

disappeared. The immense number of chips when we first unearthed those huge masses
show that this part of the temple has been a clustered in colossal hcnps, but science has
regular quarry. gained considerably. Thus we discovered a
The destruction is as complete as at Sun, at great number of kings, whose passage and work
Behbeit el Hagar, or generally speaking, in all at Bubastis would otherwise have remained
the temples of the Delta. We have no clue ignored.
whatever to inform us who was the author of
it, or what was the purpose of such wanton
ravage. I have dwelt elsewhere * on the idea
THE OLD EMPIRE.
that the style of construction of the temples We learn from Manetho that under the King
made them very apt to be used as fortresses, Boethos, the first of the second dynasty, a
and that this circumstance may have been the chasm opened itself at Bubastis, which caused
cause of their being destroyed in times of war. many lives. Up to the present
the loss of a great
This explanation would apply particularly well day,we have not found in any part of Egypt
to Bubastis, of which we know that it was monuments as old as the second dynasty.
besieged by the Persians, and that it was Historical monuments, properly speaking, begin
conquered in the wars of the time of Phocas. only with the fourth ; however, the passage of
Besides, Bubastis, like the present city of Manetho shows that in the tradition of his time
Zagazig, which has taken its place, was the the foundation of Bubastis went back to a high
key of the Delta ; it was on the road of all the antiquity.
The fourth dynasty is represented in our
Goslicn, p. 4, excavations by the constructors of the two
 THE OLD EMPIRE.

great pyramids, Cheops and Chefren. Their occupied, for he was the first in making war-
Dames have been discovered in the first hall, Hke expeditions to the Sinaitic Peninsula, and
not far from the entrance, on blocks whicli have in order to reach it, he was obliged to follow
evidently been re-used later on ; the inscriptions the Wady Tumilat. His expeditions were con-
have escaped because they were hidden in tlie tinued by Cheops, who appears to have been a
wall. Of Cheops we have only what is called powerful king. Apart from the construction
the standard ^
(pi. viii., xxxii. a.), exactly as we of the gi'eat pyramid, the tradition attributed
find iton an alabaster vase of the same King." to him the foundation of the temple of Den-
It is likely that under or near the standard was derah, for the plan according to which tho
the cartouche, as in the tablet of Wadi Mag- edifice was reconstructed under Thothmes III.,

harah.^ This interesting inscription is en- had been found " in ancient writings of the
graved on an enormous block which the time of Cheops." "^

direction of the veins of the stone rendered Chefren has left no record of any expedition
very difficult to split. It is now in the British to Sinai. It is to him that we owe the first

Museum. royal statues, and the beauty of the hieroglyphs

The name of Chefren (pi. xxxii. e) is written with which his name is written at Bubastis
like that of Ncferkara of Wadi Magharah,* it is is another proof of the high degree of develop-
a standard containing both name and title, and ment which Egyptian art had reached in his
which was surmounted by Horns. The names time. After the fourth dynasty, there seems to
of both kings are of large dimensions, the hiero- have been a period of weakness in the monarchy,
glyphs in Cheops' standard being eight inches w^hich revives again with the first king of the
high, and of Chefren eleven inches. The style sixth dynasty, Pepi I.

of the engraving is beautiful, and considering This king has also been discovered at

the archaic appearance of the sculpture, and Bubastis. He was already known in the Delta

its similarity to several inscriptions of the Old by the famous stone of San, found by Burton,
Empire,^ we have no reason to doubt that and containing his name and titles.' This
those names have been inscribed on the walls stone has for a long time attracted the atten-
of the temple under the reigns of the kings. tion of Egyptologists. Mr. Flinders Petrie, who
where a mention of those
It is the first instance republished it, and who discovered at San a
kings has been found on a contemporaneous second, fragment till now unknown, has sug-
edifice which is not a tomb, and situate north gested that the stone might have been brought
of Memphis. This implies a real sovei'eignty by Eameses II. from a building of Upper
over that part of Lower Egypt, which must Egypt, and that it could not be inferred from its

have been wielded already by the predecessor presence at San that Pepi had really made some
of Cheops, Snefru. Wo have not discovered construction so far north. But every doubt
Snefru's name at Bubastis, but he must have in this respect seems to be removed since Pepi's
left some traces in the Delta, which he certainly name has been found at Bubastis, in company
with other kings of the Old Empire. Pepi has
certainly built at Tanis as well as at Bubastis.
'
I employ here tlic usual name, without projudging in
The cartouche of Pepi occurs twice at
tho least Messrs. Maspero and Petrie's opinion that the
so-called standard isthe name of the Ka.
• Leps. Denkm. ii. pi. 2 d. ^ Mariette, Denderah, p. 55, vol. iii. pi. 78 k.
^ Leps. 1. 1. pi. 2 b. '
Rouge, Etudes sur les mon. des six premieres dyn., p.
* Leps. 1. L pi, 11 G. 116; id. Inscr. Hier. pi. ixxv. Flinders Petrie, Tanis,
' Leps. 1. 1. pi. 26, pi. 39 d, c, pi. 116, etc. i. pi. i. 2.
 BUBASTIS.

Bubastis. lu one case it was at tlie end of a harah.''' The chief attraction of the Egyptians
vertical column (pi. xxxii, c), in the other it is towards that region were the mines of a mineral,
above the standard wliicli surmounted the first on the trvie nature of which there has been much
cartouche (pi. xxxii. d). The name is unfortu- discussion, but which, according to the latest

nately damaged in the upper part, but can be researches of Lepsius,' seems to have been
easily restored. It is not identical to that of emerald or malachite. It was called mafeh or
Tanis. There Pepi calls himself simply the son mafl-at ^U° ^"^U^. ^"^^ fro°i it

of Hathor, the goddess of Dendei-ah. Here he the whole region where it was found, and of
comes forwai'd as the son of Turn, the god of which Hathor was the goddess, derived its name
Heliopolis, and of Hathor, the goddess of Den-
derah. It is a way of indicating that his sove-
of Mafkaf,^
k^y^' k^^-
quite possible that as a token of gratitude for
^' '''

reignty extends over both parts of Egypt. For

successful campaigns in Sinai, Cheops and Pepi
the names of Heliopolis and Denderah must not
founded or enlarged the sanctuary of the
be taken in a literal way as referring to those
two cities ; they are the emblems of the two
goddess at Denderah. A proof of it lies in the

divisions of the realm in which they were fact that among the sacred objects which
Thotlimes III. executed according to the pre-
situated.
scrijitions of the documents, appears an emblem
Pliny informs us that Pepi raised an obelisk
of the goddess under the form of a sistrum of
at Heliopohs. Thus he was a worshipper of
mafkat, four palms high.''
Tum. But he seems to have been a more
The same crypt I do not believe, however, that the mines of
fervent adorer of Hathor. of

the temple of Denderah in which occurs the mafeh were the only inducement which attracted
the Pharaohs towards the Sinaitic Peninsula.
name of Cheops, mentions also Pepi in the
" The great foundation in Undoubtedly, mafekwas a precious stone which
following text :

Denderah was found on decayed rolls of skins

was valuable either as an ornament, or for sacred

of kids of the time of the followers of Horns.

uses, or as a means of exchange at a time when
It was found in a brick wall on the south side,
there was no coin, but the kings must have had

in the reign of the king, beloved of the Sun, other pui'poses in view. They had to defend

son of the Sun, Lord of diadems, Pepi, living themselves against the invasions of the nomads
of the east, such as are described in the campaign
established and well, like the Sun for ever." **

Thus a temple, which in its present form is one of the general Una against the Amu and the
of the most modern of Egypt, has succeeded to
Heruscha ; besides, it seems to me likely that

much more ancient buildings which the tradi- one of the objects of their conquests was the

tion attributed to Cheops and Pepi. possession of quarries which have not been
found again, but which must exist somewhere
It would not be extraordinary if the con-
in the peninsula.
struction of Denderah was connected in some
way with the expeditions of those two kings to
This brings me to a question which has not yet
the Sinaitic Peninsula. Like Cheops, Pepi
received a satisfactory answer. Where did the
Egyptians get all the stones of which they made
made war with the tribes of Sinai, and the
records of his campaigns are engraved in the
such a considerable use ? The quarries of some
same place as those of Cheops, in the Wadi Mag-
"
Leps. Denkm. ii. pi. 11 G.
'
Lops. Metalle, p. 79, if.

' Cf. Bunsen, Egypt, V. p. 723, Mnrictte, Denderah, -

Leps. Denkm. ii. 137.
p. 55, vol. iii. pi. 78. "
Mariette, Denderah, i. pi. 55.
 THE OLD EMPIRE.

of tlie stones are known. The red granite came attached to a place lasts through ages; generally,
from Syene, from the very banks of the Nile, it even outlives a complete change of religion
and could be transported by water on the river but it is not so with the sanctuary. In the long
or on the canals with a relative facility. But succession of dynasties, in proportion as art
where did the black granite come from, the and taste changed, as religious were ideas
material out of which so many statues have modiiied, as the empire was growing
power in
been carved ? The opinion which is still now and riches, the primitive building underwent
prevalent is that of Lepsius,* who believes that such complete alterations, that nothing re-
it was dug out of the rocks of Hamamat, mained of its original state except names as at
between Keneh and Kosseir, in the desert. In Tanis and Bubastis, or mere traditions as at
fact, the quarries which have been found there Denderah. It is likely also that one of the
were already worked under the sixth dynasty, reasons why we find so few traces of the temples
and by Pepi himself. This opinion seems very of Pepi and Cheops, is that they were without
plausible in the case of kings who ruled over any ornamentation or sculpture. They were
the whole of Egypt, but is very different with built of blocks of polished stone, with mono-
those who reigned only over the Delta. Where- lithic pillars as in the temple of the Sphinx, but
from did the Hyksos draw the stones of their it is very doubtful whether tlie walls bore any-
statues ? Undoubtedly not from Hamamat. thing else than the name of the king. The
This question has grown in interest lately by cartouches of Pepi were along the door-posts ;

the remark that the old Chalda^an monuments we do not know where those of Cheops and
discovered at Telloh by M. de Sai'zec were Chefreii were engraved. Among the numerous
made of a stone quite similar to several statues blocks which are heaped up at Bubastis, there
of Egypt.*^ M. Oppert read in the inscrip- may be some which go up to such a high anti-
tions the name of Magrjan, which applies to the quity, but which, having no sculptures or orna-
Sinaitic peninsula, and which, according to the ments of any kind, are not discernible, especially
illustrious Assyriologist, would be the place as they were re-used in the numerous altera-

where the stone of those statues was obtained." tions which the building went through.
Others, on the contrary, maintain that the There is, however, a sculpture which undoubt-
material was close at hand, and that itcame edly goes back to the Old Empire, and which

from the shores of the Persian Gulf. Thorough struck us from the first by its unusual charac-
explorations made by geologists are required to ter (pi. xxii. d). On the top of the blocks of the

solve the question whether or not there are first hall there was a false door, such as occurs
quarries in the Sinaitic peninsula. nearly in all the tombs of the Old Empire, and
It is impossible to form even an approximate which consists of two posts bound together by a
idea of what a temple of the Old Empire was like. cylindrical drum,where the name of the deceased
That there were temples at that remote epoch is frequently engraved. I cannot account for a
is beyond any doubt, but until now we have monument of tliis kind, which has nearly always

only discovered one, the temple of the Sphinx. a funereal character, being in a temple which
And it is easily comprehensible. No buildings never seems to have been used as a tomb. No-
have been so much altered, reconstructed, thing remains of the inscriptions which might
transformed as temples. The sacred character have solved the difficulty. Everywhere they have
been carefully erased, as well on a rectangular
* Leps. Brief e, p. 319.
tablet above the door, as on the posts, each of
' Eev. Arch. 42, pp. 2G4-272.
^ Taylor, in Porrot, Hist, de I'Art, Assyrie, p. 588. which had a royal name ; for on the left, in spite
of the erasure, it is easy to discern the upper engraved either by Rameses II. or by Osorkon
curve of a cartouche, and a disk, probably Ra. II. are usurpations occupying the place of older

Thus the inscriptions of Cheops, Chefren, dedications which have not always been care-

Pepi, and the false door are all we can with fully expunged.
certainty attribute to the Old Empire, and to No work of great importance seems to have

the original building which was at Bubastis in been made in the temple before the last king,

those remote ages. It is natural to believe Usertesen III. The first of the powerful kings

that it occupied part of the area of the two of the twelfth dynasty we meet with, is Ame-
first halls where we found its remains. As for nenha I. (pi. xxxiii. a). His name, or rather
its form we can speak of it only hypothetically ;
his standard, occurs on a block which has been
nothing can guide us except the analogy with displaced, for it is in the hall of Nekhthorheb,
the tombs ; tomb was the eternal
for as the who must have taken it in one of the neighbour-
abode of the deceased, so the temple was consi- ing halls. The inscription,which is fragmentary,
dered as the abode of the divinity ; we may has two lines ; in the second the king says that

therefore suppose that originally they were " /iP erecfcd Jiis sfaf^ie to his mother Bast: he
built on a similar principle. I slioukl think made a door or a, room in . . .
." In other
that the old temple was a single stone chamber words, he dedicated his statues to the goddess,
without ornamental sculptui'e, containing some- so there must have been statues of Amenemha
where, probably opposite the entrance, the false I, in the temple ; they possibly are still extant
door on which stood the naiue of the king and now, but with another name.
the dedication. Perhaps the single chamber His son and successor, Usertesen I., has left

was preceded by a vestibule with square pil- his name in a small inscription accompanying
lars, such as in the temple of the Sphinx or in a procession of Nile-gods carrying offerings (pi.

the tombs. All we know of the Old Empire xxxiv. D, k). It is under the twelfth dynasty that
shows us that the architecture of the temples we meet for the first time with the androgyne
was marked by a great simplicity the desire ;
figure of the river, which is found afterwards at
for ornamentation and embellishment came nearly all epochs. It was of common use under

only with the Middle EmjDire. It is probable the kings whose work we are now describing,
that this first temple lasted through the reign especially on their statues. In order to indi-
of the dynasties, the history of which is un- cate that they ruled over both parts of Egypt
known to us, and that the first great changes they did not, like Chefren, engrave on the side of
it went through took place under the twelfth their thrones merely the sign 'T sam, the sign
dynasty.
of union binding together the plants of the
North and the South ; they had the two Nile
gods engraved with one foot on the base of the

THE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

sign X and holding each of them in their

hand the plant which is the special emblem of

With the twelfth dynasty we enter on a period the North or of the South. Representations of
when the temple of Bubastis went through this kind are found on the statues of Amenem-
great alterations. They are easily traceable by ha I.,' Usertesen I.,' Amenemha 11.,^ Usertesen
a careful study of the sculptured blocks, which
shows that the temple is nothing but a palim-
F. Petrie, Tanis i. pi. i. 3 b.
sest, and that nearly all the larger inscriptions id. pi. i. 4 b. ' id. pi. siii. 4.
 THE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

III.' On tlie statue of Mermasliu"^ the Nile traves bearing hieroglyphical inscriptions with
gods are kneeling. We have a good example on signsmore than two feet high, and having all
the statue of black granite (pi. xxv. c), the head ofthem the name of Rameses II. Looking at
of which is at Sydney, and which has all the them carefully, we notice that the signs are
characteristics of a statue of the twelfth dynasty. engraved in a concavity, that the polish which
It occurs also on the two Ilyksos statues, where is well preserved on the edges of the stone has
the representation has been usurped twice been destroyed near the inscription, that here
(pi. xxiv. d). It seems that the Amenemhas and there an old sign comes out quite dis-
and the Usertesens were fervent Avorshippers of tinctly below the new ones : there is no doubt
the god Nile, for images of the god are met that Rameses II. ei-ased an older name and an
with on other monuments than statues, esj^e- older dedication in order to inscribe his own.
ciallyon the temples of Semneh and Kummeh, In other places there are stones with deeply
which, having been built by Usertesen III,, were cut hieroglyphs bearing all the character-
completed and repaired by Thothmes III.® The istics of the twelfth dynasty, and where the
picture of the Nile gods with one foot on the "T place of the cartouche is rough and uneven,
and keeps traces of having been worked
is not so common on the monuments of the first
over again several times (pi. xxiv. a), Tlie
dynasties of the New Empire, at least of those
usurpations Rameses II. appear on every
of
the date of which is certain, but it oc-
stone with hardly an exception the question is :

curs frequently under the first Ethiopians,

whose name he expunged in order to replace it
especially Tahraka." It is impossible not to
by his cartouche and titles. This interesting
recognize in the sculptures and in the royal
problem received an unexpected and satisfac-
standards of the Ethiopians a striking likeness,
tory solution. On one of the architraves which
with the twelfth dynasty, probably because they
in the reconstructed temple must have been in
had before their eyes constructions raised by
the angle so that the end of the stone was
those kings, and above all by the conqueror of
hidden, the hammering out could not be done
Nubia, Usertesen III.
on the whole length, and close to the cartouche
The inscription of Usertesen I. indicates that
of Rameses II, appears the beginning of the
the king did not wish to do more than engrave
first cartouche of Usertesen III. (pi, xxvi, c,
his name on the wall of the temple. We may
xxxiii. e). The same cartouche appears on a
conclude from this fact that in his time the
block where complete, and followed by the
it is
venerable building of Cheops and Chefren was
name god Sokaris (pi, xxxiii. f), also in
of the
still extant in its primitive simplicity and with
a procession of nome-gods carrying offerings
its small proportions. But Usertesen III., the
(pi, xxxiv. c) besides, it stood on two door-
;
greatest king of the dynasty, evidently desired
posts, where it has been partially erased (pi.
toadorn Bubastis with a temple which might
xxxiii. B, D, c.) The circumstance that the name
compete with his constructions in other parts of
of Usertesen is found on architraves of such
Egypt. Among the heaps of blocks which are
large dimensions, proves that this king must
all that remains of the temple, there are a great
have enlarged the building considerably.
many fragments, varying in length, of archi-
Usertesen III,, as well as the other sovereigns
of the twelfth dynasty, made war against the
' P. Petrie, Tanis ii. KcLeslieh, pi. ix.
Ethiopians and the negroes of Nubia. Two
^ Tanisi.pl. iii. 17 b.
° Leps. Denkm. iii. 47, G7.
well-known inscriptions relate the expeditions
' Leps. 1. 1. V. 13. which he made in their country, and the regu-
c
10

lations wliicli lie enforced for tlio Nubian boats 1. 9. . His Majesty ordered to pass 123
. .

going down tlie river. His two great cam- soldiers going out towards the fountain which
paigns took place in the years eight and
sixteen of his reign. I should think that it 1. 10. . . . sailing up in order to see the
is one of these campaigns which is alluded height of Hun, and in order to know the way
to in an inscription very incomplete, but the of navigating ....
style and sculpture of which leave no doubt 1. 11. . . . taken alive, they found there 203
as to its being a Avork of the twelfth dynasty cows and 11 she asses ; in the month of ... .

(pi. xxxiv. a). It is a block of red granite 1.12. . . . (rejoicings) very great in leaving

three feet square, of which this fragment only the height of Ilua ; the departure from this
has been preserved, the others have been de- height was in peace .... This is an allusion
stroyed in the reconstruction of the temple, or to the happy issue of the campaign.
they have disappeared more recently, when 1. 13. . . . nehek. South of the mount of
the temple w^as used as a quarry. There is no Ilua ....
royal name in the text, but both the form and It is only a fragment left from the middle of
the context induce me to attribute it to User- a text entirely destroyed, the loss of which,
tesen III. judging from what remains, is much to bo
In the thirteen lines of which it consists regretted.
occur several geographical names. The most The great architraves hammered out, the
frequent is flw hcif/Jit or llir mounfain nf Una, numerous usurped stones the style of which
^^ ^^ i >^^
"• IIii'T' is one of the localities
clearly belongs to the twelfth dynasty, are evi-
dences showing that the constructions raised by
quoted among the southern countries con-
these kings at Bubastis were considerable.
quered by Eameses III., together with Punt.^
Undoubtedly they transformed the old building
Another region is Khasi'f or Khasl-Jief of the
raised by Cheops and Chefren, traces of which
West IM
"^
¥ " Ivhaskhet is frequently met
•
were found in the two first halls. But they
with in the inscriptions of the twelfth dynasty." were not satisfied with it ; and I believe that
Brugsch' translates it countrij, forciijn countri/. we must attribute to Usertesen III. the foun-
It is difficult to determine the site referred to dation of what was the finest part of the temple,
from such a fragmentary inscription, however, it the hypostyle hall.
is natural to consider it as a southern locality West of the second hall, on a length of sixty
according to the list of Thothmes III. engi'aved yards and a breadth of twenty-five, are scattered
on the walls of Karnak. the ruins of this beautiful construction, shafts
The king seems to be speaking. 1. 4> . . . and capitals of columns, colossal architraves,
of beaten negroes, in order that may be known Hathor heads (pi. v., vi., vii.) It is by far the
what you are doing .... part of the temple which has suffered most. It
1. 5. . . . the king struck them himself with may be that it remained exposed when the other
his mass .... parts were already buried under Nile mud ; be-
1. 8 mentions veteran soldiers of former sides, the shafts of columns have always been
times ; . . . they are brought to the palace. much sought after, as they are easy to saw for
His Majesty provided .... making mill-stones. What has escaped is only
a small part of the materials which composed
" Leps. Donkm. iii. 209.
" Petrie, Tunis ii. jS'cljc^heh, pi. :
the edifice ; the number of stones destroyed or
'
Diet. Guog. p. G29. carried aw^ay must have been considerable, and
 THE TWELPTn DYNASTY.

thus a reconstruction of the hall is liardly pos- Close to these four columns stood four others,
sible except by conjecture. Judging from the not quite so high, also of red granite and mono-
remains discovered in the excavations, the lithic, but with more slender .shafts ending in
structure contained the following elements. a capital of palm-leaves. The top of the
In the middle of the hall were four huge leaves, with the surmounting o.bacus, forms a
monolithic columus in red granite -with separate piece which could not be part of the
capitals in the form of a lotns-lnid {]A. vii.). monolith, as it has a much larger diameter
This type, which figures a bundle of lotus- than the rest of the column. Otherwise it

plants, appears for the first time in a tomb at would have been necessary for making the
Beni Hassan, in a more simple form ; there column to have a much thicker stone, and to
are only four plants. The more complex form, thin it considerably on its whole length. A
identical to that of Bubastis, may be seen in curious fact is that the leaves which form the
the Labyrinth of Howara,^ which is the work capital are not of the same width. "While the

of the twelfth dynasty. described thus by It is large columns have hardly any writing, except

MM. Perrot and Chipiez in their " History of on the lower part, these have inscriptions from
Art in Ancient Egypt." ^
the top to the bottom. The oldest belong to
" Their shafts are composed of eight vertical Rameses II., but they have been usurped more
ribs which are triangular or plain, like stalks of or less completely by Osorkon II. On the

papyrus. The lower part of the shaft has a specimen which has been brought to the

bold swell. It springs from a corona of leaves British ]\Iuseum all the degrees of usurpation

and tapers as it rises. The stalks arc tied at may be followed. Although it bears the name
the top with from three to five bands, the ends of Rameses IL, the older date of the column is
hanging down between the ribs. The buds proved by the fact that the inscription of the
which form the capital are also surrounded king is cut across an ornament of the capital,

with leaves at their base." a circumstance which would not occur if the

Of the four columns which stood in the column had been raised by his order and in his

centre of the hall, the bases have been pre- time.

served, on which the monolithic shafts Avere As there were four columns of two ditlcrcut

fixed so strongly that when one of the columns species, the proportions and type of which were
was thrown down, its fall raised the base on its not the same, there occur also two groups of
side. None of the columns are intact they are ;
four Hathor capitals, the dimensions of which

all four broken in several pieces. One capital same ratio as the columns. The
differ in the

only is complete; it has been carried away two groups have one point of similarity. The
with the piece fitting immediately underneath, goddess is represented only on two opposite
and stands now in the Museum of Fine Arts in sides of the capital, and not on all four, as may
Boston. Apart from the beauty and the be seen in later epochs. The great Hathors

vigour of the workmanship, it is remarkable by are a little above seven feet high. One of them
its fine polish, which has remained undamaged had one side quite perfect because it rested on

through many centuries, and which is a charac- the ground; it is now in the Boston Museum.
teristicfeatureof theworkofthe twelfth dynasty.'' The other three, more or less damaged, are at
the Louvre, in the British Museum, and at
' Leps. Dcnkm. i. 47. Berlin. The head (pi. ix., xxhi. a, xxiv. b)
English ed. vol. ii. p. 99.
I
has the usual type of the goddess : a broad
Plate liii. gives the exact drawing and the dimensions of
that heautiful monument. face, with ears of a heifer, the thick hair,
2
 BUBASTIS.

capitals of Bubastis is admirable; but in order

instead of falling vertically, curls up outwards.
Here and there, in tlie eyeballs and on the lips, that it may be rightly appreciated the capitals

traces of colour were still visible, and were must be seen some way off. Looking at

even quite vivid, but faded away after a few them close by, they seem flat, and destitute of

hours of exposure in the air. Above the head, expression ; whereas at a distance, the features

the little shrine which is commonly seen in come out with a striking liveliness. In fact,
that kind of capital, and which is particularly they were meant to be placed at a height

noticeable in the temple of Denderah, is equal to that of the neighbouring columns.

reduced to a cornice adorned with asps bearing We are in a complete uncertainty as to the

a solar disk. On the other sides are the exact distribution of the hall and to the manner
emblems either of Northern or Southern in which the were disposed. But I
capitals

Egypt, viz., the jilant -which belongs to each cannot help thinking that the Hathors were on
of these regions. lb stands between two asps, the top of square pillars, standing alternately

wearing the corresponding head-dress and with the columns, so that the arrangement was
placed in such a way that their heads are tucked quite analogous to the small temple in Deir el

along the hair of the goddess. There were Medineh."

two capitals with Xorthern emblems, and two As to the inequality in height of the two

with Southern emblems. The one in Boston is groups of columns, we often see in Egyptian
one of the North capitals. Below this repre- temples contiguous colonnades differing in

sentation was a blank space on which Osorkon height, and following each other either in

II. engraved his cartouche. On the surface the length of the edifice as at Luxor, or in its

which rested on the pillar, Osorkon I. had a width as at Karnak, in the great hall. Judging
dedication engraved. from the bases of the large columns, I believe

The other group of four Hatlior capitals is that close to each of them, on the outside, stood

smaller and more simple (pi. xxiii. r.). The a square pillar bearing a Hathor capital, on the

cornice which is above the hair has no asps; top of which lay the architrave. Eight and
the sides had no representations of North and left of the eight huge f ulcrums probably stood
South ; they were a blank, and Osorkon II. two columns with palm-leaf capitals, and two
engraved on them his cartouche. The best smaller Hathors, so that the central construc-

specimen has been sent to the Museum of tion being the highest, had two .lower wings,
Sydney. When we raised it, the lips were still
as may be seen at Karnak.' Or the lower
covered with a vivid red paint. construction was put as a prolongation to the

These two varieties of Hathor capitals are at higher, to which it might serve as a western
present unique in their kind, especially the entrance, and the whole had an appearance
larger ones. The only capital which may be similar to that of the Ramesseum or that of the

said to have some similarity, is found in Upper temple of Luxor.^ I must add that north of the

Nubia at Sedeinga.^ crowns temple, and quite outside, at a distance of about

It a column
the single remnant of an extensive colon-
fifty yards, we met with the two same styles of

nade. As at Bubastis the head of the goddess columns, lotus-bud and palm-leaf, but on a much
isonly on two sides, and there seems to be an smaller scale. They seem to have belonged to
attempt to figure the plant of the North on
Leps. Denkm. i. 88.
the other faces. The workmanship of the
Maspero, L'arclicol. c'gypt. vigu. 70.

