Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Definition:
An m×n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (m rows and n columns)
enclosed in brackets. The numbers are called the elements of the matrix.
Examples:

1. A 2×3 matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns:

* +
2. Here’s a 3 × 3 square matrix:

[ ]

3. Column vectors are matrices with only one column:

[ ]

4. Row vectors are matrices which only have one row:

[ ]

A general real matrix A Rmxn with m × n elements is of the form:

[ ]

Each element has two properties:

1. location: The first index represents the row (i) and The second index represents
the column (j), e.g. (a21 is the element in row 2, column 1 of the matrix A)
2. Value: which represents the amount of the element.

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

*Special matrices
1. The unit matrix I is a square matrix whose only non-zero elements are on the
diagonal and are equal to one, e.g.

* + [ ], [ ]

2. Zero matrix 0 : All elements of the zero matrix are equal to zero, e.g.

* + [ ] [ ]

3. A diagonal matrix only has non-zero elements on the main diagonal. These
non-zero elements can have any value, e.g.

[ ] [ ] [ ]

4. Upper triangular matrix: all the elements under the main diagonal are zero
and the others can have any value, e.g.

* + [ ] [ ]

5. Lower triangular matrix: all the elements above the main diagonal are zero
and the others can have any value, e.g.

L=* + [ ] [ ]

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Matrix algebra
1. Matrix equality.
Two matrices are equal if they have the same size and if their corresponding
elements are identical , i.e.
A=B
if and only if:
aij = bij , for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n

Examples:

1. If A = * +,B=* + then A

( same size but the corresponding elements are not equal)

2. If A = [ ],B=* + then A

( different size)

3. If A = * +,B=* + then A

( same size but a12 b12 )

Ex: A = * + , B=* + , given that A = B, find a, b, c, and d?

Sol.

A=B

a=1
b=0
c = -4
d=2

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

2. Matrix addition.
Two matrices can only be added if they have the same size. The result is
another matrix of the same size. We add matrices by adding their corresponding
elements, i.e.
C=A+B
cij = aij + bij for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n

Ex: if A = * +,B=* + find:

1. C = A + B ?
2. D = B – A ?

Sol.
C=A+B=* +=* +

D=B–A=* +=* +

3. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.

A matrix is multiplied by a scalar ( a number) by multiplying each element
of the matrix by that scalar. The result is a matrix of the same size.
A=αB
bij = α aij for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n

Ex: If A = [ ] find 3A?

Sol.

3A = [ ] [ ]

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

4. Matrix – Matrix multiplication.

The product of an m × n matrix A and an n × p matrix B produces an m × p
matrix C, i.e.

This implies that the number of columns of the first matrix must be equal
to the number of rows in the second matrix.
Here are some examples:

* + [ ]

2×3 3×3

[ ] [ ]

3×4 4×2
We can form :
AB : the result is a 2 × 3 matrix
AC : the result is a 2 × 4 matrix
BC : the result is a 3 × 4 matrix
CD : the result is a 3 × 2 matrix
But, It is not possible to form:
BA or AD
The product matrix of two matrices is obtained by taking dot products of
the rows of the left matrix with the columns of the right matrix.

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Ex: Find AB if * + * +

Sol.

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
[ ]
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )

=* +

For practical computation Falk’s scheme could be used to evaluate AB in

tabular form as follows:
4 3 2

2 1 1

1 2 (1×4 + 2×2) (1×3 + 2×1) (1×2 + 2×1)

3 4 (3×4 + 4×2) (3×3 + 4×1) (3×2 + 4×1)

AB = * +

Properties of matrices multiplication.

1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB BA)

Proof: * + * +

AB = * + * +

BA = * + * +

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

2. AB = 0 does not imply A = 0, B = 0 or BA = 0.

Proof: * + * +

( ) ( )
AB = [ ] * +
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
BA = * + * + [ ]
( ) ( )

= * +

3. AB = AC does not necessarily imply B = C

Proof: * + * + * +

* + * + * + * +

AC = * + * + * + * +

But, other properties are similar to numbers

4. A(B + C) = AB + AC distributive law

Proof: * + * + * +

* +

A(B+C) = * + * + * +

AB = * + , AC = * +

AB + AC = * + * + * +

A(B + C) = AB + AC O.K.
5. A(BC) = (AB)C associative law

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Transpose of a matrix.
The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns

for i = 1,….., m ; j = 1,……, n

The transpose is denoted by a superscript T and the general matrix becomes:

[ ]

Ex: Find AT if A = * +?

Sol.

[ ]

Hint: If AT = A then A is a symmetric matrix, e.g.

A=[ ] [ ]

Properties of matrices transpose:

1. (AT)T = A for any matrix A.
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT. for matrices A and B with compatible dimensions.
3. (A.B)T = BT. AT . for matrices A and B with compatible dimensions.
4. If AAT = ATA = I then A is orthogonal matrix.

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Determinant of a matrix
1. The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix

* +
+ ˗

is written det. A or | | | |

Ex: Find det. A if A = * +

Sol.

| | | | ( )

2.The determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix is written as:

| | | | | | | | | |

| | ( ) ( ) ( )

Ex: Find det. A if A = [ ]

Sol. | | | |

= | | ( )| | | |

= 3(4) + 5(9) + 3(-1)

= 54

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

There is another method and to compute the determinant of a 3×3 matrix.

It is named Sarrus' rule or Sarrus' scheme.
Consider a 3×3 matrix :

[ ]

then its determinant can be computed by the following scheme:

+ + + - - -

| | | |

= 3×1×4 + (-5)×(-1)×(1) + 3×2×0 - 3×1×1 - 3×(-1)×0 – (-5)×2×4

= 12 + 5 + 0 – 3 – 0 – (-40) = 54
Properties of determinate.
1. if det. A = 0 the matrix A is called a singular matrix.

2. det. A = det. AT

3. det. (AB) = det. A det. B

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Example:
Find the determinant of each matrix

* + b=* + c=[ ] d=[ ]

Sol:

1-Det(a)=| |=3(-8)-9(2)=-42

2-Det(b)= | |=(1)(0)-(-2)(1)=2

3-Det(c)= | |=2| | | | | |=

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Chapter one Mathematics II Matrices and determinates

Exercise :
Calculate the determinate of the following 2X2 matrices

1-a=* + 2-b=* + 3-c=* + 4-d= * +

Ans: a=-17 b=0 c=5 d=11

Exercise :
Calculate the determinate of the following 3X3 matrices

A=[ ] B=[ ]

Determinant |A| = -70

Exercise :
Calculate the determinate of the following 4X4 matrices

A=[ ] B=[ ]

Det(A)=5[ ]-7[ ]+9[ ]-107[ ]

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