FUTURE READY FUTURE SMART PROGRAM

STUDY GUIDE

WEEK 1

Subject Fluids and Electrolytes

Topics
Yr./Section
Date/Week Week 1
Time Allotment
School Year 1st Quarter/SY 2020-2021

I. Objectives

- Discuss the overview of body fluids and its solutes

- Identify sources of body fluids
- Give examples of body Fluids and its solutes
- Distinguish non-electrolytes from electrolytes
- Explain the importance of body fluids and its solutes

II. Discussion

Overview:

Fluid is one of the four ultimate states of matter, being composed of molecules that
can move about within limits permitting change in the shape of mass without disruption
of the substance.

It contains water & electrolytes.

Water is a combination of Oxygen and Hydrogen without electrolytes. It is the most

abundant compound that is essential to life.

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 Physical Properties of H20 (Water):
- Colorless
- Tasteless
- Odorless
- It can change from liquid to gas
- It can change from liquid to solid

Importance of Water (H20):

- Needed for digestion of food
- Necessary for circulation of blood
- Necessary for elimination
- Form large percentage of Plants & Animals
- Essential for many chemical reactions as a solvent in diluting solutes.

Water is the major constituents of the body minus electrolytes. 60-70% of water is
found in the body, yet its volume is affected by some factors

Factors Affecting Volume of Body Water:

- Age
- Body weight
- Sex

Age
The younger the age the more it contains H20 because fluid intake requirement vary
with age in relation to body surface & metabolic requirements.

- Newborn/Infant: 77% of H20

- Elderly/Adult: 47% of H20

Adult contains less H20 due primarily to amounts of fats within the body.

Key Note:
These (2) two groups (Infant and Elderly) are prone to fluid imbalances due to:
1. Increase Metabolic rate
2. Immature kidney and hypothalamus
- Kidney start to become mature at the age of 2 years old.
- Adult are less ableto concentrate/hold urine due to Renal problem and or Cardiac
problem
- Hypothalamus is the center for the sense of thirst;

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 -a decrease in fluid volume or an increased in the concentration of body fluids
stimulate the thirst center causing an individual to drink.
3. Rapid respiration
- exhaled air resulting to Insensible fluid loss.

Insensible fluid loss fluid losses that cannot be seen and cannot be measured

Body weight
- Thin(increase H20 in the body)
- Obese (decrease H20 in the body)
Due to increased fats in the body

Sex
- Male (more H20 because of muscles)
- Female(less H20 because of fat formation which is essential andH20 free)

Sources of Body Fluids

- Fluid taken orally
- Food ingested
- Oxidation of food

Key Note:
- H20 taken orally must be 1,500 ml/day provided the person is free of Renal and/or
Cardiac problem
- From the food we ingest we able to obtain 750ml/day of H20 which we called as
Preformed H20. 85% - fresh fruits
90%- fresh vegetables
60%- lean meat
-Oxidation of food happens during metabolism, accounts for most of the remaining fluid
volume required called Oxidative H20.
Range from: 150-300 ml/day
Average of: 250ml/day

Average Daily Sources of H20 Intake:

- 1,200ml/day as H20 in beverages
- 1,100ml/day as “Hidden” H20 in foods
- 300ml/day as H20 Oxidation
Average Daily Sources of H20 Output:
- 1,500ml/day from the kidney in the form of urine

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 - 1,000ml/day H20 from skin & lungs as insensible/evaporated H20 loss
- 100ml/day from GIT in the form of feces

Note:
Gain in body H20 must equal to the loss of body H20 to prevent fluid balances. An
essential fluid loss required to maintain body functioning is known as Obligatory Loss.

Requirements of H20/day to meet the body fluids requirements: 2,600 ml

Absolute minimum amount of H20/day: 1,500ml (1.5L)

Recap:
Body Fluids a solution of Water & Solutes
Solutes in the body fluids are Non-electrolytes & Electrolytes

Electrolytes are compound substances, when placed in solution are divided into two
(2) electrically charges also known as IONs

Examples:
Cation (+) Anions (-)
Na Cl
NaCl

Examples of electrolytes that belong to CATION

1. Sodium
2. Potassium
3. Calcium
4. Magnesium

Examples of ANIONS
1. Chloride
2. Bicarbonate
3. Phosphate

Major Electrolytes Content in Body Fluids:

 Na
 K
 Ca
 Mg

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  Cl
 HCO3
 P04
 S04

Key Note:
Milli equivalent (mEq) per liter – measurement of chemical activity of electrolytes.
It is measured in the most accessible portion of ECF, namely the plasma

Functions of Electrolytes:
- Promote neuromuscular irritability
- Maintain body fluid osmolality
- Regulate acid-base balance & distribution of body fluids among fluid compartment

Non-electrolytes - electrically neutral solutes, a substance that does not ionize,

dissociate in a solution or carry an electric charge but necessary to maintain & control
the fluids/H20 between the plasma & interstitial fluid

Examples of Non-Electrolytes:
1. Glucose
2. Protein
3. Vitamins
4. Creatinine
5. Lipids

Protein are the tissue builder of the body; inadequate intake will result in negative
nitrogen balance.

Role of Protein - exert a high osmosis effect in fluid management.

The anion form of protein is known as Proteinate,which is the major anion within the
cell. As the protein reaches the blood it is known as Albumin,which is important in the
development of the plasma colloid osmotic pressure known as Osmotic Pressure.This
helpscontrol the flow of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid through
Osmosis. It holds H20 within the vessel and draw back H20 that escape from the vessel
Macromolecules of protein that are located primarily within the plasma is known
asColloids. It holds water within the blood vessel.