Maspero, 1. 1. vigii. 77. Pcrrot et Cliipiez, Egypte, vign.

Leps. Lricfe, p. Denkm. i. 114, 115.
 TUE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

a cloorway giving access to a I'oad Avhicli led to the others. In reference to the first, the column
tlie western entrance of the temple." of the Labyrinth, absolutely similar to that
The reader will ask for the grounds which of Bubastis, seems to me convincing evidence.
induce me to attribute these columns and The Labyrinth belongs to the twelfth dynasty.
Hathor capitals to the twelfth dynasty. I Both columns must be contemporaneous; in
admit that there is not absolute certainty, and both of them there is the same simplicity and
that this attribution may be questioned, particu- elegance of workmanship ; besides, the column
larly as regards the Hathors and the palm-leaf of Bubastis has preserved the beautiful polish
columns. But if these bo not the work of which appears also on the architraves of
the twelfth dynasty, they are that of the Usertesen III., wherever they have not been
eighteenth. It is certain that the two styles of erased by Rameses TI. TJic architraves be-
columns above described were the favourite longing to Usertesen III. must have had some-
types of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty. thing to rest upon; I believe therefore that
Thothmes III. used the lotus-bud at Karnak ;
there can be no doubt as to the age of the
a large column of the same style lying on the larger columns. If these only are the work of
ground at the entrance of the temple of Phthah the twelfth dynasty, they must have formed the
in Memphis belongs also to him. Amenophis entrance to the two halls whicli existed before.
III. seems to have had a special liking for it, as But I see also a great difficulty in attributing

we may see at Thebes, at Elephantine, and the palm-leaf capitals and the Hathors to the
especially in the temple of Soleb in Nubia. eighteenth dynasty, as one might be tempted to
For him were made the palm-leaf columns which do at first sight. There is absolutely no in-
were considered as the oldest, at least, if we scription of those kings mentioning constructions

can trust the inscriptions engraved upon them. of that kind, there are no traces of the great
They are also in Soleb, where both styles are architraves which should have been on these

found together as at Bubastis. Besides, it can- pillars, and on which undoubtedly Amenophis
not be denied that the Hathor capital with two III. would have recorded his high and pious
faces of the goddess is met with in temples of the deeds. His inscriptions would less likely have
eighteenth dynasty, at Deir el Bahari, where it been usurped by Eameses II. than those of the
dates probably from Hashepsu or Thothmes III., twelfth or thirteenth dynasty, which, neverthe-
at El Kab aiid Sedeinga, where it dates from less, have been preserved. All the monuments
Amenophis III. In the last two instances there bearing the name of Amenophis III. at Bubas-
is another similarity with the Hathors of tis are statues of priests and priestesses, the
Bubastis, the two sides Avhich have not the inscriptions of whicli do not speak of construc-

face of the goddess bear the emblematic plants tions, and which are no integrant part of the

of North and South. Under such circumstances building. These are the reasons why I attribute
it may well be asked whether the colonnade of to the twelfth dynasty the Hathor heads and the
Bubastis is not the work of the eighteenth palm-leaf columns which, as we saw before, are
dynasty, and of Amenophis III., Avhose name older than Rameses II.
is preserved on several statues discovered in The more excavations are made in Egypt,
the excavations. the better we shall kuow the twelfth dynasty

In answering this question, a difference must one of the most powerful which occupied the
bemade between the great lotus-bud columns and throne. Usurpation has been practised in the
New Empire on a much larger scale than was
One of the lotus-bud columns is now in the Louvr supposed. Every temple is like a roll of vellum
It "^""

several successive texts have been There was thereon a smaller figure, probably
ou •w-liicli

Avrittcn, one over tljc other. In the Delta, a woman, standing on the throne, and holding

where the distance from the quarries was con- the headdress of the king with her hands. The
siderable, the temptation must havo been very two inscriptions, which are generally engraved
groat. As the temples of tlic twelfth dynasty on the edges of the throne, along the legs, are

had inscriptions only on the architraves and destroyed. If they were the name of a king

the doorposts, but not on the walls or the of the twelfth dynasty, Rameses II. may have
columns, it was easy for Amenophis or Rameses preserved them. It is possible also that we
to use these flat and well polished surfaces for must assign the same date to two standing
celebrating his own glory, and thus attributing colossi, the fragments of which are scattered

to himself the work of former generations. liere and there. They both wear the southern
The statues have not fared better. They headdress, and one of them had the eyes
have not been spared more than the temples. hollowed out like the Hyksos statues.
Itis evident that we sliall have to change
the No monuments of this epoch give us the
names of a great many statues exhibited in our name of the localit3^ However, the goddess
museums where they havo been labelled from Bast is mentioned in the inscription of Amen-
name inscribed upon them. The his-
the last emha (pi. xxxiii. a). With the name of User-

tory of Egyptian sculpture lias been thrown tesen is quoted the god Sokaris, a divinity of
into a great confusion.It is at present a field Memphis, and one of the forms of Phthah (pi.

which has hardly been cleared. If most of xxxiii. r). It is to be noticed that at Tanis,^

tlie royal statues, or at least their casts, coidd where the statues of the kings of the twelfth
once be put together, and a careful study be dynasty arc numerous, the gods whose
made of them, it would be astonishing to see worshippers they call themselves, ai'e the gods

bow many statues engraved with the cartouche of Memphis, and they frequently mention the
of Rameses II. were never made for him, and sanctuary of that city, -|-
^ \
anJch toui.
are older works of which he took possession.
The small number of inscriptions preserved at
In so doing, lie followed the example which
Bubastis does not allow us to ascertain to what
Tliothmcs III. and Amenophis III. had given
god the sanctuary was dedicated whether it ;

him, as we may ascertain in collections like

was to the local divinity. Bast, or to the great
that of Turin. If now it be asked who was
gods of Egypt as in the time of Rameses II.
chiefly set aside by such usurpations, I have no
I should think it was to the last, and that the
doubt that this comparative study will show worship of Bast became prevalent only much
that it was chiefly the thirteenth dynasty,
later. One of the sculptures of Usertesen III.
especially in all cases when Rameses did not
represented a procession of noma gods (pi.
leave any name except his own.
xxxiv. c). Only one emblem remains, and the
I have no hesitation in putting among the sign not very distinct,
is it looks like a different
monuments of the twelfth dynasty the statue
reading of the nome of Heliopolis, to which
the head of which is in the museum of Sydney,
Bubastis then belonged, as under Seti I., and
while the base has been left on the spot, being
even much later, it was not yet a separate nome.
too much damaged to be carried away (pi.
The Ptolemaic name of the province does not
XXV. c). The head, which has the flat type of
occur anywhere in all the inscriptions dis-
the Middle Empire, wears the white diadem of
covered.
Upper Egypt, like Amenemha I. and Usertesen
I. at Tanis. Petric, Tanis i. pi. 1, 3 a, 3 c, 3 d, iii. IG a, IG b, 17 b.
 THE TnirvTKEX'rn nrNAsxr.

the characters and of the architrave ou Avhich

THE THIRTEENTH DYNASTY. they are engraved, indicates that it must have
rested on pillars of large dimensions, another
"VVirn the thirteentli dynasty we enter one oftlio
proof that the great columns already existed
most obscure periods of Egyptian liistory. The
at that remote epoch. This cartouche has
monuments become more and more scarce, and
generally been considered as belonging to
the obscurity hists as far as the beginning of the
Sebekhotep I., a king known to us thi-ough the
New Empire., We do not know the transition
inscriptions which ho left on the rocks of
from the thirteenth to the fourteenth dynasty,
nor can we fix exactly the epoch when the
Semneh in Nubia, and which record the height
of the Nile in the three first years of his reign.
invasion of the Hyksos took pkice. Neverthe-
less, it remains a well established fact that in the
Until now his name had never been discovered
on a temple, nor even on a monument of large
thirteenth dynasty, the Sebekhoteps and Nefer-
size. Judging from what was found at
hoteps ruled over the whole of Egypt, not only
Bubastis, he must have been a builder.
of Egypt proper, north of the first cataract,
It seems that the kings of the thirteenth
but much farther south, as far as Upper Nubia.
dynasty, far from being Hyksos as Lepsius
Professor AViedemann has given a list of one
believed, at first endeavoured to follow the
hundred and thirty-six kings quoted by the
traditions of their glorious predecessors of the
Turin papyrus between the twelfth dynasty and
twelfth. They gave a great value to the
the Hyksos. It agrees nearly with the number
possession of Nubia, and probably they made
given by Manetho for the thirteenth and the
military expeditions into that country, since
fourteenth put together. The Sebennyte priest
monuments of one of them have been found not
assigns Thebes as the native place for the
far from Mount Barkal, in the island of Argo.^
thirteenth dynasty, and Xois for the fourteenth,
They belong to Sebekhotep III., who seems to
while the anonymous writer called Barbaras
Scaligeri calls them Bubastites and Tanltes.
have been the most powerful, and of whom there
are several statues. Onethem is at the
of
It is not impossible that both may be right in so
Louvre ; it is nearly certain that it comes from
far as both dynasties came out of the Delta, and
Tanis, where its duplicate still exists,^ and one
that wo have to interpret the name of Dios-
was discovered by Lepsius in the island of Argo.
polites, given by Manetho to the thirteenth
Looking at those monuments, one is struck
dynasty, as signifying natives not from
at first sight by their great resemblance with the
Thebes, but from one of the cities of the Delta
works of the twelfth dynasty. This likeness
dedicated to Amou, whether it bo the city
appears in the whole attitude, in the manner in
called later Diospolis Parva or another.
which the hands are stretched quite flat on the
In the list of the papyrus of Turin wc find as
legs, and chiefly in the style in which the lower
the sixteenth the cartouche given on pi. xxxiii.
part of the body, and especially the knees, have
1,0. In other texts it accompanies the prenomeu
been worked. The sculptor has applied all
of Sebekhotep. It occurs twice at Bubastis, in
his skill to the head, which was to be a portrait
one case it is complete, in the other, two-
but the legs .are coarse, made with a kind of
thirds of it have been erased. I found also
clumsiness, as it were, by a second-rate artist;
other fragments of the architrave, which gave
the knee-pan is rudely indicated, the ankle is
part of the titles of the king Q"^^. The in-
" Lc.ps. Denkm. ii. 120-151. liouge, Notice des monu-
scription must have been hidden in the wall in
iiients, pp. 15 et IG.
the reconstruction of the temple, but the size of ^
Kougc, Iiiscr. pi. 76. Petric, Tanis i. pi. iii. p. 8.
Id JSUI5.

thick and rouglily marked. These character- which has the greatest likeness to the Rameses
istics remind us not only of works of the twelfth of Geneva ; it is at the Britisb Museum, where
dynasty, but also of statues several of which it has been labelled Amenopkis III., though it

have been preserved, bearing the name of bears no hieroglyphical name.

Eameses II. I shall mention only two. One If the kings of the thirteenth dynasty have
is at Boston, and was discovered by Mr. Petrie at been so powerful, and if they have carried their
Nebesheh ; the other comes from Bubastls, and conquests so far as Upper Nubia, it is astonish-

is now in the museum of Geneva (pi. xiv.).' It ing that they left so few monuments, and that
is evident that this last one is notRamescs II. their cartouches occur much, more seldom than
the type of the face is quite different from the those of the twelfth. The reason of it seems
Ramessides, and in addition to other erasures, to me that the thirteenth dynasty has been the

the sides of the throne have l^een diminished object of a peculiar malevolence from the
in order to engrave the name of the king. kings of the nineteenth. For a cause which
The head-dress is the same as on the Sebekhotep we do not know, neither Seti I. nor his son
of the Louvre. The statue is in a remarkable Rameses considered the Sebekhoteps as legiti-
state of preservation, there is only a slight mate kings, and they did not admit them in the
piece of the nose which is wanting. It was royal lists which were engraved at Abydos and
broken in two at the waist. The base Sakkarah, no more than the Hyksos. The
appeared already in my first excavations in eighteenth dynasty, and especially Thothmes
1887 ; but it was sunk deep in water, and I III., did not share the same feeling, as he
left it until I should have discovered the upper mentions them in his list of Karnak. The
part. The inundation of the following sum- hatred of Rameses and his family against tlie

mer carried off the earth which covered the thirteenth dynasty may explain why its monu-
head ; it had fallen forward close to the base, ments are so scarce. From the destruction
with the face in the soil. "When it was raised practised by the Ramessides, we possess only
and turned, the colours Avere seen quite fresh. what has been saved either because the island of
The stripes of the diadem A^ere painted alter- Argo was very far off, or because the in-
nately blue and yellow, and there were traces of scription was hidden in a wall as in Bubastis,
red on the face. The colours soon vanished or because the old name had been thoroughly ex-
after they had been exposed to the air two or punged. We must attribute to a fortunate
three days ; but we had here a good example neglect the good preservation of the statues of
of the use which the Egyptians made of poly- the Louvre and of Tanis. The result is that
chromy. They painted their statues even the thirteenth dynasty, which lias played an
when they were made of black granite. important part in the history of Egypt, is among
Thus I should attribute the Rameses of the least But we can hope to derive
known.
Geneva to a king of the thirteenth dynasty. more information about it from careful re-
The statue has a curious peculiarity. Seen searches among the materials with which the
from the side, in profile, the head seems dispro- later temples were built, especially those of the
portionate, and mucli too large for the torso, nineteenth dynasty.
while the chest is somewhat hollow. This
singularity may l^o seen also in a statue
THE HYKSOS.
* Another monument of the same kind is the liamcses of
tlie Louvre, vid. liouge, Notice des monuments, 19 and
JosEPHUS, quoting Manetho, gives the following
p.

20. version of the invasion of the Shepherds and of

 'L'HE IIYKSOS.

their conquest of I'j'gypt ;

— " The so-called Tl- sacred language, a king, and Nci.s, in the
maos became king. Egypt during his reign lay, demotic, is She/iJicrd and ShepJiprdf<. Some
I know not why, under the divine displeasure, say they were Arabs."
and on a sudden, men from the east countr}^ of This is all that Manetho states, but Josephus
an ignoble race, audaciously invaded the land. adds :
—" It is mentioned in another work that
They easily got possession of it, and estabhshcd the Avord Hi/k does not signify kings, but
themselves without a struggle, making the rulers shepherd prisoners. Jfijk or //(;/,•, signifies in
thereof tributary to them, burning their cities, Egyptian, jirisuiK'rs, and this seems tome more
and demolishing the temples of their gods. All likely, and more in conformity Avith ancient
the natives they treated in the most brutal history." '

manner ; some they put to death, others they re- It is useless to repeat here all the opinions
duced to slavery with their wives and children. which have been expressed on this important
" Subsequently, also, they chose a king out of and much controverted passage. Few texts
their own body, Salatis by name. He estalj- have been the object of so much discussion. I
lished himself at Memphis, took tribute from shall only state what seems most plausible
to be
the Upper and Lower country, and placed in the conflict of diverging views to which this
garrisons in the most suitable places. He part of the history of Egypt has given rise.

fortified more especially the eastern frontier, We do not know when the inroad took place ;

foreseeing, as he did, that the Assyrians, whose it is certain, however, that under the thirteenth
power was then at its height, would make an dynasty, Egypt was still her own master ; if the
attempt to force their way into the Empire from strangers had already entered the land, it ivas
that quarter. He found in the Sethroite uome not as invaders nor as conquerors. In the
a city particularly well adapted for that purpose, obscure period of the fourteenth dynasty, when,
lying to the east of the Bubastite arm of the according to the papyrus of Turin and Manetho,
Nile, called A carls, after an old mythological the kings succeeded each other at short
fable. This he repaired and fortified with intervals, after reigns which had not even the
strong walls, and placed in it a garrison of duration of one year, these " men from the east
240,000 heavy-armed soldiers. In summer he country, of an ignoble race, audaciously in-

visited it in person, for-the purpose of recruiting vaded the land." The contemptuous qualifica-

them with a fresh supply of provisions, paying tion applied by Manetho shows to the strangers,

their salaries, and practising military exercises, that were not a distinct nation, whose
they
by which to strike terror into the foreigners. name and original settlement were well known.
" He died after a reign of nineteen years, and They were more or less barbarous hordes driven
was succeeded by another king, Beon by name, from their native country, and over-runnino-

who reigned forty-fom' years. After him Egypt as the barbarians over-ran the Roman
AiKxchias reigned thirty-six years and seven Empire. Their name has not been preserved
months; then Ajjophis, sixty-one years; then neither the Egyptian inscriptions nor the Greek

lanias, fifty years and one month ; and lastly writers mention it, although the Egyptian
Assis, forty-nine years and two months. texts are most minute when they describe the
" These six were their first rulers. They adversaries of Rameses II. mustering at
were continually at war, with a view of utterly Kadesh, or the invaders who threatened the
exhausting the strength of Egypt. The general empire under Merenphthah or Rameses III.
name of their people was Tlyhsus, which means
;
'
Shepherd Kings ' for Tfyl- signifies, in the Bunscn, Egypt's Place, vol. ii.
 BUBASTIS.

spoken of not yet l^ecn solved but the fact is undisputed

Whenever the Hyksos arc it is ;

that Chaldaea one of the countries where the

not by their name, they are described in vague
is

different races have been fused together at the

words or even abusive epithets. They are the
'f=A earliest epoch.
Asiatic shepherds, ov\
\^\ There is a remarkable coincidence between
the Aamn, the nomads of '^^'^^^
the Ea^t, the events which took place in Mesopotamia
and the invasion of the Hyksos. In the year
"%\"§^ i^ the shej^herds, or even fj^"^^ |
'^'^

2280, the King of the Elamites, Khudur

plague or the festilence. If therefore they had
Nakhunta, over-ran Chalda;a, which he con-
been a distinct nation or a confederacy such as
quered and pillaged. As a trophy of his
Rameses II. had to fight, it would be strange
victory, he carried to his capital the statue of
that no specific name should be applied to them,
Nana, the goddess of the city of Urukh. To
and that nothing should connect them with a
this act of sacrilegious robbery we are indebted
definite country known to the Egyptians. We
for the knowledge of the campaign of Khudur
are compelled to admit that they were an
Nakhunta. For, 1635 years later, Assurbanipal
uncivilized multitude, under the command of
conquered Susa, and restored the statue to the
chiefs, called in Egyptian |z] ////. They did
temple from whicli it had been taken. It must
not belong to the Semitic or to the Turanian have been one of the high deeds of the campaign
stock alone ; to class them exclusively in one of in which Assurbanipal took pride, for in the in-
these two races seems to me an error; they scription whicli relates the defeat of Elam, he
must be considered as a crowd of mixed origin, twicerefers to the sacrilege of Khudur Nakhunta,
inwhich the two elements may be recognized. " who did not worship the great gods, and who
Their inroad into Egypt was probably not
"
in his wickedness trusted to his own strength."
spontaneous, they were driven to the valley of We see here, whatwe shall notice alsoinreference
the Nile by great events which took place in
to the Hyksos, that the chief cause of hatred and
eastern Asia and led to the conquest of Egypt. antipathy between the two nations was diversity
It is in eastern Asia that we must look for the of religion. They did not worship the same
cause of the invasion of the Hyksos, and on this gods was enough to make them enemies,
; it

obscure point an unexpected light has been and more than 1000 years afterwards, the people
thrown by Assyriology. of Accad had not lost the tradition of the mis-
The Assyriologists agree in stating that, from deeds of the Elamites against their gods.
a remote epoch, Ohaldcea received in succession If Mesopotamia was twenty-two centuries
and retained on her productive soil ethnical B.C. the scene of great wars and bloody
elements of various origins," which in the end invasions, it is not unreasonable to suppose
were mingled together. Semites, Kuschites or that the effect was felt as far as the banks of
Kossscans have met in this region ; they the Nile. The waves raised by
the storm
quarrelled for the dominion ; each in turn which came from Elam overflooded Egypt. In
reigned over the other ; and at last they formed Mesopotamia there have always been nomads
a population of a mixed charactei-. It is a as well as a settled population. From there a
matter of discussion which of the races has multitude, not much advanced in civilization,
been the oldest, and which has brought the and of mixed origin, thus justifying to a certain
civilization to the other. The question has degree the predicate of " ignoble " given them by

° Perrnt et Chipiez, Assyrie, p. 17. ' Lcnormant, Hist. aiic. iv. 92.
Manetlio,was driven out by the niouutaiiiccr.s of employed as an e})ithet, but always applies to
Eiam, and it pushed on us far as Eg-yi)t. It is actual prisoners. Once, for instance when it

evident that liere we launch out into con- prccodes the name of the Shasu, we see on the
jecture ; but this hypothesis seems to rae to sculpture the captives tied by the elbows and
account in the best way for the few facts on brought to Egypt. I believe, with the majority
"
which we can argue. "Phoenicians" or "Arabs of Egyptologists, that the other interpretation
are the geographical names assigned to the is the best, and that the first syllable of the
Hyksos by Manetho and Josephns ;
" Phoeni- word Hyksos must be deinved from the
cians " meaning, in

coming through Palestine, which was the natural

my opinion, invaders Egyptian M^ a iirince or a cJbivf. There is

nothing extraordinary in the fact that the

way as for the
; term " Arabs,"
it may be
whole nation is called tlif chiefs of ilie Shasu.
synonymous with that of" nomads." One fact
We have an expression quite parallel in a
remains, the absence in the Egyptian inscrip-
papyrus of the twelfth dynasty." The wanderer
tions of a specific name connecting the Hyksos
Saneha, after having settled in the land of
with a definite country, while they are always
Tennu, is obliged to repel Ihe chiefs of the
mentioned by vague and general epithets tlte
mouittuiiis, \/}'v\(S.^\^ 1
hiku setu. There
eastern xJwjjhcrds, flie iiomach, and the like.

Such qualifications may very well apply to a the word f/(/(y"evidently refers to the whole tribe
wandering crowd without fixed residence, which, of hiohlanders. Let us replace the word
after having perhaps made several intermediate setu, by JtTr( "^l y M I i Shasu, and we have
stations, came down upon Egypt and conquered
the expression Hyksos. As for the second
it without great difficulty.
part of the word, it clearly comes from the
The name Hyksos, given them by Manetho,
later than
word Iilil'%^^1-'^ ^ *^^i'3 ^"^st translation of
is of recent formation, and certainly '

the campaigns of Seti I. and Rameses II. in which is vomad or slwpherd, and which became
Syria. It does not occur in this form in the the Coptic tycxjc, a shepherd. The Shasu were
Egyptian inscriptions ; but it is certain that it is vagrants, the Bedouins of the present day,

formed in a regular way, and it reminds one of wandering over the eastern portion of Egypt, iu
other words of the same kind. Egyptologists the desert, the crossing of which they en-

are divided with respect to the interpretation dangered. If the word ^^ "°^
MjI'^^^cLi j

to be given to the name. Some, like Prof.

very ancient in Egypt, as Prof. Krall observes,
Krall,' adopt the translation of Josephus, and it is because of its Semitic origin. It is

derive it from the word 'w"'^^^_^ ^'f-^^'j meaning connected with the word >^?^, to iuIUkjc, and

•Ain-'iaoner. It would thus be a term of contempt, it was introduced into Egypt under the N"ew

such as we often meet with. W^'%M=^ '^ — Empire, when the Semitic words were adopted
iu abundance.
Thus in the 23rd century B.C. nomad tribes
prisoners, or bound ivith cliains, ai^/AaXcurot ttol-
coming from Mesopotamia, and ruled by [-^^^
would be like the vile Kheta, and other
/LieVesj

expressions of the same nature. It may be

e ^ \chiefs, overran Egypt, and took possession

of the Delta. The conquest was facilitated, if

objected that the word .UJ hah is not
not by anarchy, at least by the instabihty and the
'Acg. Studien, ii. p. G9 ct seq. Do Cara, Gli Hyksos,
212 et seq.
"
I'ap. de Berlin, i. 1. 98. Leps. Kocnigsb.
weakness of tlie royal power. They advanced appointment. In the same way we see that

probably as far as Merapliis. Undoubtedly the the Assyrian kings, who conquered Egypt, gave
invasion was marked by the acts of savagery native princes as governors to the great cities.

and the depredations with which Manetho It was not different at the time of the Hyksos
reproaches the Hyksos. It has always been invasion. After a time of warfare and dis-

the case in eastern wars, especially when an turbance, the length of which Ave cannot

uncivilized nation fell upon a land Uke Egypt, appreciate, the country settled down and
the wealth and fertility of which contrasted resumed an appearance very similar to what
with the neighbouring countries, and still more it had been before. The worship alone was
with the desert. But the superiority of the different. Thus the continuity was preserved
civihzcd race was not long before becom- in the progress of Egyptian civilization. There
ing prevalent. The Egyptians compelled is only a slight difference between the New
their conquerors to submit to their habits Empire and the Middle, for the Hyksos had
and customs. The invaders adopted the not put an end to the former state of things.
civilization of their subjects in all but the Under their rule there was a weakening in the
religion. "We may even suppose that when life of the nation, a kind of temporary paiise in

they settled in the land, the Hyksos maintained its artistic and intellectual growth ; but as the

the Egyptian administi^ation. The officials, root of the tree had not been cut off, it very
who were always very numerous in Egypt, and soon shot forth new branches. At the same
jU time, as the cliief discrepancy between the
who in their inscriptions take as first title
Hyksos and their subjects lay in rehgion, it
scribe or irrtfer, must necessarily have been
explains the persisting hatred of the Egyptians
natives, as they alone knew the language, the
against the invaders, who were always con-
writing, and the customs of the country. It
sidered as impure and barbarians, because
was so at the time of the Arab conquest the ;

they were hostile to the gods of the land.

remained the same as before, they were
officials
Manetho, quoted by Josephus, informs us
Copts. But we have a more striking example,
^

that theHyksos reigned over Egypt 511 years,

which proves that it was usual with Oriental
and that their kings formed the fifteenth and
conquerors to do so. The cuneiform tablets
sixteenth dynasties. Africanus^ assigns to
newly discovered at Tell el Amarna, contain
their dominion a duration of 518 years. It is
reports directed to the King of Egypt by the
hardly possible to reconcile the dates supplied
governors of the cities of Syria and Palestine,
by the various chronographers at this obscure
which had been subdued by the kings of the
period. The two sources from which we derive
eighteenth dynasty, and which were thus under
the most extensive information are Josephus
Egyptian dominion. These reports are written
and Africanus, who establish in the following
in Babylonian, a language then current in
way the list of the kings.
Eastern Asia, and which the King of Egypt
Josephus.
understood but imperfectly, as he was obliged
to have recourse to a dragoman who inter-

preted the letters of the kings of Mesopotamia.

It is clear that the governors who wrote the
reports were not Egyptians, they were natives
to whom Thothmes or Amenophis had left their

I'utrie, Tanis
 THE IIYKSOS

In both authors these kings are indicated in his excavations at San (Tanis) in 1860. On
as being the first ; they are called by Africanus the arms of two colossi representing a king of
the fifteenth dynasty, to which another, the the thirteenth or fourteenth dynasty, he found
sixteenth, is said to have followed. But, not to engraved the cartouches of Apepi, which he at
speak of the fact that other authors, like first deciphered incorrectly, but which must be

Eusebius or the Old Chronicle, do not mention read as follows :

this subsequent dynasty, the statement of the

^'-^-^
two chronographers is contradicted by the 1JC°^;S]¥ (Mlil
Egyptian texts ; for we shall see that the king god, Uaahenen, the sou. of lla, Apepi.

called here Jjwjihis or Ajyhohls is one of the This inscription alone is sufiicient to show

last, perhaps even the very last Hyksos king, that in his time the Hyksos were no more the
who had to fight the native princes of the fierce conquerors described by Manetho. They
seventeenth dynasty. "We are thus compelled to did not destroy the temples, since they wrote
admit that there is an inversion in the statement their names on the statues made for their native
of the chronographers, and we consider the predecessors, and dedicated to the native gods.
kings of whom they give a list as the sixteenth Besides, though they were worshippers of Set
dynasty. or Sutekh, they considered themselves as sons
It is in a papyrus of the British Museum, of Ra, the solar god.
called Sallier I., that the mention of a Ilyksos At the same time as the cartouches, Mariette
king has first been discovered. This document, discovered other monuments to which the name
which was translated by Brugsch, E. de Rouge, of Hyksos has since been applied. They
Goodwin, Chabas, has been the object of much consist of four sphinxes, originally placed on
discussion. Quite recentl}^ it has been trans- both sides of the avenue leading to the centre
lated anew by Maspero, who denies to the of the temple. These sphinxes have a human
narrative it contains, a historical character, and head surrounded by a very thick and tufted
considers it as a tale or a legend, the end of mane. As for the face it has a type quite
which has unfortunately been lost. It probably different from the Egyptian. The nose is wide
related the beginning of the war between the and aquiline, the cheek-bones are high and
Hyksos king and his native rival, the prince of strongly marked, the mouth projecting, with
Thebes. In spite of its legendai'y appearance stout lips and fleshy corners. At first sight it

we gather from the document important is impossible not to be struck by the fact that
information. We see that the strangers are we have here the image of a foreign race, and

called by the offensive epithet of u "v^

^^^^ ^^ an art which is not purely Egyptian. No
doubt the artist who sculptured them was
the im-jmre, or the flarjue ; they are governed by
Egyptian, the workmanship has all the charac-
"^
the king, Apcpi, who resides in Avaris, \\
teristics of native art ; but on the faces, which
% °i^ and who adopted for his god l"^"^ are portraits, we see that the originals belonged
to another race, and they clearly betray a
>$:_J Sutekh, exclusive of all others. His ad-
foreign element.
versary is King 8ckenen-Ba, 1 "^
(op^^l^j| Mariette from the first attributed them to

who resides in -^^T '^'-'^ c'7// of the south, the Hyksos, and he was confirmed in his

Thebes. opinion by the fact that on the right shoulder

A further step in the knowledge of the of each sphinx is an inscription hammei'ed out,
Hyksos was made by the discoveries of Mariette but where he could decipher the sign of 'J^
the god Set, and tlie words 11, the r/ood god. impossible, since they differ only by the last

The whole was so like the inscriptions of word I

I instead of ^.^.^ j n, power instead of
Apepi that he did not hesitate in reading his stn-nr/tJi, the sense of both words is nearl}^

name on the sphinxes, and even in attributing identical.

their execution to his reign. Since then these In order to complete the list of Hyksos
monuments have always been called Hyksos. kings, known or supposed to be so, before the
Several others of the same style have been excavation of Bubastis, I have to mention the
added to the sphinxes ; viz. at San a group of
'^
two standing figures with long hair, and «"« CSiSI CS^B] '*"*'''""*
holding offerings of fishes and lotus-flowers ;
the famous tablet of the year 400 ; and the name
the bust of a king discovered in the Fayoom, which Dev^ria read on the Bagdad lion now at
and another which Lenormant found in a
the British Museum, Co Rn Set nouh.
P ^Vj f^^^i^
collection at Rome.
The opinion of Mariette which was admitted The first is probably not a historical king, but
only the god Set as for the second name, it is
at first with great favour, has not remained
;

uncontradicted. Tt is beyond dispute that

a false reading, and we shall see further that

these monuments are at least as old as the

this sovereign must be struck out of the list

of the Egyptian rulers.

Hyksos, in spite of the numerous usurpations
which they have undergone, even as late as Until now the city which was pre-eminently
the twenty-fii'st dynasty, and of which they called Hyksos, was Tanis. There the name of

still bear traces. But are they really Hyksos? Apepi had been discovered as well as the

The question is very much debated, and we we know that Eameses II.
sphinxes, there also

It is nearly certain
dedicated monuments to Set or Sutekh, the
shall revert to it presently.
that Apepi was not the author, but the first
god of the foreign invaders. Thus we could
The justly consider Tanis as their capital. B. de
usurper of the sphinxes. who king
dedicated the monuments would not have Rouge even suggested that Tanis was another
engraved his name on the shoulder the in- ;
name for Avaris, the fortified city mentioned by
scriptionwould not be in lightly cut characters Manetho in his narrative. We did not expect
at a place where it more or less defaces the
that the result of our excavations would be to

statue. However, the usurpation may have reveal the greatest likeness between Tanis and
been made on the work of another Hyksos. Bubastis. This last city has also been an
The fact that it was not for Apepi that the important settlement of the stranger kings

sphinxes were sculptured does not imply that they raised thei^e constructions at least as large

it was not for another king of the same race.

as in the northern city j there also Rameses II.

Ii,a aa Kenen is not the only Hyksos ruler who preserved the worship of the alien divinity.

had the prenomen of Apepi. There is another On the way from the second hall to the
hypostyle, close to the place of the first columns,
Apepi whose coronation name is Co ^[^ j P
I discovered a fragment of a doorpost in red
Ba aa user, and who is known through the granite, on which originally stood an inscription
mathematical papyrus of the British Museum.^
in two columns. PI. xxii. A gives an idea of the
"We are compelled to admit that there are two
size of the inscription, which is in quite different
Apepis, unless this last coronation name be proportions from that of Tanis. It has been
only a variant of the first, which would not be
hammered out ; nevertheless, it is quite legible.
3 Eisenlohr. Proc. Bibl. Arch. 1881, p. 97. Close by was a second fragment, which
 THE HYKSOS.

evidently was the coronation name, but the Thothmes ITT., which undoubtedly are usurped.
erasure is so complete, that there is only The feet rest on the nine bows. In spite of
a part of the line left which surrounded the the most active and persevering researches
cartouche. On one side of the inscription we we could not find the upper part of the statue.
read (pi. xxxv. c), the son of Ba, Ajjcpi, and on If it has not been destroyed it may be in some
the other, he raised f'dlars^ in great itumhers; and European collection. Fortunately both sides
bronze doors to this god. We do not know who of the throne, along the legs, are nearly intact,
is meant by this god ; we cannot even assert and have preserved the name of a king at
that it is Set. On another stone w.alled in the present unknown (pL xxxv. a). This king, who
first hall we found the beginning of the titles styles himself the Horus crowned with the schent,
of Apepi (pi. xxxv. b), such as they are indicated does not take the title of ^\^ King of Upper and
on an altar in the museum of Ghizeh.*^ We
Lower Egypt, like the kings of the twelfth
learn from these two texts that Apepi made
constructions in his reign. It is not a mere
dynasty. He is simply 11 tlie good god, and
usurpation as we found on the monument of "^ tlie son of Ba. The standard is (]
"J () j^,

Tanis it is a document inscribed with his he who embraces territories.

;
It is followed by
name and recording that he increased the the two cartouches.
temple of Bubastis. The size of the inscrip- /^"^ (^'^ The first must be read User en
tion which relates it shows that his work must Ba. The sign, which is usually
have been of importance. Once more we written \
has here a peculiar form.
recognize the entirely Egyptian form of the Its i^eading is assured, because it

work made by the foreign rulers. They have V^^ k J. occurs as a variant in the first
quite assumed the garb of the native Pharaohs. cartouche of Rameses II.''

They are called sons of Ba ; the epithet of ^ -f- The second must in my opinion be read
giving life or everlasting iolloyrs their cartouches, Ba-ian or rather lan-Ba. Mr. Petrie^ has
and the titles of Apepi are similar to those of
proposed the reading Khian, taking the upper
the twelfth dynasty. disk as a ® and not as a solar disk, and laying
Close to the doorpost, and nearly touching stress upon the fact that in this cartouche the
it, stood, a little lower, the base of a statue in disk is entirely hollowed out, which it is not in
blackgranite, of natural size(pl.xii.). The statue,
the other, and in the expression '^,. It may
which is sitting, is broken at the waist the ;

be answered that on the same side, just above

two hands are stretched on the knees as in the
the second cartouche, the solar disk which
statues of the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties;
accompanies the hawk is also hollowed out,
a narrow band falls between the legs. The
and made exactly like that of the cartouche.
style is vigorous ; the muscles of the knee are
Moreover, there is a manifest intention of
strongly marked, but worked with care; the
making the solar disk conspicuous at the top
workmanship reminds us either of the great
statues of which we shall speak further, or of ' Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. ii. pi. 2. Laps. Koenigsb. pi. 33.
the statues of Turin bearing the name of ' Mr.Pctrie quotes two cylinders, one of which is in Athens,
the other belongs to Prof. Lanzone. The paper impressions
of the cj'linder of Athens, which Mr. Griffith kindly sent to
* Erugsch, Diet, liier. p. 10G8, gives tlic word || ,"^,
me, show a flattened disk, or even an<:ri>, hut not a ©. As
.

which he translates masfs. I give here to the word ||| for the cylinder of Prof. Lanzone, I have seen it and examined
a wider sense pillars. There was in the temples of Pano- it carefully with the owner. It bears a totally different name,
polis and Memphis a hall called j^]^j^
©. mnch longer, in which occui'S an <:!> besides several indis-
^ Mar. Men. divers, pi. 38. tinct siqns.
of the cartouche, as is always the case, so that king An, f^^~^ of the fifth dynasty," who seems
there may be a perfect symmetry l:)etween both to have had special titles to the rever-
j

cartouches as in the name of Apries. The ence of posterity, since, many centuries

sign ijO is clearly too short, the sculptor was after his VZ^ reign, the king Usertesen I. of
the twelftli dynasty dedicated to him a statue
obliged to put it in as he could. It seems
now.in the British Museum. In both cases the
that the artist began to engrave the cartouche
graphic variant of the cartouche of Bubastis
in the lower part, with the eagle, to which he
does not exist, and Ave cannot identify our king
allowed too large a space, so that there was not
with any of those two, especially not with the
sufficient room left for the signs [1
[|
in regular
king of the fifth dynasty.
proportions. If he had not been l:)Ound to put As it has been pointed out, first by Mr. Griffith,
O at the top of the cartouche, isolated as must it is impossible not to recognize the cartouche
be done for the name of Ea— in other words, of Bubastis in the insci'iption engraved on the
if the disk had been a ® Ich, instead of lla o chest of the small lion from Bagdad, now at
nothing prevented him from writing the © on the British Museum.' It has been slightly
the side of the l|l|, and beginning the cartouche hainmered out, but since we can compare the

with as is always the case with the cartouche to another which is quite legible,
®|](|
the identity of both is striking. The p is easily
cartouche of Xerxes.
recognizable, as well as the head, and the
Another curious peculiarity to l)e noticed is

the dedication of the statue. lan-Ra has lower part of the S equally. As the form of

dedicated it to himself, to his donhle or to his the sign is unusual, one could suppose it was
image. He is himself his own worshipper. the god Set 7^, though the head is not that
Where is the place of king lan-Ra ? In which of the god. The below has been widened
dynasty are we to classify him ? Is he a by the erasure, and was interpreted as f%s^ nnh.
Hyksos, or does he belong to a native family ? The result is that the king B.a Set nnb, whom
The first cartouche is very like a well-known Deveria believed he had discovered on the
one, if we do not take into consideration a lion, rests only on an erroneous reading, and as I

graphic detail. The letter 1 x, which we said must be struck out of the lists of the kings.
The cartouche of the Bagdad lion is not
should take as a complement of the sign "^ is
engi'aved on the shoulder as with the spMnxes
written before, as if we had here an intensitive
of Tanis, but on the chest, in the place
verb, and that the word shonld be read snser.
where according to all probabilities the king
We migkt take it as a mere caprice of the
for whom the monument was made would have
artist, if the same peculiarity did not occur on
had his name written. "We may therefore
the other monument where this cartouche is
safely conclude that it was under lan-Ra's
written, the Bagdad lion. I believe, therefore,
reign, and for him that the lion was sculptured.
that we cannot identify it with the cartouche
This lion is particularly interesting to us,
'^'7^ User en Ea, which belonged to two kings of
because it is a monument of the Hyksos style.
J, very different epochs. It is found in the
«
The head is not human, it is that of the animal,
'
list of Karnak, the exact order of which
but the mane is exactly similar to the sphinxes
V___y is difficult to establish, among kings ex-
tending from the eleventh, to the eighteenth ' Lepsins, Answahl, pi. ix.
dynasty It is also the coronation name of ' Vid. Dcv('ria, Rev. Arch. 1861, ii. p. 25G. Tomkins
Abraham, p. IGO. Maspero, Introd. aux iiion. divers de
Lepsins classified it in tlie clevpnth. ]\raviette, p. 21.
 THE HYKSOS.

of Tanis. Thus we have at last a Hyksos divinity. Clearly there was a great difference
inonument, the author and dedicator of which as to religion between the Hyksos and the
is well lan-Ra had monuments
established. Egyptians, who considered the strangers as
made for him which has
in the foreign style impious and as enemies of their own gods.
been considered as the work of the Hyksos. Since Set or Sutekh was the divinity of the
This very important fact induces us to make a foreign dynasty, it is extraordinary that his
step farther. Is lan-Ea not the author of name does not appear on the statue of lau-Ra,
the sphinxes of Tanis, Avhich Mariette contended who seems to have had no other god than him-
to have belonged to Apepi, but which existed self. This circumstance corroborates the idea
before this king ? Apepi inscribed his name on recently put forward by the Rev. Father De
the shoulder, in a place indicating that the monu- Cara. The learned Jesuit suggests that the
ment had on the chest another name wliich worship of Set was instituted by Apepi, and
he did not wish to erase, and whicli we do not that from this important event of his reign
see now, because a later king, of the twenty- dates the era mentioned on the famous tablet
first dynasty, Psusennes, destroyed it altogether by Rameses II. It
of the year 400, dedicated
and replaced it by his own. It is natural to would explain why the name of Set is absent
suppose that' the name which Apepi respected from the statue of lan-Ra while it exists in
was lan-Ra, since we have another monument the insci'iptions of the sphinxes of Tanis.
of the same style as the sphinxes bearing it at Pcrliaps Apepi had not yet achieved his great
the regular place. religious reform when he erected at Bubastis
Another curious feature of this important the great constructions, the mention of which
inscription is the dedication. known It is well has been preserved. They were made in
that on statues or obelisks thename of the honour of "1
^^ this god, we do not know which,
god in honour of whom the monument is made, for it would be rash to draw any conclusion
is found at the end, after the name of the from the spot where the stones have been
dedicator, and followed by the word \l\l\ who unearthed. In a temple which has been over-

loves, who worshijjs. It is useless to quote thrown so often and so completely as Bubastis,
here instances of which there are hundreds. no conclusive evidence may be derived from
But here occurs the extraordinary circum- the vicinit}'- of two stones. Because the door-
stance that lan-Ra is worshipper of his own post with the name of Apepi and dedicated to
''"'^' '^^^ close to the statue of lan-
person: JU-k.=^ V [1[^, /;,c loves, he worshi'ps his 1 ,v^ i/^^»

Ra, the worshipper of himself, we cannot infer

double, Ms oion image. It reminds us of what
that the divinity which Apepi had in mind was
is related in several texts, of the ungodliness of
the same lan-Ra, whom he might have wor-
the Hyksos. The inscription of Stabl Antar
shipped as his ancestor or as a deified pre-
-y^ ('• s)-
li^Prnk^^sf?. """' decessor. This hypothesis, without being
reigned, ignoring Ba, meaning hereby in impossible, is not very probable. Nevertheless,
hostility against Ra, altliough the god in this strange dedication of the statue of

appeared in their names and titles. The lan-Ra, there is a characteristic feature which is

Sallier papyrus is still more explicit in its state- not in conformity with what we usually see in
ment. It relates that with the exception of the truly Egyptian statues ; and in my opinion
Sutekh, none of the gods of Egypt received it is another proof that lan-Ra was a Hyksos.
the worship which was due to them, while the I believe even that lan-Ra is one of the
king Apepi was a fervent adorer of the foreign kings mentioned by Josephus as 'lai^ias
 BUBASTIS.

or 'Avi>a^, which must perhaps bo read on its side (pi. xxvi. l). It was clear that there

'lavpaq. were two twin statues, and as we had the head of

To Hjksos belong the two
the epoch of the one, we could reasonably hope to find the other.

fmesfc monuments discovered at Bubastis one — It happened two days afterwards. The second
of which is at the museum of Ghizeh, and the head was discovered in a much better state of
otlier at the Britisli Museum — I mean the two preservation than the first ; it is now in tho

colossal sitting statues in black granite which British Museum (pl.i. and x.) Thus the entrance

were placed near each other on the east side of of the temple of Bubastis was adorned with two
the temple at the entrance of the first hall, colossal statues of the same size exactly, which

and both on the same side of the great columns had been most wantonly destroyed, so that it
which adorned the doorway. Unfortunately was not possible to reconstitute one of them, in
they are in pieces. It has been impossible to spite of the most careful researches. PI. xxvi. b
'

find even one ofthem complete. The first frag- exhibits the manner in which the fragments

ment which appeared was the top of a head- were j^laced when they were first exposed to

dress, wearing the royal asp the forehead was

;
light. It shows two fi-agments of the statue
attached to the diadem, and the head had been of the Britisli Museum, the lower part of the

broken horizontally, at the height of the eyes, torso and the knees, which are one block, and
which were hollowed out. A few strokes on the the extremity of the legs, which had been seen
eyelids look like lashes, and they may have pro- first. The head was a little deeper, close to the

duced the illusion when seen from below, for it knees, and deeper still the toes ; but the statuo

is not certain that the hollow of the eyes Avas could not be completed, the upper part of the
inlaid with other material. A few days after- torso from tho waist to the neck has dis-
wards the lower part of the head was un- appeai-ed. The other base was lying on its
earthed (pi. xi.), and we recognized directly side. "When it was dragged out of the mud,
the type of the sphinxes of Tan is the same — wc found that it had been split in two from
high and strongly marked cheek-bone, while top to bottom, so that there is only one leg left.

the cheeks are rather hollow, the projecting The fragment has been carried to the museum
mouth with stout lips and the fleshy protuber- of Ghizeh, with the head first discovered ; it is

ances at the corners. The nose, which has all that remains of that statue. PL xxiv. d shows
been preserved nearly in its whole length, is the base after it had been raised. There is tho
wide, strong at and aquiline. This
its origin, greatest likeness in the workmanship between
time it was not a sphinx which had been found, this base and the statiic of lan-Ra. Unfor-
it was a royal head, dressed as we often see tunately on neither of the two colossi have we
the kings of the twelfth or the tliirtcenth been able to discover the name of tho king
dynast}^. whom they represent.
At afewfect distance wecnmo across the lower Looking at the two heads together one
part of the legs of a colossal statue in black notices that the type is tho same the foreign ;

granite, which evidently was part of the same characteristics which belong to the Hyksos

monument (pi. iv. and xxv. d). But when, the face are marked as much in one as in the other ;
infiltration water having receded, we were able but there is not identity between the tw^o

to excavate, we quite unexpectedly came upon faces. The head of the British Museum is

the lower part of the torso and the knees which the image of a younger man. It is not so full

belonged to this base, besides another base of the as that of Ghizeh ; on the whole it has a more
same size and of the same workmanship, lying juvenile appearance. It may be that they aro
 TKE HYKSOS.

the portraits of two different men, for instance I am brought back by my excavations to the
a father and a son ; hut it is possible also that opinion of Mariette, and I believe that the
it is the same man
two epochs of his life,
at monuments which ho assigned to the Hyksos
one young, perhaps, when he had but shor tly are really the work of the foreign kings. It
ascended the throne, the other when he was seems well established that they are later than
more advanced in years. Notwithstandhij^ the twelfth dynasty, with which they have no
minute examinations of the two statues, wo likeness in the type. The same may be said
could not find out the name of the king or the of the thirteenth ; neither the Sebekhoteps,
kings whose likenesses they are. The photo- nor Neferhotcp, nor one of the least known
graph of the base of Ghizeh shows two successive Mermashu of Tanis have the strange features of
erasures (pi. xxiv. d). The group of the two the sphinxes or of the two statues of Bubastis.
Nilcs is of the style of the twelfth or thirteenth There remains the fourteenth dynasty, the
dynasty, and such as we recognized before on history of which is nearly unknown, and the
monuments of that time. Above it Rameses II. Hyksos. But if the fourteenth is a dynasty
had engraved his name. His standard is still of native princes, as we hear from Mauetho,
extant; it was adopted later by Osorkon II. The why should they have given to their statues
part which was hammered out most deeply was and sphinxes a decidedly strange character ? Is
the place of the cartouches, which were trans- it not more natural to suppose that the Asiatic

formed or engraved with the name of Osorkon type was introduced into Egypt by the Asiatics
II. This king usurped both statues. His na me themselves ? Is the coincidence not suffi-

and his titles may be seen on the base of the one ciently striking that we may conclude that it

at the British Museum. The place where the name proceeded from a common origin ? Now the
of the king who erected the statues must have limits of the problem have been very much
stood, is the edge of the throne, along the legs narrowed. We have the choice only between
on both sides. There the base of the British the fourteenth dynasty and the Hyksos. "We
Museum shows a very deep erasure, where we do not know when the fourteenth dynasty began,
nor can wo tell when the thirteenth ended
can still distinguish at the top =! t and "^^
but the scanty information which we possess
between the cartouches. At Ghizeh the signs does not point between the two to an abrupt
of the coronation name of Rameses II. are nearly and sudden change, such as would have been
all discei-nible, but so deep that it cannot liave produced by a foreign invasion. Admitting
been the original inscription. even withManethothat the first was Diospolite,
It is only conjecturally that we can assign a and the second Xoite, this cii'cumstance does not
name and what seems most
to these statues ; account for such a deep alteration in the type,
natural is to give them the same as to the nor for such an obviously foreign character in
sphinxes of Tanis. It may be either Apepi or the features of the face. Therefore the con-
lan-Ra. Apepi, Ave know through his inscrip- clusion to which Mariette had arrived seems to
tion, made such large constructions at Bubastis me by far the most satisfactory, and I consider
that he may well have desired to leave his that the group of monuments to which he gave
portrait in the temple. As for lan-Ra we the name of Hyksos really belongs to them.
have no proof that he built much, but we know However, the share which they have con-
that he had monuments of the same kind tributed in works such as the great statues, is
sculptured for him. merely the type, the character of the face. All
Thus after having much hesitated myself, that renfards the execution, the technical side.
is essentially Egyptian, even tlie attitude. The heads were Turanians, but I should not be able
Shepherd kings employed native artists for to say which." Prof. Flower expresses himself

making They had submitted to

their portraits. in a more positive way on the Mongoloid

the Egyptian civilization. They had yielded affinities of the Hyksos. There is nothing in

to the ascendency which a superior race "will these statements which is not in perfect

always exert on less civilized invaders ; but harmony with the historical facts which are
vfG may understand their desire that their mentioned above, as having been the cause of
foreign origin should be recorded somewhere, the invasion of the Hyksos. The presence of

and nothing could show it as well as a good a Turanian race in Mesopotamia at a remote
portrait. It is obvious that the artist en- epoch is no more questioned by most Assyrio-
deavoured to give an exact likeness of the logists. It does not mean that the whole bulk

king ; it is shown by the great difference which of the invaders, the entire population which

exists between the head and the lower part of settled in Egypt, was of Turanian origin. It

the body, where the hand of a less clever would be contrary to well-established historical
sculptor is easily traceable. Certainly under facts. It is certain that all that remained in Egypt

the Hyksos Egyptian art had not degenerated. of the Hyksos, in the language, in the worship,
The two heads of Bubastis are among the most in the name of Aamu, by which they were
beautiful monuments which, have been pre- called, everything points to a decidedly Semitic
served. It is impossible not to admire the influence. But the kings may very well not

vigour of the work as well as the perfection have been Semites. How often do we see in
with which the features are modelled. There eastern monarchies and even in European

is something harder, even perhaps more brutal states a difference of origin between the

than in the typo of the Eamessides, whose ruling class, to which tlio royal family

features are more refined and gracious ; but it belongs, and the mass of the people. We need

comes fi'om the difference in the originals, which not leave Western Asia and Egypt; we find

did not belong to the same race. there Turks ruling over nations to the race of

After along circuit we thus return to our start- which they do not belong, although they have
ing point, and we inquire again, where was the adopted their religion. In the same way as the
native of country the Hyksos ? consulting Turks of Bagdad, who are Finns, now reign over
instead of historical documents, the ethnologi- Semites, Turanian kings may have led into
cal characters whicb may appear on the monu- Egypt and governed a population of mixed
ments. On this point we find a nearly complete oi'igin where the Semitic element was prevalent.
agreement between two of the most eminent If we consider the mixing up of races which
ethnologists of the present day —Prof. Flower took place in Mesopotamia in remote ages,

in England, and Prof. Yirchow in Germany. the invasions which the country had to suffer,
The illustrious German saw the head now the repeated conflicts of which it was the
belonging to the British Museum on the spot, a theatre, there is nothing extraordinary that
few days after it had been discovered, and he populations coming out of this land should
published a drawing of it in a paper read at the have presented a variety of races and origins.
Berlin Academy. Prof. Yirchow was struck at Therefore I believe that though we cannot
first sight by the foreign character of the fea- derive a direct evidence from ethnological con-
tures, but he added that it was very diSicult to siderations, they do not oppose the opinion
give their precise ethnological definition. " It stated above that the starting point of the
may be," says he, " that the models of these invasion of the Hyksos must bo looked for in
 TUE EIGUTEENTn DYNASTY.