Example: Starvation

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 Main Course of Discussion:

Body fluids - a solution of water and solutes (Non-Electrolytes and Electrolytes)

Functions of Body Fluids:

1. Provide an aqueous medium for Cellular Metabolism.
2. Maintain Physical & Chemistry consistency of intracellular or extracellular fluids.
3. Transport material to and from the cell.
4. Aids in the regulation of body temperature.
5. Provides medium for excretion of waste from the body.
6. Provides lubrication of muscle joints.

Examples of body fluids:

1. Amniotic fluid
2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
3. Muller’s Fluid
4. Pericardial Fluid
5. Pleural Fluid
6. Subarachnoid Fluids
7. Spinal Fluid
8. Synovial Fluid
9. Peritoneal Fluid
10. Labyrinthine Fluid

Body Fluid Compartments

 Intracellular Fluid Compartment
 Extracellular Fluid Compartment

Intracellular Fluid Compartments body fluids inside the cell this fluid is known as
Intracellular fluids (ICF) - It provides the cell with internal aqueous medium necessary
for its chemical function, about 2/3-3/4 of all body fluids in this category.

Key notes:
70% of TBW (total body weight) is normally within the Intracellular fluid compartment

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 Extracellular Fluid Compartment (ECF) body fluids outside the cells. It serves as
body transportation system carrying H20, Electrolytes, nutrients, & oxygen in the cells &
removing the waste product of metabolism (30% of TBW is located in this category).

Key Notes:
An average adult contains about 40L of H20 compromising 60% of body weight.

ICF 23-25 L = 70%

ECF 12-17 = 30%
(Average 15L)
____________________________________

100% of 60%

Compartment of ECF:
1. Interstitial Compartment
2. Intravascular Compartment
3. Small Fluid Compartment
4. Gastrointestinal Tract

Interstitial Compartment
24-25% of TBW in ECF @ 10-12 L

- Located in the space between the vascular space and the cells that provide cell with
external aqueous medium necessary for cellular metabolism.
- Fluids within the interstitial compartment is known as tissue fluids.

Intravascular Compartment
4-5% of TBW in ECF approximately 2-3 L
- This contain blood plasma, colloids along with RBC that maintain vascular volume

Small Fluid Compartment

Approximately 1L (.5%)

Example:
Aqueous Humor
Vitreous Humor
Synovial Fluids
Lymph Fluids

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 Gastrointestinal Tract
Approximately 1L (.5%)
- it give bathes to GIT organs

Concept:
All body fluids are related & mix well with each other. Plasma becomes interstitial fluid
as it filters across the capillary wall.Interstitial fluid return to capillary wall by osmosis to
enterLympathic vessel. The total solute concentration in body fluids is expressed in
milliosmoles(mOsm)

Definition of Terms Used:

- Hydrolysis is a process of splitting of substance with the addition of H20

- Solvent is a liquid that can hold another substance in a solution
- Solutes a substance that is either dissolved or suspended in a solution
- Insensible fluid loss fluid losses that cannot be seen and cannot be measured
- Preformed H20 fluids from the food during ingestion period
- Oxidative H20 end products of oxidation of foods
- Obligatory loss fluid loss/day that must be equal to fluid intake
- Ions are atom or group of atoms having a charge of positive and negative
electrically by virtue of having gained or loss electrons
- Cation ions with positive charge
- Anion ions with negative charge
- Osmosis process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semi-
permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane

Abbreviations:

- H20 - Water
- Na – Sodium
- K – Potassium
- Mg- Magnesium
- Ca- Calcium
- Cl – Chloride
- HCO3- Bicarbonate
- PO4- Phosphate

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 - ECF –Extracellular Fluid

References:
Medical-Surgical Nursing 12th Edition
Brunner & Suddarth’s

III. Learning Rubric

Instruction: Please read carefully and check the corresponding box for your
answer. (Basahinng mabutiangbawattanong at i-tsekangkahon ng
iyongsagot).

Note: Your honest answers will help us gather accurate data in order for the Teachers
to understand and provide appropriate interventions for the topic discussed.
(Angmatapatnapagsagot ay makapagbibigay ng tumpaknadatosupang mas
higitnamaunawaan at makapagbigay ng nararapatinterbensiyonpatungkolsapaksangito.)

YES MAYBE NO
Content
(3) (2) (1)
1. I have background knowledge about the topic.
(Mayroonnaakongkontingkaalamantungkolsapaksa.)
2. I can analyze the content to deepen my understanding.
(Kaya kongsuriingmabutiangpaksaupangmapalawak pa
angakingkaalaman.)
3. I can give my own examples.
(Kaya kongmagbigay ng sarilikonghalimbawa.)
4. I can summarize the content and information that I have
learned.
(Kaya konglaguminangpaksa at
angkaalamangakingnatutunan.)
5. I clearly understood the topic.
(Luboskongnaunawaanangpaksa ng aralin.)
6. I understand the direction of each activity and answered it
correctly.
(Nauunawankoangpanuto ng bawatgawain at nasagutanito ng
tama.)
7. I can enumerate the necessary steps and procedures related
to the lesson.
(Kaya konghanayinangmgahakbang at prosesona may
kaugnayansapaksangtinalakay.)
8. I can independently perform the skill, strategy or process.

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(Kaya kongi-apply angakingnatutunanupangmagsagawa ng
isangkasanayan, pamamaraan, o proseso.)
9. I can relate the topic in real-life situations.
(Kaya kongiugnayangpaksasatotoongbuhay.)
10. I accomplished the task on time.
(Nataposkoangmgagawainsaitinakdangoras.)

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photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the Good Samaritan Colleges.