Mesopotamia, and that the conquest of Egypt belonging to the fourth or the fifth; but nothing
by the SheiDherds was the consequence of the whatever of the seventeenth or of the eighteenth.
inroads of the Elamites into the valley of the Except the serpent of Beuha, now in the
Tigris and the Euphrates. museum of Ghizeh, and which dates from
Amenophis III., before our discoveries atBubas-
tis no monument of the Delta could be attributed
with certainty to those priuces. It would be
THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. extraordinary, however, that. wherever an ex-
It is undoubtedly to the kings of the eighteenth cavation has been made, at Tanis, Pithom,
dynasty that we must give the credit of having Nebesheh, Tell Mokdam, Khataanah, Tell el
begun the war against the Hyksos, and having Yahoodieh, Saft el Henneh, especially in the
embarked in a struggle which ended in the localities where ancient monuments have
deliverance of the country from the yoke of the been discovered, precisely those of the seven-
foreign dynasty. However, notwithstanding teenth and eighteenth dynasties should have
their great and persevering efforts, Ahmes and disappeared. But we have discovered at Bu-
Sekenen-Ra did not succeed in achieving this bastis AmenoiMs II., and two of his successors ;

arduous task. The invaders were finally driven and at the same time the fellaheen unearthed
out by the kings who followed, and who were at Samanood a large tablet bearing the names
not their immediate successors. The writers of Amenophis IV. and Horemheb.
who have discussed this subject seem to me The explanation of these facts seems to me
to have attached too much importance to the quite natural. In an inscription at Stabl Antar,
campaign related in the famous inscription of which describes her high deeds, the queeu
Alimes. The general tells us that under King Eashci^su, the sister and guardian of the
Ahmes I. the city of Avaris was besieged and younger brother, Thothmes III., speaks in this
conquered, and that the expedition was pushed way :
^ I restored ivhat was in ruins, and I built
as far as Sharohan, on the frontier of Palestine. uj) again lohat had remained {uncompleted) lohen
This narrative, engraved in his tomb, has often flte Aamu were in the midst of Efjijpt of the
been considered as describing the final deliver- North, and in the city of Hauar, and when the
ance of Egypt, which, however, does not seem to
have been realized as early as the seventeenth
Shcphcrds^^^
destroyed the {ancient)
^^^ ^f^m
^corJcs.
"'"^"'/ '^"'"^ ^'"^^

They reigned ig-

dynasty. It is probable that if the Delta had
noring Ii'a, and disobeying his divine commands,
been occupied in a stable and permanent manner
until I sat dua-n on. the throne of It a. Making
by the kings of the seventeenth dynasty, and by
allowance for the exaggeration which is usual
the first sovereign of the eighteenth, some
in an Egyptian inscription, the passage seems to
traces of their dominion would have remained in
establish that order was far from being restored
the country, whereas, on the contrary, it is a
in the Delta when the queeu ascended the throne;
remarkable fact that, before the excavations at
the edifices ruined by the Aamu, the subjects of
Bubastis, no monument of their time had been
Apepi, had not yet been rebuilt, and probably
In every place where
discovered in the Delta.
an administrative organization could hardly bo
excavations have been made, either by our
said to exist. However, before her reign,
predecessors or by ourselves, if not statues or
Ahmes, Amenophis I., Thothmes I., had carried
larger monuments, at least names have been
discovered of the twelfth dynasty, of the '
Golenischeff, Eecueil de Travaux, vol. iii. p. 2, vol, vi. 1.

thirteenth, or even of much more ancient kings 3G et suiv. De Cara, Hyksos, p. 271.
war into Syria and even as far as Mesopotamia, word Misphi'agmuthosls consists in two different
and could not liavc done it without marcliing names fused in one Mlsaphris or Mesphres
tlirough the Delta. Wo must admit that their and Thouthmosis. Misaphris or Mesphres is a
wars had not been sufficient to overthrow and Greek transcription, easily explained, of Men-
finally destroy the Asiatics, Avho may have hheperra, the coronation name of Thothmes III.
had a party But it was different
in Egypt. The name quoted by Josephus and Eusebius is
with tlie conquests of Thothmes III., which had only the two cartouches of Thothmes III. com-
a lasting result, since we know from the tablets of bined in one -word.
Tell clAmarna,that under his successors Amcno- The stone of Amenophis II. (pl.xxxv. d) is a
phis III. and Amenophis IV., Syria and part of slab in red granite with two panels. It was at
Mesopotamia were still tributary to Egypt. the entrance of the liall of Nekhthorheb, the most
The first campaign of Thothmes III. was western in the temple. It was brought from
directed against the hereditary foes of his another part of the edifice for though we rolled
;

empire, the Syrians and Asiatic nomads ; and in many of the neighbouring blocks we did not find
order to assert his final triumph over his formid- anj'thing else of that epoch. In turning over
able enemies, and to perpetuate its remem- the slab itself we saw the reason why it has
brance, he built in the land oi Bcnienen a fort or been preserved. It was put in later times as

castle, which he called MenhJieperra (Thothmes) a threshold, or rather as an upper lintel to a

suMucs the nomads (ora^J % ^:^ ^^^ "^ ^^^^"

door, and the slot-holes ai-e still visible, in

which the hinges w^erc inserted (pi. xxvi. a).

This name is very significant when it is con-
On the slab are two sculptured panels in
nected with tlie information derived from the in-
opposite directions to each other. In both of
scription of Ilashepsu. Moreover, immediately
them, the king Amenophis II. is seen standing
after Thotlimes III. tlie monuments appear
and making offerings to the god Amon, who sits
again in the Delta, and the most ancient is the
on his throne. The king promises him as a
stone discovered at Bubastis. These different
reward, health, strength, happiness, courage,
facts have led me to conclude with Lepsius that it
according to the usual formulas. It is strange
was Thothmes III. who finally delivered Egypt
that we find no mention of Bast, who at that
from the Ilyksos, and who secured the coimtry
time seems not to have been the chief local
against their invasions ; for it is certain tliat a
divinity ; whereas the god wdiose worship Avas
part of the people remained in the land and
prevalent was Amon-Iia, the ling of the gods,
accepted the dominion of the Pharaohs.
the great king, the lord of the shij. After his
This opinion on the work of Thothmes III.
name, comes the mention of the j^lace where he
seems to me confirmed by the very corrupt
is worshipped, and where he is considered as
passage in which Manetho, quoted by Josephus,
relates the expulsion of the ITyksos. It is said,
residing. We should expect to find here J^ast,

the usual name of Bubastis. But that is not the

that under a king whose name must be read
Misphragmuthosis, the Shepherds -were driven case, and we come across a totally different

name, he who dwells in Perunefer. This name

out of Egypt, and took refuge in the city of
Avaris.'' I have suggested elsewhere * that the
has only been met with once, by Brugsch,^ who
discovered on a tablet of the museum of
it

- Brug.sch, Rcc. pi. xliii. Acg3'pt. p. 32S. Ghizeh, which speaks of a controller of the work-
Etti Be /?acrtXc(os w uvo/xa euat 'Mio-i^pay/xou'^oxTts shops, in the city of rerunefer. We must infer
ijTTdifj.tvov'i ^Tjcri Tous TTOt/xeVas vtt avTov Ik fxiv ttJs aA.Aij9

AiyWTOV Trdo-Tjs iKTrecriiv KaTnK\iiar67jvai. S' eis tottov . . .

Avopiv. Mnllor, Fragiii. ii. p. 5G7. * Zeitsclir. 1883, p. 9.

^ Diet. Geog. p. 221.
 THE EIGHTEEXTII DYNASTY.

from the inscription of AmouopLis II., tliat generals acting in a similar way during the
Perunefer is the oldest name of Bubastis. Middle Ages or even in modern times. Seti I.
Though wo found a dedication to Bast as early had to fight the Shasu on the frontiers of his
as Araenemha I., it is clear that under the empire. In passing through Bubastis he pro-
eighteenth dynasty, the worship of the goddess mised to Amon to repair the constructions
was not the most important in the city, the erected there by Amenophis II., and which had
sanctuary of which was the abode of the Theban perhaps suffered duricg the reign of the
god Amon. heretical King Amenophis IV. ; nothing is

We do not know in what consisted the con- more in accordance with the religious ideas of
structions of Amenophis II., but they must have all times.
had a certain importance, since a following king Amenophis IE. was followed by an obscure
thought it necessai'y to renew them. Between king, Thothmrs IV., after whom one of the
the two panels is a vertical inscription in two most powerful sovereigns of Egypt, Amenophis
columns, Avhich contains the following text :
He is the only one
HI., ascended the throne.
The Icing of Upper and Lower Egypt made ilie whose monuments were known in the Delta
renovation of tJie huildings of . . . The son of before our excavations ; these monuments were
Ba, Seti meri en Phthah caused to prosper the scarabs which the fellaheen discovered in the
Jioiise of his father like lla. Thus Seti I. re- mounds of Tell Basta, and a stone serpent
newed, the construction which had. been raised deposited in the museum of Ghizeh, which is the
by bis predecessor. The same fact occurs at local form of Horus, worshipped in the city of
Thebes,'' on the south pylon of the temple of Athribis now called Benha. The monuments
Karnak. There, a large sculpture represents of the time of Anwaopliis IH. which avc

Amenophis II. striking a group of enemies, discovered, are four in number, and are of the
whom he holds bound together by their hair, following description :

before the God Amon. The god makes the Two headless statues representing the same
usual promise of victory over his enemies, and men, a higher official also called Amenophis.
before tlie god is an inscription nearly identical These statues (pi. xiii.), both of black granite,
to that of Bubastis, "^^;^M (3^1 are very unequal as
which on the left of the plate
to Avorkmanship.
the museum
That

A ¥ the renovation of the monuments was made

is is in

of Ghizeh, the other is in the British Museum.

by the King Bamenma, everlasting.
The first was sculptured by a clever and skilled
It may be asked what i*eason induced Seti I.
artist : it is a fine piece of work, remarkable in
to build up again or to restore the works of his
particular for the elaborate modelling of the
predecessor. I believe that when he renewed
body, which is covered by a garment of very
the monuments of Amenophis II. he was
thin material, a long gown tied at the neck by
actuated by a religious motive, by the desire to
two braces. The man is sitting cross-legged,
propitiate Amon, perhaps at the moment when in a position which is frequent with Orientals
he entered on his Asiatic campaigns, for which the legs, folded under the garment, are not
Bubastis must have been the starting point.
detached. He holds in the left hand a papyrus
It was an offering which he made to the god in
which he unrolls with the right on his lap ;

order to court his favour, or as fulfilment for a

from the left hand hangs also a kind of purse
vow. It would be easy to quote kings or
or bag, the use of which I cannot tell. On the
papyrus is an inscription to which we shall have
° Leps. Dcnkm. iii, Gl. to revert. The date of the monument was
furnished by a part of the garment (pi. (loreriior of the city, tJic general Amcno2')his the
XXV. b). The two braces by -which it is held heloved. This inscription must be compared
are tied together on the back by a kind of with that of the other statue: (PI. xxxv. e).

broach or slide, on which is the following in-

Oood god, Nch Ma

scription

Fid, heloved
(jT^^^lT|' '^"^

Ma, which is -the first cartouche

of
©^ & Si
scure than the
T^ f
first,
t •'

though
T^"^ °^^^ ^^ ""'^'^ •^^-

it is clear that it
of Amenophis III. The same ornament and
refers to the same man. But as the titles are
inscription are found on the second statue,
different, we must admit that he had the two
which in addition has on the chest the cartouche
statues sculptui-ed at two different epochs of
of the king. The other peculiarity of this statue,
his life. As the other one is of better workman-
which to my knowledge has not been met with
ship, and as it contains titles which on the whole
before, is the manner in which his title of scribe
indicate a higher position than the second, we
or official is indicated. The sign p||
is placed
may conclude that he began with the statue of
on the left shoulder in such a way that the the British Museum, which was dedicated earlier
reed and the inkstand are on the back, while than the other. As far as we can make them
the purse is on the chest. It is to be regretted out, the titles of the second statue are merely
that the head has disappeared ; itmust have sacerdotal, while the first shows political and
been slightly bent forward as if it were reading civil emjDloyments, besides, here they are not so
the text of the papyrus. numerous care
: the frince wlio takes of the
The second statue is not quite so large, it is
domains cf the temjiles, tin' chief of Nelihcn icho
below natural proportions ; tbe workmanship is

inferior to that of the other; the position is

to 1)0 read utelni, and means cultivated land,
nearly the same, but there is no papyrus, and the
domains. It is met with also in an inscription of Rameses
titles of the man are inscribed on a vertical
II. (pi. xxxvii. c) in the expression "W y37 ttie

column running along the middle of the body.

domains of the lonians (Brugsch, Diet, suppl. p. 171 et7G5).
The following text is inscribed on the first 1 do not know of any other instance where it follows tho
word .<2^ which 1 translate here, 7oho faJces care of, who
statue :-' (pi. xsxT.p) '^^iJl^^P^; loolis after.

aTol I cannot interpret this word, the great hall, other-

wise than the temple of Buhastis. ~=^ ^ '-^ lit. the chief

of NeJcJmi (Brugsch, Diet. Geog. p. 355). One does not

see the reason why tho city of Eilithyiaspolis, or even Upper
«'^feTlS^¥ TO. «„7,;,,, ./(„„.,,,;,„ Egypt, should be mentioned here. Brugsch quotes tho
cstahlislihicj nf Ma, the giving ordinances fa fhe same title from an inscription of Esneh, ^^ -^'^ ^ ^^.
friends, hy the ^mnce, the first friend, who loves his It refers to an employment in the great festivals of Horus
and Hathor at Edfoo. There, it is natural that tho chief of
lord, the head of all the worls of his hing, and of
a great neighbouring city should play an important part in
the iirovinces ofpasture marshes, the chancellor, tJt.e the festival. But at Bubastis, in Lower Egypt, it would be
extraordinary. In my opinion, tho expression must bo
considered as a mere title, and we must leave aside the
'
P ^^ i ^ ^^^- eefaMish the tnith or jmtirc, indicates literal sense, which may be which has
historically true, but
legislative work. This expression, and the more frequent one lost its original meaning, as is so often the case at the

of I Vi o^ which occurs in the titles of several

present day with sacerdotal or royal titles.

kings, must be translated legidator. <:==> lit. U'ho calms, 7i'ho quiets his going, meaning of

^H m LM "T" "T" 'T^ ^- T'^*^ reading of

-f^ -^ course, tclio stops, who remains, another priestly right or

-^ I consider to be ^ '^^, which Goodwin translates privilege analogous to what we find elsewhere ['
_P [I
^^
2^a?^ure, and Brugsch (Diet. Sappl. p. 490) level plain. to go iji and out.
 THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. 33

slops his march in the holy place, the gorcrnor of Bubastis. It is also close to this city that we
the city, the general Amenophis who lices again. have determined the original site of the land of
Nehhen is properly the name of tlie city of Goshen.^ The expression " nomes of marshes,"
Eilithyiaspolis, now called El Kab, whicli is often or " of pasture land," seems to point to a fact
taken as an emblem for Upper Egypt ; but I be- which is confirmed by several other inscriptions,
lieve that here -we must entirely put aside the that several of the nomes of Lower Egypt were
geographical sense, and take the expression not yet organized as they were under the
chief of Nclchen as meaning a certain employ- Ptolemies, and had not yet the names given them
ment in the great religious festivals, as we know at a later epoch. They do not appear on the
from an inscription of late epoch in the temple list of Seti I., where we find in their stead names
of Esuch, and as we may infer from the title of water districts. Under Amenophis III. the
which follows. administrative organization of the country could
This priest had important administrative not be so complete as it Avas many centuries
and civil duties." He had to make laws and was not long since the
later, considering that it

ordinances which applied to the friends (^tXot, land had been wn-ested from the hands of the

i) of the kings, as he was the first in rank foreign invaders.

Another monument of the time of Ame-
among those officials who occur already in very
nophis III. was a double group, which must
early inscriptions. Wc have to notice the absence
have been very elegant. It represented a man
of precise geographical indications ; there is
and his wife. The head of the woman alone
no name of a city or of a nome. Wiicre
has been preserved, with a fragment of inscrip-
we expect to find Bubastis mentioned we find
tion engraved on the back (pi. xxxv. g). It is
only this: am Jj^^
IiM T" 7" 7" f, '^'^ pro-
the priest who speaks and who describes all the
vinces of the pasture marshes of the North. It is
honours with which he has been overwhelmed.
spoken elsewhere of, TtTtT ~^~^ n ^,^ the marsh He says that he was raised to the dignity of

of Buhastis. So there must have been pasture chief -=^|^, and that the king put him
land in the vicinity of Bubastis, and this re- above all his retinue. He adds that he reached
minds us of what is said in the great inscription old age, having continually enjoyed the favour
of Merenphthah, of the country around the city of the king. The cartouche of Amenophis III.,
of Bailos- (Belbeis), which was only at a short engraved on the chest, gave us the date of
distance, and belonged to the same nome as this beautiful fragment.

'
Siuce this was written tliu luusciim of Gliizeli lias We must not omit the base of a small statue,
purchased a statue, the workuiansliip of which has the of which the feet alone have been preserved, as
greatest likeness with the first statue of ]3ubastis. It is made
Avell as the inscriptions engraved on both sides.
of painted sandstone. The attitude is nearly the same^ as
It Avas made for an ofiicial of the palace called
well as tlie characteristic ornament jiQ],
and the statue, is

complete. The broocli is not visible, because it is covered ^ ^'>^f]

'

AViCj/'t (pi. XXXV. h,h'). The Berlin

by the long and thick liair. The statue conies from Gurnah,
museum * contains a kneeling statue of the same
one of the villages situate on the site of Thebes. I believe
it is the same man who had not yet been promoted to the
man, with the name of Amenophis III., which
hi"h dignities which lie attained at Lubastis. His name has furnished the date for the monument of
ax^ title

m-iter of the
are:
ft
lioolis of
^^1 — f)^ ^Ig
ItoUj icortls
J
i-

of Anion, Amenopld».
^'- Bubastis.
Thus our excavations have yielded monuments
'
Brugsch, Diet. Geog. p. 207. of several officers of Amenophis III. The state
-
Vid. Navillo, Goshen, Appendi.\. The Mound of the

Jew, p. 22.
Goshen, p. U and If.
* Catalogue, p. Gl.
of destruction in which they have been found III., and after he had by his successful wars

shows that the temple may have contained more struck down and subjugated his Asiatic neigh-

of them, which have disappeared. Bubastis bours. Before his reign, the consequences of
was a good starting point for a sovereign like the struggle against the Hyksos were still felt.

Amenophis III., who made both miUtary and Perhaps the foreigners had not yet been com-
hunting expeditions into Mesopotamia, and who pletely driven out, in spite of the victories of

had contracted family ties with the kings of Ahmes and the capture of Avaris ;
perhaps, also,
we learn from the tablets of Tell
NaJtarain, as the Pharaohs did not feel sufficiently strong to
el Amarna. The same documents show that occupy the whole land, and to restore over its

imder Amenophis IV. the kings of Mesopotamia whole area the administration and the worship
who had been tributary to the father were also which would have entailed upon them the re-

vassals to the son. He must therefore have construction of considerable edifices. Taking
been attracted to Bubastis for the same purposes Hashepsu's word, it was she Avho began this

as Amenopliis III. In fact, his presence there difficult task.

has also been recognized. A thick slab of red Concerning the temple itself, I must recall

granite, which probably was the base of a here what I said before as to the date of the

statue or of an altar, bears on its edge the hj^postyle hall, consisting of two sorts of columns

name of the particular god Avorshipped by and two sorts of Hathor-capitals. I believe it

Amenophis IV. (pi. xxxv. i) after ho had must be attributed to the twelfth dynasty, and
made his religious reform, and adopted himself not to the eighteenth. It is difiScult to under-

the name of Khuenaten. The name of the god stand how no traces of the eighteenth should

has been preserved, as in many other instances, have remained on the architraves where we dis-
because the stone w^as inserted in a wall ; for, covered traces of the twelfth. Surely the columns
the other side, where stood the cartouche of must be of the same age as the architraves they

the king, has been hammered out. Tlic surfixcc had to support. Future excavations alone will
on which lay the statue or the altar dedicated solve the question of the origin of this style of
by Amenophis IV. bears two large cartouches architecture. It is much to be regretted that

of Rameses II. The stone is now in the two of the most important temples bearing the
museum of Ghizeh, names of Amenophis III., Soleb and Sedeinga in
The historical result derived from the inscrip- Nubia, are now inaccessible, owing to the dis-

tions of Bubastis,has been to show that the turbed state of the country. Researches in
eighteenth dynasty had left important traces in those localities would show whether it was really

the Delta ; and this result has been confirmed Amenophis III. who raised those important
by the discovery made at Samanood of a great buildings, whether it was he who introduced in

tablet with the cartouches of Amenophis IV _

Egyptian architecture the palm-leaf column and
and Horemheb. The eighteenth dynasty has the Hathor-capital, or whether, as I am inclined

reigned over the Delta ; but at present we do to believe, he gave Rameses II. the example of

not find it earlier than Thothmes III., the great attributing to himself the work of the Araenem-
conqueror who subdued Syria, Palestine, and has, the Usertesens, and the Sebekhoteps.
part of Mesopotamia. The conclusion which we I also attribute to the eighteenth dynasty a
are to-day compelled to draw, but which may strange monument of which I know no other
be upset to-morrow by further explorations, is specimen, and which is now in the museum of
that the dominion of the Pharaohs over the Ghizeh (pi. xxi. v, and c). It consists of a large

Delta Avas re-established only after Thothmes disk against Avhich two figures are leaning.
 THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY. 35

One of tliem is Hoi'us as a cliikl, tlic otlicr It is not at all extraordinary to find on the disk
Anion. Eight and left, and in the interval two figures. Egyptian art did not like ex-
between the figures is sculptured the sign f tensive level surfaces without any ornament ; a
liik, a frince. Behind the disk is its prop ; it disk of such large dimensions and destitute
is not a pillar as in the statues ; it grows of anything ornamental, would havo'produccd a
thinner from the lower part to the top, so that bad effect, therefore they filled up the blank
it presents an oblique surface, and has no thick- space with the figures of Ilorus and Amon, two
ness at the top ; its vertical section is a divinitiesworshipped in the temple, besides the
triangle. and the disk are on a
Tlie figures three signs Avhich were part of the name of
[

circular j^cdestal bearing ornaments like hiero- the god. We shall find again the god Ra on
glyphs : zigzags which are the letter n -w^, and the sculptures of Osorkon I. (pi. xxxix. u) ;

the F=^ sh. They are still visible in front, there is also a large architrave of early date
but on the sides they have been cut off, and the bearing the words adorer of
surface has been levelled in order to engrave on
^|q^^(], '^'f'

ihe spiri/s of On {Ifcliojwlu^), which implies

it the cartouche of Rameses II., followed by the
the worship of Ra.
words \ ?V? Ba of the jmnccs. The lower It is probable that the statue had a hawk's
surface is concave so as to fit exactly on a head ; there is no fragment which we may with
convex end, and to be strongly fixed. There certainty recognize as having belonged to it,

can be no doubt that it is older than Rameses except perhaps a shoulder (pi. xxiii. c), which
II., since this king destroyed part of the inscrip- would have the right proportions. We have
tions engraved under the figures. The nature here a veiy rare example of a statue made of
of the monument is obvious ; it is the head- several pieces, in which the headdress was not
dress of a gigantic statue of the god Ra. part of the monolith out of which the rest had
Supposing the headdress to be one-fourth of been carved. It is an exception to what has
the whole heignt, the statue was from 22 been found till now. But wo have another
to 27 feet high. It was not one of the largest similar instance in the same temple the four ;

in Egypt suflace it
; to mention the colossus of architectural statues with the name of Rameses
the Ramesseum at Thebes, or the other, traces II. where the top of the skull has been flattened
of which Mr. Petrie discovered at San,^ and in order to support the headdress. One of
which was 92 feet in height. The statue those diadems has been preserved, and is now
"which had this curious ornament was a statue at the Berlin Museum. In the case of the disk,
of Ra, as we learn from the inscription, Ba of the weight being considerable, and the statue
the princes. The prop which is behind the disk, very high, it would not have been safe to put
corresponded to the top of the square pillar it merely on a flattened surface of smaller
which is always found behind standing statues. diameter; therefore the lower surface of the
The usual headdress of Ra is a solar disk ; on a headdress has been slightly hollowed out so as
statue it could not simply bo placed on the head to fit exactly on the curve of the skull, while
as when the god is sculptured on a wall ; it was the base of the prop crowned the top of the
fixed to the skull by means of the circular base square pillar behind the statue.
which is under the disk, and which has the same
pilrpose as the crown of asps which we see in a
THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY.
statue of Rameses II. wearing the «f^/(pl. xv.).
Seti I. restored the constructions of Ameno-
" Petrie, Tunis i. p. '22, phis II., but he does not seem to have built
anything fifc Bubastis. On the contraiy, liis in the building ; we recognize the fact from the

son Eameses II., as lie nsnally did, covered the stones which have been displaced, like the block
whole temple with his name. At first sight bearing part of the cartouche of Usertesen III.,
it looks as if he alone and the Bubastites had which was in a corner. He may even have

to be credited with the foundation of the been obliged to build up anew a part of the
beautiful sanctuary, which was the ol)jcct of the temple. We have shown that there were traces

admiration of Herodotus. But it is just the of Khuenaten ; it is quite possible that either he

reverse ; a careful study of each inscribed stone or the other heretical kings had more or less
has revealed that all the great architraves damaged it out of hatred towards the god Amon
which l)car his name had been usurped ; and who was worshipped there. Perhaps, also, the
that nearly everywhere his inscriptions Avere temple had been ruined from an eai"lier date.

engraved on older texts. Sometimes part of We must imagine that in those remote ages ,

the original name has been preserved (pi. xxvi. the character of the country and of the people

c), sometimes the old name has disappeared, was not vciy different from what it is now.
but all that surrounded the cartouche has How many half-ruined mosques are seen in

remained untouched (pi. xxiv. a) ; sometimes Cairo or elsewhere, which are still used for
nothing is left except indistinct traces of older worship, and which will go on decaying, until
signs which are distinguished only by a very they crumble to pieces, or until a pasha
.
close observation, so that seen from a distance takes a fancy to rebuild them. I believe it

the inscription seems to belong to Eameses was much the same three or four thousand
II. years ago. A Pharaoh ascending the throne,
Ilis name is found profnsely in the three and finding in his empire a number of temples
first halls of the temple, the part of the more or less ruined in consequence of wars or
edifice which existed before his time on the ; religious quarrels, did not betake himself at

walls, and on separate monuments, such as once to reconstruct them all ; he had other
tablets or statues. On the walls, unlike the occupations, especially if, like the princes of the
architraves, tliere are sculptures which un- eighteenth dynasty, he had to defend himself
doubtedly were made for him, and must be against numerous and formidable enemies. In
attributed to his reign. He had every facility order to undertake this costly task, it required

for engraving all he desired, for the custom of a time of peace and tranquillity, and a prosper-
the Pharaohs to cover the walls of the temples ous state. Therefore it necessarily happened

with sculptured figures and inscriptions, is of that in many localities the sacred buildings
relatively late epoch. I believe that in this remained in the condition in which war or the
respect the kings of the twelfth and the fury of fanatics had left them. The worship,
thirteenth dynasties had preserved the tradition however, was not given up, it was perhaps
of simplicity of the Old Empire. They had restricted to a small part of the temple ; and it

inscriptions, and even sculptui"ed figures on the went on same way until an Amenophis, a
in the

door-posts and lintels, perhaps also on the Rameses, or an Osorkon raised up again the
basements ; but wo do not find any great crumbling walls, enlarged the edifice, adorned it

sculptures of those kings on the plain surfaces with the works of his best artists, and recorded
of the walls, as is the case after the eighteenth his munificence towards the gods in high-flow-
dynasty, and we have every reason to believe ing inscriptions. This may be what Rameses
that there were none. II. did for the temple of Bubastis, taking care
Rameses II. certainly made some alterations to avail himself as much as possible of what
 THE KINETEENTH DYNASTY.

had been done by liis predecessors, and employed by Osorkon II. in the reconstruction
cudoavouring to give himself the credit of their of the Festival Hall. Sometimes, before they
work. He erected a considerable nnmber of were used as ordinary building stones, the
statues with his name, the most important of projecting parts of the statue were more or less

which were the following. obliterated. Sometimes also, the fragments

Beginning with those he nsurped, I men- have been walled in as they were ; the
tioned already one, the head of which is at number of these was so large, that when we
Sydney (pL xxv. c), Avhilo the base remained turned the blocks of the Festival Hall, especially
on the spot, being too much damaged to be those with which the southern wall had been
carried away. Near the king was another built, behind most of the fragments of the
figure, the foot of which is still visible, and one sculpture of Osorkon, representing his great
of the hands holding the headdress. The festival,we discovered something which had
cartouches of Rameses are on the back, and on been part of a statue of Rameses II. Fre-
the sides of the Nile gods. I attribute this quently it was a group of two or three figures,
statue to the twelfth dynasty. where the king was sitting between divinities.
I believe the statue at Geneva (pi. xiv.) to Several heads discovered in that way have been
be later, and I classified it in the thirteenth carried toEuropean museums.
dynasty. A careful examination of the monu- There were a great number of groups where
ment shows many traces of the chisel by which Rameses was associated to one or two gods ;

older inscriptions were destroyed. The sides some of them were standing, others sitting
of the throne are not so wide as they ought to be though several of them are of natural size, they,
there is an erasure on the back below the words generally speaking, are on larger proportions.

find on the slab under the feet. On Rameses was very fond of putting himself
4^^
among divinities, and of worshipping his own
the sides are the cartouches of Rameses, and
image, to which he presented offerings at the
also on the back in the two middle lines.
same time Phthah or Amon, near whom
as to
Right and left are the usual formulas, ^^ 1?=^ he was enthroned. Such groups abound in the

[j^g^^ • • •
'""^"'^^ ^"^''>' f^"^-
^^'V' ^Ml
temples of Lower Egypt; for instance, there

monuments are firm. King Bamcses, :^j = were two at Tell el Maskhutah, and a great
number in Tanis, where they are more or less
(|
v\ poo y^ . . . luhile lasts the earth, tJnj
ruined. Sitting groups are often placed out-
momiments are prosperous, King Rameses. side the temples near the entrance, or on the
An older date must be assigned also to two way leading to it. In localities like Pithom,
colossal statues, which were erected on the where the enclosure of the temple was made
western side of the festival hall. They are of bricks and had no stone-wall or pylon where

both of red granite, wearing the headdress of inscriptions might be engraved, such groups

Upper Egypt ; one of them has eyes hollowed are invariably placed as substitutes for a

out like the Hyksos. They wei-e usurped representation which never fails in the large
after Rameses by Osorkon II. The same may stone temples like Karnak, Edfoo, or Denderah,
be said of the great Hyksos statues which were and Avhich is called the introduction of the Icing

described above. into the temple. The texts which are engraved
Among the statues which may be attributed on the backs of the groups are quite similar
to him, a great number are difficult to to those of the temples.

recognize, because they wei'e broken, and There was a group outside of the temple on
the east side near the road leading to the fitting exactly to the head, and adorned with
entrance. It was threefold, and consisted of asps wearing the solar disk. The composition
Phthah, the king, and Ea. It is much as a whole is elegant, and the conception of it

damaged, and the texts are nearly destroyed. is well appropriated to the material out of which
I could only read a few bits of sentences, such the statue was carved. Moreover, in order
that on both sides the plain surface produced by
as: <2=-^_5 ^^3:?'^^^ ^^ 7(7/,o ivits all tin/
the thickness of the headdress should not re-
froviicrs vJtere tJioii dcsirest, ^ main void, thus producing a bad effect when the
creator of thy leauties, and the like, with the monument was seen in profile, he sculptured on
cartouche of Eameses often repeated. On the both lateral faces of the headdress a hawk
north side of the temple stood several standing opening his wings, wdiich has a pleasing deco-

colossal groups, one of tliem, representing the rative effect. The features have a type which
king with the god Phthah, was near the lateral is quite conventional, without any likeness to

entrance of the first hall (pi. xix.), the others the characteristic face of Eameses II.

near the colonnade. Sitting groups of the The same may be said of four great statues,

king and Ea have been broken and inserted in the heads of which we
discovered, and which

the southern walk must have adorned the entrance of the Festival
The statues of the king alone are of red Hall (pi. xxi. A, xxiv. c). They were all four
granite ; they are ornamental statues, having a absolutely similar, of equal size, of a height of

decorative purpose, and made for the embellish- seven to eight feet, and holding a standard
ment of the structure. I shall first mention a in the left hand. Three of those four heads
head (pi. xv.), belonging to a body which has have been carried away. One is in the British
disappeared, a head which is now in the museum Museum, another in Boston, another in Berlin.
at Ghizeh. The statue was standing, and held They are all marked with the name of Eameses
a standard with the left hand.The king wears II. The bases,which are generally much
the headdress called in Egyptian atef, and weathered, have been left on the spot. On the

which consists of two plumes supported by a back of one of those statues, I read these two
ram's horns. Kings are often seen in religious fragments of a sentence, celebrating the high
ceremonies wearing that headdress, for in- deeds of the king : Eameses
stance, Eameses II. himself, in the sculptures of
vlio
the first hall (pi. xxxvi. a). It is .interesting to d^ ^ <=«=;: 'iiiiif QUI
makes jyrisoner the land of Nubia by his strength,
compare the way the artist worked in both cases.
In a statue he was obliged to avoid all thin and who despoils the land of the Shasu, the lord of

Having to use such hard diadems, Barneses. "^^ t^^^ loho

fragile projections. | ^^^ ?f|
material as red granite, he could not detach annihilates land of the Thehennu. These
the
the details of the headdress —he followed in heads are of a kind wliich is not rare in Upper
this respect tlie traditions of Egyptian sculpture Egypt. They remind us of the colossus of
in the working of hard stone. Therefore he Tell el Yahoodieh," and of other monuments
shortened the horns so that they might not discovered at Eamleh or San. They are re-
exceed the width of the plumes. Besides, markable for their thick by a hair, which is tied
instead of connecting the skull with the head- band on the forehead and on the sides, and
dress through a kind of stem, out of which the the details of which arc worked with great
horns seem to grow, as we see on the sculptures,
he made below the horns a rco-ular crown. ' The Mound of tlie Jew, frontispiece.
 THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY.

care. The top of the head is quite flat, as if and in particular Merenpthah, have preserved
sometliing had been placed over it. We might it. He liked statues wearing a more or less
think that they supported some piece of the complicated headdress, and holding a standard.
architecture, but the regular Caryatid, as we Several such specimens have been found at San
find it in Greek art, is unknown in Egypt. It and elsewhere.
is probable that this flattening of the head Tlie conclusion to be derived from this
was made iu order to lay over it the headdress, review is that among the numerous statues
the schent, which did not form one body with found at Bubastis, inscribed Avith the name of
the statue, but was a separate piece. One of Rameses II., there none having his type such
is

the headdresses has been found ; it had been as the colossi of Mitraheuny and Luxor, or
used as building stone. It is now in the Berlin the statue of Turin, which may be called
museum. These statues must have produced his image. Nev^crtheless, if we consider all
an effect similar to the four sitting colossi the broken statues, of which fragments alone
placed before the temple of Aboo Simbel. remain, we can boldly assert that the temple
"Wo must not look for portraits in these of Bubastis was one of those containing the
statues. The faces arc flat, broad and short, greatest number of statues bearing his name.
without any pretensions to picturing the type The religious and historical inscriptions of
of Rameses. There is nothing characteristic this king are but few in number, and are in a
in the features, they have neither individuality bad state of preservation. In particular there
nor expression. The modelling can hardly be is no complete tablet of Rameses II., or of any
said to exist'; and in that respect they are the other sovereign. The reason of it is obvious.
opposite of the Hyksos statues, where it is A tablet is a slab which, generally speaking,
admirable. The workmanship is far from being is not very heavy, aud may be employed for
perfect, and, especially when they are seen close many uses. In a building Avhich was so long
by, those heads cannot be called masterpieces a quarry, and which was so unmercifully plun-
it is second-rate art. In truth, rightly to dered, the tablets could not be spared, and
appreciate them, they should be replaced in must have soon disappeared with all the white
conditions analogous to those for which they limestone.
were intended. Let us suppose that the PI. xxxvi. E reproduces what remains of a
statues are intact, that the heads are at a great tablet of red granite, discovered near tho
height of nine or ten feet, seen from below eastern entrance of the Festival Hall ; it was an
and at a distance, as when they adorned the eulogy of the king, celebrating his high deeds
entrance, and struck the eyes of the people in his wars against his neighbours. 1. 1., it is

approaching the temple ; and we shall under- said that he smote the chiefs of the Bdcnnn with
stand that those four colossi produced an im- his valiant sivord. The Retennu are the
posing effect, of such a nature as suited Egyp- nations of Northern Syria. 1. 3., the Thehennu
tian taste. In this case, architecture -v^as their are mentioned : the remembrance of his victories
chief purpose ; and we are likely to misappre- remains among the remote nations, when he trod
hend the conception of the artist, when we under his feet all countries, by his valiance and
scrutinize those statues individually or from too courage. 1. 4. speaks of prisoners brought
near a standpoint. I consider this ornamental living to Egypt. 1. 5., of negroes and Khetas.
style, in which sculpture was an integrant part 1. 9., he is celebrated as the valorous bull loho
of the structure, as being special to the nine- knocks doivn millions of countries. The nearly
teenth dynasty. The successors of Rameses II., complete loss of this tablet is not much to be
regretted; it was a bombastic praise of the the region of Add, which extends south of the
king written in stereotyped sentences, and Gulf of Tajurra.
mentioning victories wliicli lie may never have Concerning these two nations, as well as the
gained, and nations against wliora it is not TJieJionin,' quoted by the tablet, we have no in-

certain that he ever had to fight. formation about the wars in which Rameses II.

An interesting text, as regards history, is the may have subdued them ; we do not know of

list of prisoners, representing conquered nations, any campaign lie made in Libya, or on tho
two fragments of which have been left, on blocks Upper Nile against the negroes. And, how-
of red granite (pi. xvii. and sxxvi. e, d). The ever, if he had made them, and if they had
sculpture is not very distinct, as the stone is been successful, he would not have failed to
much weathered, but we can recognize that the relate them repeatedly and in boastful .words

faces have all a Semitic type with pointed on the walls of his temples, as he did for his

beards; there are no negroes among them, expedition against the Khetas. Such docu-'
although some of names engraved in the
tlie ments warn us to be cautious in dealing with

ovals below refer to Africa. Most of the names certain official inscriptions which the Pharaohs
are well known, and mean countries of a con- ordered to be engraved, and which some-
siderable extent. times arc our only lueans for reconstructing
When these inscriptions can-
Jl'^t^Mi
llw
and m
m ^^t^:^ Keli andNaJiannv,
w
their history.
__ not be controlled by documents from neigh-
are often quoted together." They arc fre-
bouring nations, or by other texts of a dif-
quently met with in the narratives of the cam-
ferent nature, we run tlie risk of being misled
paigns of the Pharaohs in Asia. According to
Ijy those official panegyrics. Few kings have
M. Maspero,* Keti is Flat Cilicia, and also
dazzled so strongly as Rameses II. the eyes
Rough Cilicia, a province of which was still
of the first Egyptologists, the pioneers who
designated under the Romans by the name of
first entered a field which had remained closed
KrJTi^. Naharaiu is the country between the
for centuries ; there are few also, whose prestige
Orontcs and the Balikh, soutli and west of the
and glory have vanished so rapidly, after their
Khetas, on each bank of the Orontcs.
n^.,—, life and character had been studied more
,Sf.»/,-/;t'v. Whether or not it be
closely.
the Shinar of Genesis, it was certainly in Meso- Near the entrance of the temple, on the
potamia, as well as .^y^ ."^y^ t^i^i] KcshliCsh, which northern side of the doorway of the first hall,
is mentioned in another text of Rameses IT. in and not far also from the Hyksos statues,
conjunction with names of Asia Minor. was found a fragment of a tablet in black granite,
nbv J'**"'! J''l"<I the Mash nash, are an African which has l)cen carried to the museum of
-f]
population, the Mafues of Herodotus, who oc- Ghizeh. It may have served as back-part to a

cupied what is now a part of Tunisia. group of figures, for it is very thick, and there
are two lines of vertical hieroglyphs on the
l\\^ Afar, written elsewhere, Odl)!''^
edge. The text of tho tablet itself was hori-
is an African population mentioned after Kusch.''
zontal. It must have been erected on tlie
Mariette had compared it to the old Adulls.
occasion of the dedication of a statue to the
Rev. H. G. Tomkins recojrnizcs in the name '
goddess Bast, who addresses herself to the king
in the second part. It is to be noticed that
Chabas, Voyage, p. 109. Rccufil, X. p. 210.
Leps. Donkm. iii. 1 i5. Rccuoi!, X. p. 97. Lep.s. Dcnlcm. 14.-., 17G.
 THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY.

every time the name of the king is mentioned, All around the first hall ran a basement
it is followed by the predicate J_^
^-—i § he bearing geographical inscriptions, a list of
who 2^ossesses EijijpL This qualification seems nomes, of which very little is left. It consists of
to be an integrant part of the name, eince it standing figures bringing an offering of two
always precedes the usual 'jii-huj life, or vases, between which is the sign ] ; before each
^-f-
everlasthig (pi. xxxviii. n). figure two columns of texts containing
are
Vertical lines. Rameses, possessor of Egypt, promises made to the king. The emblems of
everlasting. Thou art on the throne of Ra the nomes have disappeared, except s^, the
festivals are made to thee as to hiin.
nomc of Libya, which ranks third in the
Rameses, etc. Thou art like Ncfertum, Ptolemaic lists, and eleventh in the much older
thou art beloved like Phthah.
lists of Abydos of the time of Seti I.^ The
1. 1. . . . Rameses, possessor of Egypt,
nomc of Libya was one of the most anciently
everlasting.
organized, long before the Bubastite, the
1. 2. ... to be the lord of the foreigners,
name of Avhich does not occur anywhere in
priest of Bast, born of Sekhct.
the inscriptions of that epoch. The sentences
1. 3. possessor of Egypt, everlasting,
which accompany the figures are hackneyed
. . .

nursed by Uoti, suckled by Sati, thou hast

promises made to the king (pi. xxxvii.).
chosen the city of Bast, their protection is
"... I send thee all kinds of victories, for
over it,
thy sword, I overthrow for thee the strangers.
1. 4. ... of Egypt, like Nefertum. His
... I give thee the lands of the sea, thou
mother, the daughter of Ra, sends life,
art established as lord oE the land, like Ra.
stability, and purity, into his nostrils ; the
... I bring them to thy house.
inhabitants,
... I gi\'e thee the festivals of thirty years of
1. 5. . . . joining his limbs, the King Rame- Toncn; the land abounds in all kinds of goods.
ses, possessor of Egypt, everlasting.
... all royalty, the territories of the
1. G. . . . well made monuments in front of
lonians.
her; she appears, and is well pleased in all
thy
... I give thee all the lauds of
her festivals, magnifying what he has done, for
enemies.
ever.
. . . my prisoners ; I overthrow for thee the
1. 7. . . . Rameses, etc. I take the thnbrel,
strangers."
and I rejoice at thy coming forth, for thou hast the basement was also a sculpture, which
On
multiplied my sacred things millions of times.
has some likeness with the list of nomes (pi.
1. 8. . . . in order to enrich my altar every
xxxvii. We see there a Nile god holding a
j).
day, my terrace abounds daily with all the
kind of table of offerings, over which is the sign
sweet flowers placed before me.
T which means fo join. Behind the god is the
1. 9. . . . eternally like Ra. I am on thy
goddess of the and opposite, there must
east,
head, King Rameses, possessor of Egypt, ever-
have been another Nile god, a hand of whom
lasting.
only is seen. No cartouche indicates to what
L 10. . . . residing in its interior, with her
date the sculpture must be assigned. I am
son ; the gods who are accompanying her are in
inclined to think that it is a remnant of the
great joy.
twelfth dynasty. It is not unlike a table of
This tablet is important in several respects,
and especially because of the information we
derive from it about the gods of Bast. Ducm. Goog. InsL-hr. i. pi. 01, 1. 11.
offerings discovered by M. Petric at Nebeslieli,'' was a fervent adorer of Set, remained faithful to
and whicli belongs to tliat dynasty. the tradition of his father ; in his time Set is

There are other representations in which styled Set of MerenpMliah.^ Phthah of Barneses
Eameses II. is shown making offerings to is met with at Bubastis. This divinity had a
various divinities. In reference to those repre- large share in the worship celebrated in the
sentations we must observe that Eameses is temple ; he is often represented, and there were
never found worshipping Bast, nor does the statues of him'' (pi. xix.). It is quite possible that

name of the goddess appear on the architraves it was on certain personifications only of the
where usually it is said to whom the temple divinity, that Eameses II. claimed a kind of

had been dedicated. It is the same with right of property or possession, for the same
Bubastis as with Tanis. was dedicated to theIt god may be quoted in the same inscription
great gods of Egypt. Those who occur most with his general and his particular form. For
frequently are Amon, Phthah, and the Hyksos instance, at the beginning of the treaty with

god, Set. The last one seems to have been the Kheta, it is said that the king was in the

the object of a special reverence from Eameses, city of Eameses, making offerings ." io his

who gave him the most honourable place in the father yimon-B.a, to Ilarmahhis, to Tarn, the

temples of the Delta. It is he whose represen- lord of the two On, to jhnoii of Barneses, to

tations are most numerous. Ho is found on the Phthah of Barneses, and to Set the very brave,
columns with palm-leaf capitals, especially on the son of Nut.'" We have not found Amon of
the specimen of the British Museum ; he is on Eameses at Bubastis, but it is probable that
large architraves (pi. xxii. c), and on scenes his name stood there also. Amon, as we saw
of worship (pi. xx.). "We shall see farther that before, was the god to whom Amenophis II.

when the Bubastites changed the dedication of had dedicated his constructions large blocks ;

the temple, they erased in many places the coming from ai'chitraves bear after the name
name of Set, or they transformed it, without of Eameses the words Oc^f^V'OO ''f/'O ^oorshil^s
destroying it completely.
Amon-Ba. It is the same for Merenphthah,
A peculiarity Avhich occurs at Bubastis, as
and even Osorkon I.
well as in other edifices of Eameses II., is the
Another god whose mention is frequent
habit which he had contracted of attributing
under Eameses II. and afterwards, is Shu, the
to himself a special claim to the protection of
son of Ea. Oa a doorpost of the second hall
the gods, in coupling his name with theirs.
we read: B.ameses ^oho
Set becomes Set or Sutehh of Eameses, and the ^^i\^^^^\^\\\
same with Amon and Phthah (pi. xxxvi. c, g). ^vorships Shu, the son of Ba, the great god,

Set of Eameses is found on a vertical inscrip- the lord of the slcy. Merenphthah, who in these

tion, where the head of the god has been slightly respects seems to have followed entirely the
hammered out (pi. xx., xxxvi. i).
line of his father, was also a worshipper of Shu
On the column of the British Museum also (pi. xxxvi. k).

we see Sutelch of Barneses ; there the lower part Three of the sons of Eameses have left their

of the cartouche has been usurped by Osorkon names at Bubastis. It is probable there were
II. The same habit may be observed in the still more, for fragments of statues of "royalsons

temple of Tanis.^ The son of Eameses, who of Kush" (pi. xxxvi. n) must have belonged to

^ Petrie, 1.1. pi. ii. 5a.

' Potrie, Tanis ii., IS'cIh A, pi. ix.
"
See pi. xxxviii. F., the inscription of a broken statue cf
5 Ibid. Tanis i., pi. iv. Phthah.
 THE NINETEENTH DYNASTY.

members of liis family. The first is the cele- the first cavalnj office)- of his father, who looks

brated KJiaemuas, who inscribed his name on after (he horses of the king, meaning also the

the side of a colossal statue in red granite of his war chariots, for the word used here for horses
father; the signs which followed his name have applies generally to horses drawing the chariots.
disappeared (pi. sxxvi. ii). This prince is famous Menthuhershepshef was the fifth son of
for the religious offices which were conferred Rameses II. Another whom we see in several

upon him, for the great festivals in the celebra- sculptured representations (pi. xxxvi. K, l), is

tion ofwhich he took part, for the high sacer- Mcreivphthah, who became king after Rameses
dotal dignities with which he was invested. TI. He wears also the lock of the royal princes,
His name, like that of a saint, became legendary, and he makes offerings to Amon and Shu.
since we find it in the romance of Sctna. It His titles, which are found also on a statue at
would have been extraordinary, if iu his San,^ are : the ]:)ri)icc a the protector of Erjiipt,
frequent journeys through the country in order '

<^Q,
'

the royal officer, the lord of the seal,

to inspect the temples, he had forgotten Bubas-
///e first general, Merenphthah, j^Ti
He called here 1¥ho^
tis. is
^|^1||| the
%&=t
"^^^ ^ '.
It is curious to find after his
This last §
friest lierseslda in the liolij field.

word is the usual name of the country around name the qualification of justified, which is

Bubastis, until the Ptolemies made a separate usually applied to the deceased, but it is seen
noma of it. The sacerdotal title, which pro- also after the name of Rameses in the royal list
bably was that of the high-priest, was given of Abydos, where Seti I. is followed by his son.
also to the goddess herself, who is stjded in Comparing the titles of these princes with
the inscriptions of Osorkon I. and later, the the inscriptions concerning them which were
herseshta of Turn (pi. xli. e.). known before, and especially with the lists of
The two others are military officers. One of the sons of Rameses II. at the Raraesseum
them is known, thanks to a crouching statue now at Thebes or at Sebua, we can elucidate a
in the museum of Boston.
It has been usurped, few facts concerning the history of the family.
for it had an inscription for which that
in front When the inscription in the Ramesseum
of the prince has been substituted, and on the was engraved, it was long before the monu-
side is another which has simply been scraped ments of Bubastis were dedicated. At that
off without anything else being engraved time the family was complete, the eldest
instead. The head has been diminished on one sons of Rameses were still living. The first-

side in order to sculpture the lock of hair which born and heir pi-esumptive was Amonher-
is one of tlie distinctive marks of the princes of shepshef, Amon loields his sword, a name easily
'
royal blood. to be accounted for after the successes which
The cartouche of Earaeses II. on his shoulder Rameses had obtained in his wars against the
leaves no doubt as to his father ; otherwise we Kheta, the credit of which he desired to give
might have taken him for the son of Kameses to the god. This name was a favourite with
III., who had the same name, and who died the Ramessides was given in succession to
; it

when he was heir presumptive.* He is called two Rameses III., who became
of the sons of
Menthxiherskepshef (pi. xxxviii. o, c', c"), which Rameses V. and Rameses VI. The heir pre-
means, Menthu wields Ms sword. His titles are sumptive was plume-hearer at the right hand of

Petrio, Tanis pi. i. 4a. ^ Bnigscli, Dicb. suppl. p. 829.

Zeitsclir. 1885, pp. 55 and 125. 1 i.
the triuj, which was a common title ; the distinc- titles of the heir presumptive; he is n prince,
tions which were special to him were d and first general of tlie infantry, but he is not
p-ince, ^^Ti"^?* or 'S!r=fQc=o fird general of because he is not the first born, he is

the infantry. The second son of Rameses was

also ^^J^ protector of the land, a very high title,
only general of infa.ntri/, but not n . The given to Anion,* and
since it is
q^ lord, of the
third,
^°"^f ^^ Phraherunemef Ba on
seal, lord chancellor. These two last titles might
his riglit, -was Jird Kenvn, l.^\l of the indicate that he had been associated with the
infantry. The Kennu must have been some- throne,^ which is the more probable, since
thing like a colonel, a rank which was evi- having reigned nearly sixty years, Rameses must
dently lower than his brother's, though at have been much weakened and incapable of
the same time he was chief of the cJiariofs going to war.
and first cavalry o{)icer of His Majesty. As The statue of Menthuhershepshef is dedicated
such he accompanied his father in his ex- to Bast, called also I 00^ Uoti, the goddess of
pedition against Ivadesli. After him came Bubastis. The geographical name r?^ Bast
Khaemuas, who begins the series of the sons
was used at this time, but it may have applied
who have no special title, then Menthuher-
only to the part of the sanctuary specially
shepshef. Merenphthah is only the thirteenth.
dedicated to the goddess, for it is certain that
Let us now go over to Bubastis, and we
though Bast was worshipped in the temple as
shall find that great changes have taken place
early as the twelfth dynasty, she was not the
in the family. Khaemuas, the fourth son, has
chief divinity of the place under the eighteenth
become a priest, and performs the religious and
dynasty, nor under the Ramessides, who were
sacerdotal functions which have given him his
adorers of the great gods of Egypt, Amon,
celebrity. The third son, rhrakerunemefis dead
Phthah, and Set. Here also we find the name
perhaps he was killed in battle, and he has
been replaced in his rank and liis command, MJl '^''^ ''^^^ field, for the territory of Bu-
I

not by the fourth son, Khaemuas, who is a bastis, and also a city -^^ which undoubtedly
priest, but by Ment1tuJiershe2)shef, the fifth, whose must be read the present city of Belbeis."
statue we discovered at Bubastis, The next Bubastis and
This city, as well as its territory,
changes may be traced in the tablets of
belonged at that time to the nome of Heliopolis.
Silsilis.^ Amonhersheiishef, the heir presump-
Later, I think under the Ptolemies, when the
tive, is dead, as well as the new chief of the
Bubastite nome was organized, Belbeis was
cavalry ; but the second son of Rameses is still
annexed to it ; one of the forms of Bast,
alive as well as Khaemuas, who is seen standing
Sekhet y > had a temple there under the
between his elder brother Barneses and the
thirtieth dynasty.'
younger, 11 ^^=_ ® S) Merenphthah. The
I attribute also to Rameses 11. the statue of
family of Rameses is already much thinned in
Phthah, mentioned above (pi. xxxviii. f), which
number, and the inscription of Silsilis must be
gives us the usual titles of the god ; besides two
assigned to a late epoch of his reign. Later
broken statues of royal sons of Kush, in the
still, evidently quite at the end, we come to the
inscriptions of Bubastis. Merenphthah has the * Leps. Denkm. iii. G.
' Wiedemann, Aeg. Gesch. p. 410.
" Brugscb, Diet. Gcog. pp. 2G4 and 54G.
^ Leps. Denlnn. iii. 174. ' JSTaville, The Mound of the Jew, p. 22.
 THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY. 45

traditional costume, tlie loug dress rcacLing military command. He appeai'ed also as king,
down to the feet. One of these statues, in a on a sitting statue in red limestone, of which
fair state of preservation, lias been carried to fragments only remain. They were discovered
America ; it has on tlie back tbe following titles : on the north side, close to the entrance to the
(pi.xxxvi. n) the royal son [of Kuah, llie chief of hall of Nekhthoi'heb. Very little of the monu-
the southern countries, Ike governor (the . . . ment has been left, because red limestone has
proper name has disappeared). The other, been broken and carried away for building
which is only a fragment, contains a dedication purposes as much as the wliite. The statue
to Bast, the lady of Bast {Bubastis), the queen has on the side tlio name of Turn, the god of
of the gods. Both statues were in black granite. Heliopolis (pi. xxxviii. d). I should think that
They monuments of some
close the list of the Set was in the inscription on the back.
importance, or of the inscriptions of Kameses II., On the throne we find also the name of tlie

to which must be added a considerable number prince, the royal officer, Seti Ilerenphihali. This
of cartouches left in spite of the usui^pations of
prince, who is called elsewhere 1 royal aon, and
Osorkon II.
1^,^—«— ra firsl-horn,^ ascended the throne,
Not far from Bubastis Avas settled a foreign
nation, the Israelites, who from a small tribe
where he does not seem to have remained long.

had grown to be a large multitude, and who He is the king usually called Seti II.

had never amalgamated with the Egyptians.

As I stated in another memoir, the laud of
Goshen was only a few miles distant ; the THE TWENTIETH DYNASTY.
restricted limits of the original laud had been
It is in the hypostylo hall, near the entrance of
broken through, and the Israelites must have
the hall of Nekhthorheb, that we meet with all
spread in the south towards Heliopolis, and in
the monuments of this dynasty. It seems that
the east in the "Wadi Tumilat, the road through
these kings raised there a chapel or a sanctuary
which foreign invaders would enter Egypt.
Nothing remains of the kings
for themselves.
One may well conceive that Rameses, who in who followed Seti II., and whose legitimacy is
spite of his great display, must have felt how
doubtful. The state of anarchy into which the
much kingdom was weakened, grew anxious
his
country had fallen, and which is described by
at the presence of a greatnumber of strangers Rameses III. in the great Plarris papyrus, was
occupying the very gate of Egypt, and that he not favourable to raising large constructions,
desired to turn their presence to a benefit for
and must have rather contributed to destroy
Egypt. Therefore he employed them to build
what existed before. The first king we meet
fortresses, Raamses and Pithom, destined to
Rameses on the base of a small
with is III.,
protect the land against invaders. As we may
statue of which the feet alone have been pre-
conclude fi'om the discoveries at Bubastis that they arc most elaborately worked,
served ;

this large city was a favourite resort of

they have sandals with the end turned upwards
Rameses and his family, it is quite possible
according to the fashion of the nineteenth
that at the time when the events preceding
The monument must have been of
dynasty.
the Exodus took place, the king was at
Part of the inscrip-
very good workmanship.
Bubastis, and not at Tanis, as was generally left on the back and on the base
tion is
admitted.
We have found jNIerenphthah as prince royal *
Leps. KoeiiigsLucli, No. 470. Erutrsoli et Buuriant, Lo
and heir presumptive, holding an important livre des Kois, No. 499.
(pi. xxxviii. g) ; it sliows that the monument A short time before beginning the excava-

was dedicated to Bast of the city of Bast. tions at Bvibastis, had procured at Benha,
I

Eameses III. raised many monuments in the from a fellah, a slab coming from a tomb, and
Delta, whicli was the theatre of his great wars ;
bearing also the name of Eameses VI. Thus
but we had not yet discovered north of there are two places in the Delta where we
Memphis one of his successors who was also found this kino:.

his son, and who seems to have been the most

powerful of the series of the Eamessides, after THE TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY.
Eameses III., his father. No. VI. has been
The twenty-first dynasty, which has been
given him in the list of the Eameses ; his
the object of so much discussion, has leftno
prenomen was, like his elder brother, Amonlier-
trace at Bubastis. In particular, I did not find
sheiislicf. We found three statues of this king.
the name of the King Si Amen, whose cartouche
1. A base of a sitting statue, in black
is frequent at Tanis, and who was discovered
granite, of natural size, broken at the w^aist
at Khataanah.^ Therefore we pass without
the upper part is lost (pi. xxv. a). It wears
transition from the twentieth to the twenty-
a long dress, and on the sides, as well as on
second, which, according to Mauetho, is pre-
the slab under the feet, are the names of
eminently the dynasty of the Bubastites.
Eameses VI. (pi. xxxviii. 1 1'). As the engraving
Dr. Stern has proved that the Bubastites are
is not deep, it may be usurpation. The monu-
of Libyan origin, and not Asiatics, as it has
ment has been left at Tell Basta.
been admitted for a long time. They were the
2. Another statue, much smaller, in red lime-
hereditary commanders of a foreign guard, one
stone, of which also the base alone remains,
of whom, Shesho7i]i, the Shishah of the Bible,
has the names of Eameses VI. (pi. xxxviii.
succeeded in taking possession of the throne, and
n-n"). It is now in the museum of Ghizeli.^
legitimated afterwards his usurpation by giving
3. The largest and most important is the
the daughter of his predecessor in marriage
upper part of a statue in red granite, now at
to his own son. Sheshonk was the founder of
the museum of Ghizeh (pi. xvi.). It is above
the dynasty ; he was a warlike sovereign, and
natural size, standing, and wearing the double
made against Eehoboam, King of Judah, a suc-
crown. On the back is an inscription, of which
cessful expedition, which he described in an
we have only the upper half (pi. xxxviii. k), (lie
inscription of the great temple of Amon at
good god raised statues to his father Amon, who
Thebes, in the part called " the portico of the
inds him on his throne; the lord of TJffer and
Bubastites." Bubastis being called his native
Loioer Egypt, Ba hih Ma ... I am inclined
city, we should have expected that he would
to think that this statue is really the portrait
have felt bound to adorn and embellish its
of Eameses VI. The type is different from
temple, and to record on its walls his victories.
Eameses II., the woi-kmanship alone is the
It is just the reverse ; no inscription of Shishak
same. The head has not the commonplace and
has been found except a small fragment of
indifferent character of the statues made for
limestone with part of his cartouches. It is
an architectural purpose. It is intended to be
quite possible that when Sheshonk
a likeness. The nose is aquiline, and wide at
m ascended the throne, he, who was of
the end.
rather thick.
The eyes are prominent, and the. lips m foreign origin and a native of Lower
Egypt, found some resistance at
" It is tho inscribed block whicli is seen on the left side
of pi. vi.
' Goshen, p. 21.
 THE TWENTY-SECOKD DYNASTY.

Thebes and in tlic upper part of tlio country, there is no positive proof, we must assign them
and tliat it was in order to establish firmly his to the twelfth dynasty, to Usertesen III.,

dominion over Upper Egypt that he raised who enlarged the temple and built the hypostyle
there the greater number of his monuments. hall. On the other hand, we cannot admit that
With Osorkon I.we return to the sculptures Osorkon I. displaced the capitals in order to
of lai'ge proportions, to the great representa- inscribe his name underneath. We are thus led
tions accompanying important constructions (pi. to conclude that in his time the temple was
xxxix.). It is chiefly in the first hall that they ruined, pillars and columns had been
and the
aremet with in great number they adorned the ; overthrown. was not the hypostyle hall alone
It
outward walls, and many fragments of them which had been so badly treated it was the ;

have been preserved. It is impossible not to be same with the two first halls for we sec there ;

struck at first sight by the beauty of the work- that a block which, under Rameses II., was
manship (pi. sviii.), which may be observed part of the basement and bore the lower part
in the specimens brought to the European of a sculpture, was placed under Osorkon I. in

museums. The good traditions are not yet lost the second or third layer of blocks, and was
it may even be said that more care has been engraved with the heads of large figures which
taken with those sculptures than with many adorned the outward wall. The second hall,

works of Rameses II., made rapidly and with which was reconstructed later by Osorkon II.,

negligence. The reason of it is that under the was in a similar condition, for I cannot admit
Bubastites the centre of political life tends that it was deliberately that the king cut to

more and moi'e to go over to the Delta Thebes ; pieces or broke the statues of Rameses IL
is abandoned to the high priests of Amon, which he employed for building his walls.

while the King lives in Lower Egypt, probably We are in doubt as to the epoch when those
because of the wars with which he was con- devastations took place ; it is not probable
stantly threatened by the Asiatics or the that they were caused by a natural accident,
Libyans. Judging from what Osorkon I. and such as an earthquake ; they Avcrc the result of
Osorkon 11. made at Bubastis, which is not a war or an invasion. If wo adopt this last

seen in any other edifice of Egypt, I am in- alternative, they must be attributed to the
clined to think that this city was their capital wars which preceded the reign of Rameses III.,

and their customary residence. when a Syrian called Arisu usurped the power
The sculptures of Osorkon I, are chiefly in and tyrannized over the country, persecuting
the first hall ; but several of his inscriptions gods and men, until, as is related by Rameses
are engraved underneath the Hathor capitals, III., Setnchht ascended the throne and re-

in places where they could not be seen, and established the worship and the legitimate
where was not possible to engrave them
it dynasty. It is certain that Osorkon I. recon-
unless the monument was lying on the ground structed the temple, beginning with the eastern
and had not yet been raised. It is exactly as hall, where most of his sculptures have been
with the cartouches of Rameses II., which are found. With the rebuilding coincides the
under the obelisks, on the surface touching the change in the dedication, which was not com-
ground. This circumstance leads us to imagine pleted under Osorkon I., but which was defini-
in what state the temple of Bubastis must have tive after Osorkon II. Bast, who had only a

been at the time of Osorkon's accession to the secondary rank under the twelfth dynasty or
throne. We cannot attribute to him the Hathor Rameses II. ; to whom statues or tablets were
capitals ; we have seen before, that, although dedicated, but who was not yet the great
goddess of Bubastis, takes precedence over the again the magnificent building, the foundation
other divinities of Egypt, and especially over and first construction of which went up to a
Set. Anion and other Egyptian gods may be very early date.
seen on the walls of the first hall, but Bast Another work of Osorkon I. was the small
occurs more frequently, and has taken a place temple which will be described further. The
like Horus at Edfoo or Hathor at Denderah. inscriptions relating the gifts which he made
The sculptured representations of Osorkon I. to the various temples of Egypt, the quantities

have the same appearance as those made under of precious metals with which he presented the
the nineteenth dynasty. With the figures are gods, show that in his reign the country must
sentences always the same. The gods men- have been much more prosperous and rich than
tioned may belong to other parts of Egypt, but was generally supposed.
they are spoken of as residing in Bubastis Osorkon 11. was the son of Takelothis I., an
thus we have Amonof Tliehcs, the lord of the shj, obscure king of whom we know only the name.
who resides at BaM (pi. si. d) the same with ; He took for his model Rameses II., and he
Mut, Harmakhis, Phthah Anebi-esef, the lord seems to have been actuated by a strong desire,
of Ankhtoui (Memphis), Turn, the lord of not only to imitate his predecessor as fully as
Heliopolis, Shu, the son of Ra, and Menthu. he could, but also to throw into the shade, if
The promises made by the gods consist in a possible, his memory. His name is found as
long and successful reign, long life, strength often as that of his pattern. In order that the
and health, and other stereotyped sentences. imitation should be complete he adopted the
The blocks of the ceiling mention also Sopt, the same standard, the mighty bull, the friend of Ma,

divinity of the nomo of Arabia, which at that and his two cartouches were as similar as possible
time was part of the nome of Heliopolis. to those of Rameses II., making the usurpation
Bast, the great divinity of the city, which very easy. If the name and titles of Rameses
derives its name from the goddess, is accom- II. had to be transformed into those of Osorkon,
panied by the gods of her cycle or her triad. the transformation was very simple. The
She has also the name of Sehhet, she is said to standard was the same. In the first cartouche.
be the queen of the gods, the lady of Bubastis. instead of sotep en Ba, the elect of Ra,
Her son, according to the form he assumes, is the scribe had to write ^^ ^^
\
soteii en Amen,
called either Ilorhikev, or Nrfertum, or Mahes. the elect of Am.en. was made in this way.
It
Bast herself is considered as the herscshta, the Under the sign "] was room for the
nser, there
priestess of Turn.She has the same title as letter the first of the name of Amen, the disk
(|

Khaemuas, the son of Rameses II. O was made into a rectangle, over which were
The intention of Osorkon I. to consecrate added small strokes so as to make the sign i*^^*^
the temple to Bast, and thus to change its men. Nowhere can the whole process be
original dedication, is best shown by the three followed as well as on the column of the British
inscriptions which are engraved underneath the Museum. On the base of the Hyksos statue
Hathor capitals (pi. xli. a, b, c). There Osorkon which is at the museum of Ghizeh, the disk is
comes forward as the Avorshipper of Bast, the quite distinct under the sign t^^, even on the
lady of Bubastis, who jyrofects her father lla ; the pliotograi^h (pi. xxiv. d).
formulas are those usually employed for the As for the second cartouche of Rameses,
dedication of a statue, an obelisk, or the hall
where it is written in the usual form, the sign \M
of a temple. It was to the goddess that he
wished to make an offering when he raised up Ba, the first syllable being opposite Amon, and
 THE TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY.

tlie sign -r=T mer, under both gods, the usurpa- Set ; ho ordered it to be hammered out ; but, as
tion was made as follows : all the signs under- with the cartouches of Rameses II., the work
neath the ^group just described were erased, was done only in a very imperfect way. On
and the name of Osorkon substituted for them. the top of the columns. Set was represented

In the sign W Ba, the head Avas made into a sitting with the sign of life -t- and a sceptre
m his hands ; in many places the head has been
lion, so as. to give the figure the appearance of
widened so as to become a lion ; the headdress
a sitting Bast, and the disk above widened and
also has been modified, and the whole figure
made oval so as to look like an egg, which reads
has been turned into the god Mahes,^ the son
si, and means son ; so the sign which was
of Bast, who, being a warlike divinity, could
originally Ra became si Bast, the son of Bast,
endorse the epithets which originally followed
a predicate which is part of the cartouche of
the name of Set, the eery valorous, the lord of the
Osorkon. This kind of usurpation occurs
skij (pi. xlii. E, F, g). The alteration is plain on
very often at Bubastis. All the degrees of it
several of the columns, especially on oue of them
are seen on the column of the British Museum.
which was carried near the canal more than
It is obvious that this work was not done con-
fifty years ago, and which has since remained
scientiously ; it is often very imperfect. Some-
on the spot where it is getting buried more and
times the second cartouche only has been trans-
more every day. It is visible also on the in-
formed, or in this second cartouche the lower
scription of Set of Rameses, where, however, Set
part has been erased without the name of
is still traceable (pi. xx.). Sometimes, as on
Osorkon being substituted, or the name of
the column of the British Museum, Set has
Osorkon has been engraved, but the engraver
been forgotten.
forgot to change the sign Ra at the top of the
A great number of the sculptures of Osorkon
cartouche, so that the first syllable of Rameses
II. in the temple have come down to us, but
has been left, and the like.
apart from those which adorned the Festival
The usurpations of Osorkon are found in the
Hall or the colonnade, we find them on a build-
whole temple, but chiefly in the hypostyle hall.
ing situate outside of the temple, on the north,
There his name is met with profusely, on archi-
and which probably was a doorway or portico
traves, on capitals ; but in most cases it is easy
to recognize that his is not the original name
(pi. xli. E — u) ; it was the beginning of a road
paved in basalt which led to the temple. Four
it has been substituted for that of Rameses II.,
columns are all that is left of this construction ;
who was not himself the fouuder of the build-
two of them are palm-columns, and two with
ing, as may be seen on the column of the British
lotus-bud capitals. One of these last, which is
Museum.
in a good state of preservation, has been sent
The most important event to be noticed in
to the Louvre. Thus we find there the same
the history of the temple during Osorkon II. 's
two styles as in the colonnade of the temple.
reign is the final establishment of the worship
It is not possible to assign even an approximate
of Bast as the prevailing worship in the locality.
date to that building, which may have been an
In this respect the Osorkons justify their name
imitation made in later times of the hypostyle
of Bubastites, which is given them byManetho.
hall. On one of the columns Osorkon is men-
Henceforth the name of the goddess occurs in
large characters, not on statues or tablets only, Tho reading Maliea is fixedby the inscriptions of tlie
but on the architraves of the hypostyle The
hall. naos of Saft-el-llcuneh. Nav. Goshen, pi. ii. C, pi. vii. .5.
king evidently desired to expunge the name of Brugscb, Diet, suppl. p. 526.
tioncd as a worshipper of Malies. Besides the the necessary material for building his walls,
columns, there must have stood there a con- he voluntarily cut to pieces groups of two or
struction of some importance, for close by lies three divinities, fragments of which were in-
a corner-block bearing the top of a sculpture serted into the structure. It is more probable
of natural size and of very good workmanship. that hefound'the temple already in a pitiable con-
On one of the sides is seen Osorkou offering dition, and that he made use only of what was
the holy eye, the ui'a, to Bast, who answers that ruined, respecting what had escaped intact, such
she gives him all lands of which site multiplies as the four architectural statues of Rameses II.,

ike numher, and all gallantry as to Ita (pi. xli. e). though they were of red granite, the material he
The goddess is called licre the priestess her- employed; or the statues in black granite, such
seshta of Turn. On the other side, the son as that of Sydney or that of Geneva.
of Bast, Horliil-en, is represented giving life to The reconstruction of this hall took place on
Osorkon (pi. xli. n). the occasion of an event which he considered
"We saw before that, according to all proba- as the most important of his reign, a great
bilities, when Osorkon I. ascended the throne, festivalwhich was described at great length on
the temple was more or less ruined. He set to the walls of the hall. Although one half, or
work rebuilding it, but he did not finish the con- even one-third only, of the sculptures have been
struction, which was continued and completed preserved, it is sufficient to give an idea of the
by Osorkon II., who raised in particular the whole. The festival will be the object of a
part of the edifice to which he chiefly attached special volume ; at present we shall speak of it

his name, the second hall, or, as he called it, the only from a historical point of view, mentioning
Festival TTnll. It was not a new addition to the the facts which we gather from the inscriptions,
temple; it had existed long before Osorkon. and keeping for another work the religious
Its date goes back to the Old Empire there ; part, as well as the publication of the sculptures.
wo found the cartouches of Pepi and most of A small rectangular block with four lines of
those of the twelfth dynasty. It may be the text gives us the date of the festival, (pi. xlii. e).

oldest part of the temple. Later on, Eameses "Year 22, on the first day of Choiak, the"
TI. had stored there a great number of his " coming forth of Amon out of the sanctuary,"
" which "
statues, as well those which were made for is in the Festival Hall, resting on his
him as those he usurped. " litter "
I stated above the the beginning of the consecrating of
;

reasons which led me to think that it was " the two lands by the king, of the consecrat- "
during the wars which preceded the reign of " ing of the harem of Amon, and of the conse- "
Rameses III. that the temple was partially " crating of all the women who are in his city,"
pulled down, for I cannot believe that " and who act as priestesses since the days "
Osorkon II. intentionally caused the destruc- " of the fathers."
tion, Avhich is testified by the manner in which These lines are obscure in the details ; how-
the w-alls of his hall have been built. If he ever, the general sense is clear. In the year 22,
wished to supersede Rameses, it was quite on the first day of the month called Ghoiah,
sufficient to usurp his name, as he had done in took place the apparition or the coming forth Q
many cases. Wliy should he have broken the of Amon. The word Q to apipear, or to come
large statues, the plain surfaces of which, such forth, is usually applied to the great festivals
as the base under the feet, were employed for in which the sacred emblem was taken out of the
engraving the sculptures of his festival ? Can sanctuary and put in an ark, which was carried
we imagine that, in order to procure more easily round the temple on the shoulders of the
 THE TWKNTY-SECOND DYNASTY'.

priests. I translated literally tlie words Iionour of Amon, although the king himself had
::^. n i^ ^=^ which has several meanings :
^^_ established the worship of Bast in the temple,
is sometimes to receive, or taken as equivalent and given the pre-eminence to the goddess. She
to ^S^_
or to
® to hegin.

protect the tivo lands.

^ ^% may It
mean to sanctify,
is obvious that
has not been forgotten, since in every one of
the panels into which the sculpture is divided,
in thus translating literally each word by she is seen standing before the king. Besides,
itself, we deviate from the true sense of the a figure with a lion's head is one of the most
expression, which must be taken as a whole. frequent forms of the consort of Araon, Mut,
l^ ^^ must be some religious act, the nature in whose temple at Thebes there was a
of which we do not clearly understand, or if collection of statues with lions' heads exactly
not the act itself, it is something connected similar to those of Bast. Nevertheless, it is

with it, such as an offering. It is the same Araon, the lord of the throne of tlie two lands,

with the word h^ Avhich is applied to the

j\^=^ .
^—-7 /A ^= .^,-2_^ -^yjti^ i^^ig qualifications

women who such as they are met with at Thebes, who is

harem of Amon, and to the are
the object of the festival, showing that the tradi-
said to be priestesses of the Gods since the days
tion connected it with the great Theban kings.
of tJic fatJiers.
According to this inscription, the most Osorkon II. Thebes
It is possible that under

dignified functions in the festival devolved was more and more relinquished, and that
on women. The king, however, plays a most Bubastis assumed the rank which had been
held before by the city of the Amenophis and
important jDart in it, he seems even to be the
object of a kind of deification, since the first act,
the Ramessides. The political influence of the
city had been thrown into the background
mentioned immediately after the four lines of

the date, is :
" the carrying of the king on a by its religious importance. Thebes was the
residence of the high priests of Amon, who
litter.^' The celebration of this great festival
famous assembly enjoyed a certain independence, but the centre
reminds us of the at
Bubastis,^ described by' Herodotus, which of gravity of the Empire was removed to the
Delta. Osorkon had to make war against the
according to the Greek writer took place every
year. It is possible that both coincided Asiatics. In the inscription of the festival it

however, in the year 22 of Osorkon there is said that all countries, the Upper and Lower
Beteiinv, have been thrown under Jus feet.
must have been a special solemnity. Perhaps
Osorkon II. wished to imitate Eameses II. and Without giving too much importance to those
Rameses III., who had both of them celebrated official formulas, we may infer from the
during their reign a memorable festival, the de- special mention of the Reteunu, the Syrians,

scription of which was engraved on temples, and that he made a campaign against Syria and
which may have recalled either some astro- Palestine; this would confirm the opinion

nomical phenomenon or an important date in the of several authors that Osorkon II. was the
calendar. AVhatever may have been its purpose, king called by Scripture Zerah, ^^], Zape,*

we Osorkon followed
see fi'om the last line that
against whom Asa fought a battle, which ended

an old tradition, which went back to the time "of in the complete defeat of the invader. But the
identification is far from being proved; avc
the fathers." A circumstance which indicates
that Osorkon intended to comply with an old should not understand, for instance, why
Osorkon would be called Zerah the Ethiopian.
custom, is that the festival is celebrated in

Her. ii.
2 Cliron. xiv. 8.

H 2
 Osorkon II. has left monuments in other worship of Amon, in which the life of Thebes
parts of the Delta. Apart from usurpations of seems to have centred under the twenty-
statues and pylons at Tanis, he built at Pithom," first and the twenty-second dynasty, nor with
where I found cornices with his name painted the sacerdotal hierarchy which was then the
in red, indicating that the construction had government of Thebes. That does not mean
not been completed, and also the statue of one that at Thebes they did not belong to the

of his chief officers, fhe controller, AnJihrenpnefer, hierarchy of the priests, for Bubastis was far
which is now in the British Museum. But his distant from the city of Amon, and its chief

capital was Bubastis. The two Osorkons may divinity was Bast.
be called pre-eminently the Bubastites ; they In the very difficult reconstruction of the
both deserve this name, in regard to what they twenty-first dynasty, that of the king-priests,

did for the temple, which they both recon- we must not be astonished if the same man
structed, one of them adding to it the small bears names, titles, or even cartouches which

temple with its treasury, and the other cele- at first sight seem very different. According
brating there the great festival to Amon. as the inscriptions mentioning them have been
In the inscriptions of the Festival Hall we found at Thebes or at Tanis, or at any other
found some information concerning the family place, the dignities connected with the worship

of the king. His queen was called Karoama. of Amon may be stated in may be
full, or they
She was his legitimate wife, and she is totally deficient ; may be the
the first cartouche

frequently seen accompanying the king in the indication of a religious office, or it may be a

ceremonies of the festival. Her cartouche regular coronation name, there may be two
always appears in this form cartouches or only one. The great majority of
]
:
g ^^^^ ^_^^^^^^
The inscriptions of Thebes give /^~~\ the inscriptions concerning the king-priests
US the names of two other
U wife having been found at Thebes, we have been led
wives of Osoi'kon II., one of Karoama to give an exaggerated importance to all that
whom was the mother of a high ^
refers to them. In their time, the Delta, not
priest of Amon. This fact cor- ^— ^P "'^ "" '
Thebes, is the fountain-head of Egyptian
roborates Professor Maspero's opinion, who sug- political history.

gests that " the Bubastite kings, like the Saites, A block, which was part of the inscriptions
may have had one or several Theban wives, of the Festival Hall, has preserved the names of
spending at Thebes the greater part of their life, three of the daughters of Osorkon, who are
tue possession of whom secured to the king a seen marching in procession behind their
rightful authority over Thebes, and whose mother (pi. xlii. c). The eldest was called the
male lieirs were destined eventually to be in- beginner, the first horn, ta 8hal-hej)er ; the second
vested with the dignity of high priests."" was named like her mother Karoama ; as for the
Karoama was probably Theban, and may have third, it is possible that a sign is lost at the
been buried there ; but in the inscriptions of beginning of the name, it reads now Armer.
Bubastis she bears no title similar to those of
the quean-priestesses, of whom, however, she
may have been At Bubastis she is merely
one.
styled the royalHer daughters have
wife.
THi: CEMETERY OF CATS.
nothing connecting them with tlio Theban The Osorkons made Bubastis the sanctuary
The Store City of Pithoni, 3nl cd. of Bast, the temple being dedicated to the
p. 15.
Maspero, Momies de Deir el Bidiai i, p. 751. goddess. It is natural to assign to their
 THE CEMETERY OF CATS.

reign, if not tlie special reverence of wliich cats pit is seen the furnace in which the bodies of
were the object, which can be traced to a very the animals were burnt ; its red or blackened
early date ; at least the custom of giving those bricks indicate cleai-ly the action of the fire,

animals a sacred burial. I consider therefore the which is confirmed by the circumstance that
twenty-second dynasty as havingfirst established the bones often form a conglomerate with
the cemetery of cats. Standing on the western ashes and charcoal. This cremation accounts
part of the mounds of Tell Basta, and looking also for the difficulty we had in finding unl)roken

towards Zagazig, the visitor has before him an bones or complete skulls; indeed, when handled,
area of several acres, which has been dug out they nearly always fell to pieces. Here and there
thoroughly. Near the numerous pits by which among the bones have been thrown bronze cats
the place is honeycombed, are seen heaps of or statuettes of Nefertum, which are but rarely
white bones of cats. This spot has been one intact ; the feet are generally broken off.

of most
the productive mines which the Some of the pits were very large ; we emptied
fellaheen had at their disposal. There they one containing over 720 cubic feet of bones.
found the numerous bronze cats which fill the This gives an idea of the quantity of cats
shops of the dealers at Cairo, and also the necessary for filling it.

standing statuettes of a divinity crowned with a At Professor Virchow's request we gathered

lotus flower, out of which issue two plumes, skullswhich could stand the transport, and we
the god Nefertum, the son of Bast. sent them to the illustrious naturalist in Berlin.
Although the cemetery was considered We had been struck at first sight by the fact
as exhausted, I made an attempt at excava- that several skulls were too large to be cats ;

tions in order to find bronze cats, and to the Arab diggers called them rabbit heads.
ascertain the manner in which the animals are According to the researches of Professor Vir-
buried. We emptied completely several of chow these skulls belonged to ichneumons,
the large pits in which they had been deposited. which Avere buried with the cats because they
The work was superintended chiefly by Dr. also were sacred animals. As for the cats
Goddard, who took part in the excavations themselves, the intei'esting discussions which
during the winter of 1889. The fellaheen, when have taken place at the Anthropological Society
they dug for bronze cats, began with the of Berlin have shown that they belonged to
upper pits ; we had to go much deeper than several species of the cat-tribe, but not to the
they had done, and we reached older pits, domestic cat, which probably the Egyptains
which the water of the inundation reaches had not. The majority of the bones of
every year, so that the bronzes are in a very Bubastis are those of the African type called
bad state of preservation. We discovered Felis maniculata, which, according to Dr.
a few of them — sitting cats, heads, the inner Hartmann, is the original stock of our
part of which is empty ; a good specimen domestic cat, and abounds in Ethiopia and on
representing Bast standing under the form of the Upper Nile. There we are to look for the
a woman with a slender body and a cat's head, primitive resort of our cat, the domestication of
wearing a long dress and holding in her hands which goes back only to a recent epoch, much
a sistrum and a basket, and having at her later than the pictures of the Egyptian tombs.
feet four crouching kittens. It is probable that the Egyptians had succeeded
The bones up in large subter-
are heaped in taming the cat, as is done to-day with the
raneous pits, the walls and bottom of which are ichneumon, and that they used it for hunting
made of bricks or hardened clay. Near each purposes, or otherwise, but it seems well
established tliat tliey bad not gone so far as Phila;,^ she is furious as Selcliet, and site is ap-
a regular domestication of the animal. 2>eased as Bast. In the text of the destruction of
Professor Vircbovvand tbe Berlin naturalists mankind, which I found in the tomb of Seti I.,

wbo discussed tbe question, do not admit tbat Hathor takes the form of Sekhet when she
tbe bones discovered at Bubastis belonged to slaughters the men and tramples on their blood.
animals that bad been burnt. I believe tbat this Sekhet is the BovfidaTt^ dypia of the Greeks.
opinion is in consequence of the fact that we The most frequent qualifications of Bast at
sent only bones which were in a fair state of Bubastis are : the great goddess of Bubastis, the

preservation, because in the furnace where the queen of the gods, the eye, or perhaps, the

animals were heaped up, the burning had not daughter of Ea, the mighty, the queen of the shy,
been complete, and some of the skeletons may and also, as we saw in several instances, the

have escaped the action of the fire. I think priestess herscshta of Turn, an obscure title

that the presence of furnaces in the cemetery, which was never found before. The name of
and the contents of a pit, where the bones Bast, as is pointed out by Brugsch, is derived
are mixed up with ashes and charcoal, is a from the root J P A which means imimlse, motion,
decisive argument in favour of the cremation and which according to the cases may be to intro-
of the bodies. Besides, there are no traces duce or to bring out. Brugsch connects the idea
whatever of embalming once only we found
; of motion Avith the fructifying and fertilizing
little bits of gold paper which may have been action of heat, which would be Bast, while on
on the cartonuage of the mummy, or on the the contrary, when, as is often the case in a
wrappings which covered the body of an climate like Egypt, the heat becomes a nuisance
animal, which for some reason or other did not and an evil, it would be Sekhet. Brugsch con-
share the same fate as the others. If there has siders also Bast as a form of the moon, to which
been a mummification of cats at Bubastis, it was fertility is often attributed in the Egyptian
of very rare occurrence, while it is the rule in mythology.
other cemeteries like Beni-Hassan. The name of Bast is a feminine form of Bes,
Brugsch has observed that the sculptured the god of the East, a warlike divinity, whose
representations of the goddess or the statues chief sanctuary was also very near Bubastis, in

are always lion-headed,^ while the bronzes are the neighbouring nome of Arabia, the capital of
cats. The Egyptian word is the same for both ;
which was Phacusa.^ There be was called Sojit,
the Egyptians seem to have considered the and he took several forms and different names
smaller animal as a diminutive of the other, as one of them is Sopt Shu, a god who is armed like
its reduced image, which was presented to the Bes. Comparing the inscriptions of the great
goddess as an offering. It is the same with shi'ine of Saft-el-Henneh with the inscriptions
the hippopotamus and the pig, which are of Bubastis,we find that the divinity accom-
also designated by one word. Bast is a panying Bast most frequently, and considered
form of Mut, the mother-goddess, and also as her son, is called IlorhiJcen, a god with a
of Eathor, the goddess of Denderah. She hawk's head, like all forms of Borus ; or Nefer-
assumes the names of TJofl, and also of Selcliet, tum, a god with a human head wearing a lotus
when she appears as a warlike divinity and as flower, out of which issue two plumes, or Menthu,
a destructive power. We read in a text of a god with a hawk's head, and lastly JiFahes,
who at Saft el Plenneh is rejDresented as a lion
' I know of one exception at Celibfit-el-IL\gar. Sec
The Mound of the Jew, pi. vi. » Brugsch, Diet. p. 810. " Goshen, p. 10.
 DYNASTIES TWENTY-THIIEE TO TWENTY-NINE.

devouring the Lead of a human being, and who touches of the king Uahahra, Apries, Hophra,
often -wears the emblems of Nefertum.' The under whose reign the man lived. He was un-
triad ^ of Bubastis consists of Turn, Bad, and doubtedly a high dignitary, for his titles are :

Makes, called also Nefertum or Horhikcn. As prince of the first order, chancellor, and chief of
we know that the ichneumon was an emblem of the friends of the king. His name was Nes-
Tum,^ there is nothing extraordinary in the jnihor, and his surname Ncferabraanlch, the living
fact that those animals should be mixed in the Neferahra, the image of Neferabra, who was king
cemetery with the cats which represented Bast Psammetik II., under whose reign he was born.
and Mahcs. His father Avas a prophet, and was called
Menhor, the image of Ilorus.
Another monument, the style of which is

Saitic, is much obliterated group, in limestone,

a
DYNASTIES TWENTY-THREE TO of a priest and priestess, now in the British
TWENTY-NINE. Museum. The inscription engraved on the back
contains the remainder of the titles of the two
After the Osorkons it seems that Bubastis
persons, with the usual formulas. It is divided
soon began to decline, we find no more impor-
in two, the right side referring to the priestess,
tant monuments, and hardly any traces of the
and the the priest, whose name has dis-
left to
kings who preceded Nekhthorheb. We must
appeared. There was also some text inscribed
remember that the country went through
on the edge of the monument (pi. xliii. a, a'.)
troubled times which were not favourable to
the execution of great works, for which peace We see there that the title of ^^ herscshta \7asi

and prosperity are necessary. Egypt had to special to Bubastis ; we sav>r it given to the
undergo several invasions, of the Ethiopians goddess herself, we saw also that Khaemuas, the
first, and afterwards of the Assyrians, to whom sou of Rameses II., had been invested with the
she was long tributary. The dynasty which re- same dignity as the Saitic priest, who is ^vT
stored to Egypt part of her former splendour, I Ojj]] herseshta seJchetnuter, priest of the hobj
under whose reign there was a kind of revival
field, the usual name of the territory of
both in art and in political life, the twenty-
Bubastis. It is the first time that we find the
sixth, does not seem to have taken much interest
name of the goddess written \M MJl'^Pri
in Bubastis, but to have concentrated its works
on other localities, like Sais, its native city, or Sel-hctnuter, which I consider to be" the
the north-eastern part of the Delta. Egyptian name corresponding to the Greek

However, two small monuments of that Bovl3daTL<; aypia.*

dynasty have been preserved ; one of them In the same inscription also we come across
bearing its date, and which is the forepart an unknown geographical name UtT "^ v^ the
of a crouching statuette in basalt, of very garden or marsh of Ilorus, as we
the field or the
fine Avorkmansbip, with Bast sculptured in saw before that there was one of Bast. It must
the middle, and an inscription on each side have been a locality in the neighbourhood of the
(pi. xliii. d). On the arms are the car- temple, or at least in the territory of the city, for
the man says that he received for his hereditary
'
Goslien, pi. iii. 3, \i. 6, vii. 5. share the house of his father in the garden of
- See Goshen, pi. ii. G, the three members of the triad
imJer their various forms standing before Sopt,
^ Goshen, pi. vi. G. * The Moimd of the Jew, p. 23.
Ilorus. The name of the priestess, which alone duced in the work of the French Expedition ;

has been preserved, is llontfuul. we discovered a few more.

1^^^^^ The hall of Nekhthorheb, like the others, is
I assign also to the Saitic epoch a fragment
only a heap of blocks ; the granite alone has
of a statue in black granite ; part of the
and of the back has
been left. A great part of the building was
inscription of the sides
made of red limestone from Gebel Ahmar, chips
been preserved. The monument was dedicated
of which cover the ground, so that, more than
to Bast of Bubastis. The fragments of lines of
any other spot in the temple, this hall has the
the lateral inscription are not destitute of
appearance of a quarry. I think the hall never
interest ; they speak of the child of Tep, with its
was finished ; the walls were to be covered with
pleasant face, who is in the garden of Bast
sculptures, a part of which only has been
(pi. xliii. c).
executed. Nekhthorheb frequently employed
I saw also in the shop of a dealer at Zagazig
in his structure materials taken from the older
a small fragment of green basalt, of the same
halls. Thanks to his unscrupulousness, we have
date. The deceased, as usual, addresses the
preserved the block of Amenemha I., and that of
priests Avho pass by going into the temple,
Amenophis II., which was used as a door lintel,
so that the inscription remained unhurt. Agreat
entering the sanctuary of the lady of Bast. many inscriptions have been completely erased,
Following the chronological order, we come and it is impossible to assign a date to them.
to a small statue in limestone, the middle part Nekhthorheb followed the traditions of the
of which only has been preserved (pi. xliii. rs). Bubastites ; he dedicated his structure to Bast,
It isa dedication of the king Hakoris, of the and even, in order to show better how devoted
twenty-ninth dynasty, to the goddess Bast of he was to the goddess, he changed his cartouche,
Bubastis. It is the first time that a monument and instead of calling himself the son of Isis, as
of this king has been found in the Delta. The
he does elsewhere, he styles himself the so7i of
fragment is now in the British Museum. Bast. When he made the great constructions
of Bubastis, he had already erected the temple
of Hell ; his cartouche contained already the
name of that city ; however, we discovered a
THE THIRTIETH DYNASTY. fragment of a statue dedicated at the beginning
I NOTICED in another work° the considerable of his reign, when he had not yet built the

number which have been raised

of constructions temple of Isis. He is called there |^>_=/l

in the Delta by the thirtieth dynasty, and (pi. xliii. k) Nelchthorneh, or Ilornehnehht, ^\
especially by the first king, Nekhthorheb. as on the large cartouches of Sama- K:::^

Bubastis is one of the localities where he dis- nood.'^ \^;

played the greatest activity for he added to ;
Nekhthorheb was not satisfied with building

the temple a hall which he intended to be the the great hall, he put in it a shrine of polished

largest. It prolonged the temple on the west, red granite ; the workmanship is so perfect that

and was 160 feet square. All around the walls, it must rank among the finest remains of
on the top, ran a cornice adorned with large Egyptian art. The sculptures are not very
projecting asps a fragment of it was visible at
;
deep, but engraved with the most minute

the end of last century, and has been repro- details (pi. xlvii. and xlviii.). Most of the frag-

= Gosliei), p. 3. " See Tlie Mound of the Jew, pi. vi. 2, p. 25.
 "HK THIRTIETH DYNAHTY.
ments have been carried away and sent to the represented, it seems that the text was intended

museum of Ghizeh or to the British Museum. to be a catalogue of temples, for the text always
^Ye cannot make even an approximate recon-
struction of the monument ; too many fragments
begins with the words :
^ ""^ the holy abode,

thesaiirtuaryof; thus we have, R]

have disappeared. Tt is not impossible even ^J^°J
that there were two of them. In the cartouches, [o|l|^--]'^^° the dirive abode of Ra, of
which are regularly repeated, and which are the Barneses, in the district : the valcr of Bu •

ornament of the cornice, Nekhthorheb is always

styled fJie aon of Basf, the goddess with a lion's
ar:iii™(MiE]?:^fls >'•

holy uliode of J'hfJt'ih Toneii of Barneses, on the

head being substituted for Isis, who is generally bank of the The kind of property over the
rirer.
seen in cartouches found in other places. It is
gods which Rameses had assumed, and which
not possible to translate even one sentence from
probably entitled him to a special protection,
the inscriptions which were engraved on the
persisted in the tradition as late as Nekhthorheb.
walls of the hall, which the king had built to his
As for the localities indicated by those names,
mother, Bast ; there are only short fragments
the first may be the city called under the
left (pi. xliv. — xlvi.). The peculiar character of
Ptolemies Onias,^ north of HeHopolis, the present
those sculptures, as of most of those which are
Tell el Yahoodieh. We do not know what is
the work of Nekhthorheb or his successor, is the
meant by the second, which may be Memphis.
strange religious representations of which they
Several other sacred abodes are quoted ; most of
consist. Nekhthorheb erected the tablet now
them are much obliterated ; some of the most in-
called from the name of its owner the " Metter-
nich tablet," which is covered with religious texts
teresting are :
^ "^ J^^^r^ | © the sacred abode

of the greatest interest under Nectanebo's ofTeb, the god ofAphroditopolis in Upper Egypt ;
;

reign the shrine of Saft el Henneh was en- n \\ — A fZ^ the divine abode of Amon of
graved, the partial destruction of which is the Northern city, Diospolis parva, in the Delta •

much to be regretted, and _

which has the
greatest likeness to the monuments of Nekh-
abode of Arsaphes, the king of the gods, the lord
thorheb, At that time it seems that the
of Haves, Heracleopolis.
sovereigns wished to give their monuments a
Very little remains of the inscription of the
more religious stamp the texts which accom-
;

basement, as well as of the upper cornice ; one

pany the figures are no mere commonplace
of them contained a date, or something con-
sentences they are much more developed
;

nected with chronology, as we may conclude

as for the divinities, they are more numerous,
from the fragment now in the museum of
and are seen under the most various appear-
Ghizeh, where we read (pi. xliv. v), of the festival,
ances. The god to whom a monument is
every one, ffty years. Is it the length of the
dedicated appears followed by a train of
period after which the festival was celebrated
divinities, who are nearly the whole Egyptian
or did Nekhthorheb build the hall, as Osorkon
pantheon.
II. had done before, on the occasion of a great
From the larger fragments which have been
solemnity? We can express only conjectures.
preserved, we may infer that the repi'esentatious
One thing is certain ; if there was any festival
were divided into successive panels, between
atall, it was decidedly in honour of Bast, and
which stood a huge serpent (pi. xlvi. n, e). In
each panel appear several divinities, the names The Moun.l of the Jew p. 12.

of which are given ; but though the god alone is Biugscl), Diet. geog. p 928.
uot of Amon, as under Osorkon. Among tbc the half month. . . . ]. 5, on the fifth of the month

sacred animals sculptured on the walls, we find of Tyhi, the day when the stafne -was sculjjtured.

tte ichneumon (pi. xlv. v), which, as we said Judging from the style of the work we must
before, being an emlilem of Tuni, Avas buried classify among the monuments of Nekhthorheb
with the cats. a fragment of a statue of Bast, standing, of
At the end of the hall was a shrine of red beautiful workmanship (pi. xliii. o). In the
granite, perhaps even two, covered with religious inscription are contained part of the titles of

representations, and processions of gods. The the goddess, . . . fJie lady of Bast, the daughter

walls were divided in horizontal registers, of Ua, the queen of the shy, u^ho rules over all
separated by a band covered with stars, which the gods, . . . the great one, the lady of Bast, the

figures the sky, and which is supported by men priestess herseshta of T^lm, the only one, ivho has

with raised arms. Shrines of the same kind no descent, the goddess of the North, icho rules. .

were made by Nekhthorheb in several places . . . The name of Mehent, the goddess of the
I found fragments of one at Saft el Henneh, and North, identifies her Avith Uoti.' A text of the

of another at Belbeis, two cities -where the wor- same king, discovered at Behbeit Hagar el

ship had great similarity with that of Bubastis. (Heb, Iseum), speaks of her under the name of

A particularly artistic fragment to be noticed, Meht '

the determinative is a cat, and not a

contains the name of the king, followed by the lion.

predicate '^'-^ lirivr/ lord, liJrr ]!n. To all the above described monuments, the
^^3:7-f-2?
Name and predicate are arranged in such a age of which is pointed to either by a name or

way as to form two medallions of the same size, l)y the style, we must add a few, the date of

and perfectly symmetrical. The name of the which is uncertain. Two fragments of red
king has not the shape of an oval ; all the signs limestone have been found in the first hall,

are included in the sign Heh, so that the whole both bearing very large inscriptions care-

reads, NehJdhorheh si Bad (pi. xlvii. a). fully engraved. One of them was horizontal
On a somewhat larger fragment Bast is seen (pi. xlix. o) ; it accompanied probably a scene of
sitting, and the king is before her making offerings. It mentions the great princess, who
offerings. Bast is called ilic lady of the shrine, may be Bast or any other goddess. The other
the daughter of Horns, residivg in the hohj is vertical, and reads, the gods, by the art of

field, the well-known name for the territory of Shet ^^, another name of Bast (pi. xlix. d).

Bubastis (xlvii. g). Immediately after came the name of a king,

To the reign of Nekhthorheb belongs also a entirely destroyed. A fragment of a pillar in

statue, so much mutilated, that only a shapeless white limestone, used by the Romans in a
fragment has been preserved. It probably very rude construction which they erected at
represented the king himself, sitting, with a the entrance of the first hall, bears the following
smaller figure standing near him. On the side.* words : tJte divine father, the Jierseshta in the

and on the back of the throne was engraved a temjile of the mighty goddess (pi. xlix. a). There
procession of figures, and an inscription re- is an omission in the inscription, the sign ^^:5
ferring to festivals, the date of which was has been forgotten above the first <:r=>. The
given signs are cut very deep. The pillar may be
(PI. xliii, F p' I'''') . . . 1. o, tov-ards the statues of Ptolemaic, and have been engraved for the
the temple of his mother, JJsert [the mighty) Bast. same man who had in his tomb a Canopic vase,
. . . 1.4, fhe lord of the diadems, Nelchfhorheh, Brugsch, Myth.
"
p. 324, 329, 33G.
in tlie fesliral of iJie first of the month, ami of '
Tlie Mound of the .low, i)l. vi.
 'HE I'TOLKMIES AN'l) 'I'm'; liO,\L\N8.

wliichwe purchased from the sebakh dii^-o'ers. to him by Ptoletiiv, one of the StaSo\'ot, the
His titles and name were (pi. xlix. n), t]ie who probably were
j
l'Jt'-(jiuirds, the successors of
divine father, the hersesJita of Bast, ladtj uf Macedonian
t/ic the soldiers. He calls himself the
Bast, the scribe (f the treasury, Aba. brother, dSeX^d?, of Apollonios, but as they
had not the same father, since Ptolemy was the
i^ou of another Apollonios,
and Apollonios the
THE PTOLEMIES AND THE ROMANS. son of Theon, the word dSeX<^os must mean
either first cousin or uterine brother.
At the entrance of the hjposfcyle hall, on two
blocks In the second inscription it is Apollonios, the
of red granite, which were bases of
son of Theon, who writes the dedication, for I
statues, we found two Greek inscriptions, with-
any remains of the statues which stood do not think there can be any doubt as to the re-
out
stitution, '^jroXXwi/tos0£coi/os(l.
above. The inscriptions ai'e the following. 3). Heseemsto
have erected two statues, since he mentions first
One of them is complete, and has been carried
the king and afterwards his brother Ptolemy.
to the museum of Ghizeh, the other is only half
It is natural that the high standing minister
preserved (pi. xlix. e, f).
should speak first of
his sovereign. Both
AtoWwviov ©ecui'os tuiv </)u\.(u)I')

TOV brothers give a curious motive for niaking

y3aO-l\c(l)S Kal SLOLKIJTrJU a
Toi' lavTOv a8c\<f>6u IlToAe^natos monument to each other, "kindness towards
AttoWwvlov tojv SiaSoYwi'
the king and queen." It may have been a
twoias (veKCf jy-; di jSacnkia
YlTuXefialov Kat paa-iXicraav present intended to court the good-will of tlu^
KXeoTrdTpaif Oeoii'; i-rrirfyavw Kal sovereign, but if they had some favour to ask
d^apia-Toi"; koi ra TtKva airiui'.
for, it is strange that they both
should have
BaffiAea llroAf/xaroi' 6 . . .
done it by adorning the temple of Bast with
Kal iv^apidTov Kal to . . •

IlToAe/iaioi' A7roAAio(i'ios Wtwi'os) monuments which were testimonies of their

tSiv t^iiXmv 6 8ioik)5(ti/s . . . friendliness to each other.
iVlKiV TiyS CIS TO. . . .

Although they left no inscriptions, it is clear

al'TOV Kal TU TiK ...
that the Romans did not abandon the temple of
Undoubtedly these inscriptions were dedica- !

Bubastis. At the entrance of the hypostyle

tions of statues ; it is the rule to employ the hall, the place where the Greek inscriptions
accusative alone in honorary inscriptions.- were discovered, was the pedestal of a statue
They acquaint us with a high official of the (pi. vi.), part of which we may have found,
for
reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, the dioicetes, or at a short distance was a headless torso
in green
minister of finance, A^^ollonios, the son of Theon. basalt, wearing a toga with an ornamental
According to M. Lumbroso " we knew already fringe exactly similar to that of the Roman
six of those officials, cue of whom, Tlepolemos, statue in the museum of Ghizeh. The front
belongs to the reign of Ptolemy Epiphanes, part of a fine torso in white stone, which was
and is described by Polybius as a bad adminis- used as a bridge over a ditch, and which we
trator. As Tlepolemos was in office in the purchased from a fellah, is also Roman work.
twentieth year of Ptolemy, he must have been I think that the Romans used the temple for
the successor of Apollonios, who was one of the military purposes, for they seem to have made
friends of the king, a veiy high dignity at the to it strong doors, the posts of which were
court of the Greek kings. A statue is erected built of huge stones. On the west side, where
-
Reiiiach, Epig. grecqiie, p. 380.
there was an entrance, was found a large block,
'
Ecnn. pol. p. 339. still in silu, with a cartouche of Nekhthorheb
 BUB AST! S.

turned upside down, showing that it had been scattered. After long and difficult negotiations,

nsed after the king for a purpose quite different I obtained from the owner, the sheikh of a
from what he originally intended. On the neighbouring village, the permission to excavate
north side of the Festival Hall was also a in his field, with the condition that I should
door, the hinge of which has been preserved not carry away anything which I might dis-
(pi. xxvii. and xxii. r,). It is a cube of cover.
one foot of solid bronze inserted into a stone, This excavation lasted a week. It brought to
and fastened underneath with a very hard light a small heap of broken stones jumbled
welding, and on the sides with stone wedges. together, and which evidently were the remains
On the top is seen the slight hollow where the of a building smaller than the Temple of Bast.
pivot of the door tm-ned ; the stone itself, which The was an architrave, bearing
largest fragment
was the threshold, and out of which we took the name of Rameses II. Except this one, all
the hinge, bears a circular furrow produced by the others had the name of Osorkon I., who had
the door in being opened and closed (pi. certainly enlarged this small temple, if he did
xxii. b). not raise it completely. On plates 1. to lii. has
As the Egyptians sometimes buried their been reproduced all that remains of the in-
dead in the enclosure walls of the cities, I made scriptions, which must have been numerous. It
some excavations in the very thick wall which is possible that the temple extended further,
surrounded Bubastis, and two sides of which and that there were other chambers around that
have been preserved, on the west and the north which 1 discovered ; but the ill-will of the
of the Tell. I even cut completely through it. fellah prevented me from searching for them,
It did not give any interesting result ; I found and could not be conquered even by the high
only very late burials, in coffins of terra-cotta, pecuniary compensation which I offered for
or made of raw bricks, such as may be seen more extensive excavations. In Egypt we
on plate xxviii. They contained mummified must always reckon with the innate feeling, of
bodies, but quite destitute of any amulet, in- w^hich even highly situated persons arc not
scription, or funereal object of any kind. I con- free, that the explorer looks only for gold and
sider them as being interments of poor people treasures.
of the end of the Roman period. Herodotus seems to have made a mistake,
when be says that the small temple was dedi-
cated to Hermes. It must have been conse-
crated to same divinities as the great
the
THE SMALL TEMPLE. temple. In few and badly preserved
the
We hear from Herodotus that at a distance of remains of the representations which adorned
three furlongs from the temple of Bast, at the its wall (pi. I.), we find the king making offer-

end of a road which passed through the mar- ings to the triad of Bubastis, Bast being seen
ket-place, and which was lined by trees of twice, once as Tefnut, the other time as Sekhet.
an extraordinary height, was the temple of Also in the sacred barges which were sculptured
Hermes. The direction of the road is still on the walls, and of which a few remains only
traceable, although above its level there is an have been left. Bast is seen standing before a
accumulation of several feet of earth. At the man who must be the king. The reason which
distance indicated by the Greek writer, the Tell induced Herodotus to consider the temple as
ends, and we reach cultivated fields where, when having been dedicated to Thoth, is the frequent
I went there first, a few granite blocks wore occurrence of the god in the inscriptions, and
 THE SMALL TEMPLE.

probably in which have been

the sculptures when he did it: 1.2. " /fc built their abodes,
destroyed, and where the Greek traveller, who and he multiplied the rases of (jold, silver, and
could not read hieroglyphs, might recognize the precious stones. The king ijace Jiis directions
ibis head of the god. The mistake of Herodotus ill, his form of the god of Ilesert (Thoth), mean-

was perhaps suggested to him by the character ing as being Thoth himself. We are struck here,
of the edifice, which I believe to have been a as on the other fragments, by the high amount
treasury. Thoth was the " lord of truth" from of the sums given. We find, for instance, the
whom Avisdom and intelligence were thought to following sums 1. :
3, gold, 5010 uten '
silver,
proceed. It is natural that he should have the 30,720 nien.; genuine lapis lazuli, ICOO; black
treasures of Bubastis under his special pro- copper, oOOO ; and something which looks like
tection, just as in other temples we see him a shrine or a vase, and has a weight of 100,000
represented in sculptures or inscriptions con- uteiK' Turn Kheper of Heliopolis receives as his
cerning measurements, accounts, and dates. share 15,315 uten of gold and 14,150 of silver.
Notwithstanding the ai'chitrave with the According to Brugsch's latest researches, and
name Rameses II.. it is obvious from the
of taking his estimate of the proportion of the
great number of cartouches of Osorkon I. dis- value of both metals at ten to one, the approxi-
covered there, that it is this king who mostly mate value of tlie above sums would be in
contributed to the construction of the small English money 130,311/. worth in gold and
temple, which he intended to be a monument of 12,827/. of silver given to a single temple. If
his wealth and of his munificence towards the itwas so, Ave can understand that the last line,
gods. A-U the inscriptions which we found are where some of these gifts seem to have been
accounts of gold, silvei', and jDrecious stones, summed up, should mention a sum of 494,300
especially lapis lazuli, offered to several divini- ntcii., taking only the signs which are distinct,
ties. It is much to be regretted that there for on account of the erasure, the first figux'e
are such scanty remains of these inscriptions, 5 may have been much higher. On other
which were engraved on four sides of a pillar. fragments of the same pillar we find sums of this
The dates, of which there were several, the amount : gold and silver, 2,300,000 uten, and
valuations of sums, would be very interesting, elsewhere (pi. Hi. c, 2) more than two millions
considering that they refer to a period of of uten of silver. We have no reason to think
Egyptian history which is nearly unknown. that there is exaggeration in these statements,
There is only one fragment of a certain extent considering that we have not here vague indi-
it contains parts of five hues of an horizontal cations, but sums given correctly down to the
inscription which was engraved on one of the units.
faces of the pillar (pi. li.). The fragment is It gives us a very high idea of Avhat the
broken in two. I made paper casts of the in- richesand the prosperity of the kingdom must
scription, but I could not persuade the fellah to have been under Osorkon I. In this case, as
me the stone, and
sell to let me take it to the with the thirtieth dynasty, we have to reverse
museum of Ghizeh. Since my departure, it the generally admitted opinion as to the con-
has been carried away by a pasha of the neigh-
bourhood. '
Brugsdi assigns to the uten the weight of 90.9 grammes,
In this inscription the name of Thoth fre- whieh only slightly from the 1450 grains assigned to
diilers

the uten by iMr. Pctrie, vid. Brugsch, Zeitschr. vol. xxvii.

quently occurs. It is the god who suggested
p. 85 & if.

to the king to make these generosities to the *

I'rof. Brugsch in a private letter says lie considers tire

temples. Osorkon even was Thoth himself word as meaning a very high sum of money.
ditiou of the empire under the Bubastites. It fellaheen digging for " sebakh." There are
is clear that it was only in a time of peace some, for instance, in Mr. Hilton Price's col-

and prosperity that such gorgeous liberalities lection, which comes chiefly from Tell Basta.
could be made to the temples, In my last visit to the place I purchased from
Revei'ting to the horizontal inscription, it is a fellah a small porcelain tablet, which I gave
remarkable through several new words and to the museum of Ghizeh, and which bears on
which make the loss of
l^gC IW^l^ At'
some unknown signs,
one side '"^
the greatest part of the text the more to be
good god, tJte lord of Egypt, Darius, everlasting,
regretted. L. 5 mentions the tributes of two
of the oases, El Khargeh and Dakhel.'' This and on the other ,-^ ,.a 5-?-,^^, Mahes, the verii

tribute consists of several kinds of wine.'* L. 3 brave, tlie lord of {Bast). Large scarabs of
there is a chronological indication, where un- Amenophis III., even the so-called marriage
fortunatelywc have lost an important datum, scarabs of the king, are not rare, They come
the name of the month /rom the first year, the:
from the tombs which are under the Roman
7th of . . ., to the ^th year, the 25th of Mesori, houses, and are often met with by the fellaheen.
lohich makes years, 3 months, and 16 days . . .
The discovery of these tombs was originally
Whatever name of the month is taken to fill up the purpose which attracted me to Bubastis, but
the gap, it does not correspond exactly to this I very soon gave them up for the great temple,
number of months and days. which has been excavated so thoroughly during
We end here the description of the antiquities more than two winters, that in my opinion any
and of the texts discovered at Bubastis, As further excavation there would be entirely
we have shown, they extend from the fourth devoid of result. I do not think there is any
dynasty to the Romans. Twenty-five kings arc more work to be done in the great sanctuary of
mentioned, from Cheops to Ptolemy Epiphanes, Bast, which proved to be one of the richest
one of them, lan-Ra, being quite unknown places of Lower Egypt, only to be compared
before. It is possible that other royal names may with Tanis. It is a striking example of the
be discovered on the small objects found by the archgeological treasures which lie buried in the
Delta, and which only wait for the pii^k and
Brugsch, Reisc nach der grossen Oase, pp. GG, G9.
Brugsch, 1. 1, p. 79. spade of the scientific explorer.
 LIST OF KINGS
Whose Names locro Found in the Inscrijdions of Buhastis.

Cheops .
 CONTENTS OF PLATES,
itii references to the 'parjes of the Memoir.

I. Great Hyksos liead found at tlie en- Lotus -bud columns and Hathor
trance of the temple on tlie east, now capitals. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor 10—13
in the British Museum/ see pi. x. . 26 VIII. Standard of Cheops, British
II. Roman brick constructions, remains Museum. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor . 5

III.
Gregor
General
......
of the old city.

view
Phot. Rev. AV. Mac-

of the excavations,
3
IX. Great Hathor capital, Boston.
Bragsch-Bey.
file, pi. xxiii. A .
See the same in pro-
. . .
Ph.

.11
taken from the east, in February, X. Great Hyksos head, the same as pi. i. . 2G
1887. In the foregronnd, headdress XL Great Hyksos head, first discovered.
of a colossal statue (pi. xxi. b, c). Ph. Museum of Gliizeh. Ph. Brugsch-
Brugsch-Bey . . . . . 3, 4 Bey 2G
IV. The same taken a month later. In XII. Base of a statue of lan-Ra. Ghizeh 23
the foreground, base of the Hyksos XIII. Two statues of the official Araeno-
statue now in the British Museum. phis. The left one in the Ghizeh
Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor . . 2, 3, 2G Museum, the right one in the British
V. Hypostyle Hall taken from the south. Museum. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor.
On the right, lotus-bud capital, now in See pi. XXV. b, the back of the statue
Boston Museum. Ph. Rev. W. Mac- in Ghizeh 31
Gregor (pi. liii.) . . 10—13
. XTV. Statue bearing the name of Rameses
VI. Hypostyle linll taken from the north. II., now in the Museum of Geneva.

In the middle, Roman pedestal. On Ph. Thevoz . . . . IG, 37

the I'ight, base of a statue of Nekh- XV. Head of an ornamental statue wear-
thorheb (p. 58). On the left, frag- ing the atef, and inscribed with the
mentofa statue of Rameses VI. (p. name of Rameses II. Ghizeh. Ph.
45), and base of the statue of Tau-Ra. Brugsch-Bey 38
Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor , . 10 — 13 XVI. Rameses VI. Ghizeh. Ph. Brugsch-
VII. The same taken more to the west. Bey. See the inscription on the back,
pi. xxxviii. K . . . . .46
' AVhcrcvei- no name
mentioned, the pliototypes liave
is
XVII. Block bearing a list of conquered
teen made from photographs which I took myself. countries. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. 40
 CONTENTS OP TLATES.

XVIII. Osorkon making an offering to

I. of Rameses II., the head of which
Bast. . W. MacGregor
Ph. Rev. 47 . is in Sydney, left on the spot . 9, 14, 87
XIX. Group of Plitliah and Rameses II. D. Base of the Hyksos statue in the
In front block from the inscriptions British Museum, when first dis-
of the festival of Osorkon TI. Ph. covered 20
Rev. W. MacGregor .42 . . . XXVI. A. Upper lintel of a door. The
XX. Block bearing the name of Set of other side bears an inscription of
Barneses. Two of our reises (Arab Amcnophis II. (pi. xxxv. u). British
overseers). Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor. Museum . . . . .30
York Museum . . . . .42 B. Fragments of the two Hyksos
XXI. A. Architectural head of Rameses statues, when first discovered . 20
II. Ph. Count d'Hulst. See also pi. c. Architrave usurped by Rameses II.,

xxiv. c. British Museum . . .38 showing still part of the cartouche

T; c. Headdress of a colossal statue of of Uscrtesen III. British Museum 9, 30

Ra. Ghizeh 34 D. Erased architrave showing traces

XXII. A. Inscription of Apcpi. British of the words : the chiefs of the

Museum . . . . .22 Betennu. The other side bears the

B. Stone in which a bronze hinge (pi.

name of Rameses II. See pi. v., on
the 30
xxvii.) was inserted . . .CO left

c. Architrave showing the dedication XXVII. Bronze hinge of Roman time.

of the temple to Set . . .42 Ghizeh. Ph. Rev. W. MacGregor.
See pi. xxii. B, the stone in which it
D. False
British
door of
Museum
XXIII. A. Profile of the Hathor capital in
the
.... Old Empire.
7
was inserted
XXVIII. Interment of late Roman time,
CO

in the enclosure wall of the city. Ph.

Boston . . .11 . . .

B. Hathor capital of the smaller type.

Rev. W. MacGregor . . . .00
XXIX.
c.
Sydney
Shoulder of a colossal statue
12

XXX.
Shayaleen dragging blocks.
Rev. ^Y. MacGregor
Shayaleen carrying stones out of
.... Pli.

usurped by Osorkon II. . . 14, 35

D. Part of an architrave of Rameses the trenches. Ph. Rev. W. Mac-
II Gregor 4
9, 3G
XXIV. Stone of the twelfth dynasty,
A.
XXXI. Gang of labourers. Pli. Rev, W.
usurped by Rameses II. MacGregor.
. . 36
B. Hathor capital. Louvre . .11
c. Architectural head of Rameses II.
INSCRIPTIONS.
(pk xxi. a) 38 XXXIT. A. Standard of Cheops. See pi.

D. Base of a colossal Hyksos statue. viii 5

Standard and name
XXV.
Ghizeh
A.

left
Base of a statue of Rameses VI.
on the spot .46
. . .
9, 26, 48 B.

(!,
British
D. Titles
Museum
and name
.... of Chefren.

of Pepi I.
5

B. Back of the statue of Amcnophis Ghizeh . . . . . .6

Ghizeh .32 XXXIII. Inscription of Amenemha 8
c.
(pi. xiii.)

Base of a statue
.

bearins: the
. .

name B — F.
A.

Usertesen III. ... I.

K
.

9
GG CONTENTS OF PLATES.

G — I. Cartouclies of Sebekliotcp T. . K. Statue of King Rameses VI., red

XXXIV. A. Historical inscrii^tion . granite (pi. xvi.). Ghizeh . . 45
B. Fragment of the twelfth dynasty . XXXIX. and XL. Osorkon I. making
c. List of nomes. Usertesen III. offerings to Bast and to various

D, ]i. Xile gods. Usertesen T. . divinities 47, 48

XXXV. A. King lan-Ra (pi. xii.) . XLI. A — 0. Inscriptions under the Hathor
B. Standard of Apepi capitals . . . . 47, 48
c.

D.
Inscription of Apepi

.....
Stone of Amenopliis IT. (pi. xxvi.
D.

—
or a shrine .....
Pedestal in black basalt for a statue

E.

r, f".
a).
Smaller statue of Amenopliis
Larger statue of Amenopliis
.

. XLTI.
K

A.
II. Osorkon
the gateway
Osorkon
....
II.
II.

and
Inscriptions

his queen,
of
49, 50

G. Group of priest and priestess Karoama. British Museum . . 52

H. The official Khcrfu. Ghizeh B. Date of the festival of Amon . 50
The god of Khucnaten. Ghizeh
I. c. Daughters of Osorkon II. . . 52
XXXVI. A. Rameses II. making offerings n — 0. Set and Mahes . . .49
B — D. Lists of captives . . n. Fragment of an usurped statue
E. Tablet of red granite . XLIII. A. Saito priest and priestess.
!•', G. Plithah of Barneses British Museum . . . .55
Museum
n.

I.

K, L, 0.
The god Meuthu.
Set of Barneses ....
Montreal.

Merenphtliah as prince .
B.

0.

D.
Statue of Hakoris. British
Unknown official

Statuette of Nespahor.
. .

Ghizeh
. .56
.
56

55
M. The royal son Khaemuas E. Unusual cartouche of Nekhthoi-heb 56
N. A royal son of Kush. Boston 42, F. f'". Statue of Nekhthorheb . . 58
XXXVII. List of nomes. Rameses II. . G. Statue of Bast . . . .58
XXXVIII. A. Nile gods. Rameses II. 9, XLIV.—VI. Hall of Nekhthorheb . . 57
B. Tablet of black granite. Ghizeh . XLVII., VIII. Shrine of Nekhthorheb . 58
0, o".

D.
Boston
Statue of Menthuhershepshef.

Statue of King Merenphthah B.

Roman
Canopic vase
......
XLIX. A. White limestone. Ptolemaic or

. . . .59
58

E. Statue of a royal son of Kush c, D. Red limestone, unknown epoch . 58

F. Statue of the god Phthah . 42^ E, f. Greek inscriptions. Ghizeh . 59
G. Statue of King Rameses III. L. — LII. Inscriptions of the small
Ghizeh temple GO— 02
H, h". Statue of King Rameses VI., LTII. Architectural drawing of the great
red limestone. Ghizeh , column now in Boston, made by M.
1, I.' Statue of King Rameses VI., E. Cramer . . . . .11
black granite, left on the spot. LIV. Plan drawn by Count d'Hulst . . 13
 INDEX.

Aamu
Aha, priest

Aboo Simbel
Abydos
Accad
Africamis
Ahmes, general ...

Ahmes I., King ... ... ...

Amasis
Amen, see Anion.
Amenemlia I. ... ... ... ... b

n
Ill
Amenopliis, ofiicial

ir 29-
III 13, U, IC, 20,

IV
Amon, god 15, 30, ai, 35, 37, 42—14, 16—48,

of Rameses
Ammihershepslief
Amu
Amyitaeos
An, King
Ankhrenpnefcr, oilicial ...

Ankldoui, Eauctuary of Memphis

Apadinao...
Apcpi ... ... ... 21-
Apbroditopolis ...

Apollonios ... ...

son of Theon
ApophU, gee k^Q\n
Apries
Arab, conquest ...

Arabia, nonic of ...

Arabs ... ...

Architraves, usurped
Archies
Argo, island
ArUu, Syrian
Armer, princess ... ... ...
 INDEX.

Chabas ....
KhanMci, KIia»el, laud ...

Khataanah
Kherfu, official

Kheta
Kliiaii

Klmdur iS'akhuiita

Khuenaicn
Kosseaiis...

Krall, Prof
Kummeh
Kusli, royal son of
Kushilc's...

Lcnormaiit
Lcpsins ...

Libya
nomo of

Libyan ...

Lotus-bud columns
Lumbroso, G. ...

Luxor

Ma, goddess
JLicrisy ...

Mafek, Mafkat, mineral

Maflmt, region of
Mahes
Malus, traveller ...

Manetho ...

Mariette...
Marsli of Bubastis
of Horus
Marshes of the north ...

MasJiuash, Ma^uEs
Maspero, Prof. ...

3Ieht, Mehent
ilemphis...
Mcnhor, priest ...

Menlilieperra
Mentha
MenthuJiershe^fshrf, prince

Mentor
Mcrenphthah
!Mermashu, King
]\resopotamia
Mcsori, montli ...

Metternich tablet
Mispliragmutlwsis
Mitrahenny
Mongoloid type
 INDEX.

Pi-Besoth
statues usurped
 LONDON •.

On.TiF.HT ANn mVINOTON", LIMITED,

ST. JOHN S CUaiKKNWELI. IIOAP,
IIOUKI!, E.C.
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 PL. XIV

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PL. XV
PL. XVI
PL. XVII
PL. XV]
PL. XIX
PL. XK
PL. XXI
PL. XXII
 PL. XXIll

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PL. LIV
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OCKER & TRAPP INC.
AND
NYU- INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS
PRODUCED THIS REPLACEMENT VOLUME
ON WEYERHAEUSER COUGAR OPAQUE NATURAL PAPER,
THAT MEETS ANSI/NISO STANDARDS Z39. 48-1997
TO REPLACE THE IRREPARABLY
DETERIORATED ORIGINAL. 2002
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