INTRODUCTION, APPROACHES AND

METHODOLOGY

TIM PENYUSUN
Direktorat Pengelolaan Kekayaan Intelektual Kemenristek-BRIN
Penyaji:
• Prof. Dr. Ir. DIAN FIANTIS, M.Sc
• Jurusan Tanah Faperta Unand
• dianfiantis@yahoo.com

Materi Klinik Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Internasional Tahun 2020

Introduction
➢ Should answer two questions:
“What?” and “So what?”
➢ What is the paper about,
➢ Why should the reader care?
➢ Scope
➢ Novelty
➢ Significance of the research work
 The Introduction contents:
▪ presents the background knowledge that readers need and
appreciate,
▪ what is already known about this subject
▪ identify the areas where there is still some uncertainty
▪ citing, where appropriate, any previous (and possibly conflicting) data
▪ how the findings of the paper are an advance on current knowledge in
the field.

WHAT did you/others do ? WHY did you do it ?

➔ 1,5 to 2 pages, double spaced

 Write a compelling Introductions
A good INTRODUCTION should answer the following questions:

1. What is the problem to be solved?

2. Are there any existing solutions, (i.e. in the literature) ?
3. Which is the best?
4. What is the main limitation?
5. What do you hope to achieve ?

A good INTRODUCTION must be organized from the

global to particular point of view, guiding your readers to
your objectives. How to prepare a manuscript for international journal
Elsevier Publishing Campus
How can I assess the quality of my Introduction?
To make a self-assessment of your Introduction, you can ask yourself the
following questions.
✓ Is my research question clear?
✓ Does my Introduction act as a clear road map for understanding my paper?
✓ Is it sufficiently different from the Abstract, without any cut and pastes?
(some overlap is fine)
✓ Have I mentioned only what my readers specifically need to know and what
I will subsequently refer to in the Discussion?
✓ Have I been as concise as possible?
✓ Have I used tenses correctly? present simple (general background context,
description of what will be done in the paper), present perfect (past to
present solutions), past simple (my contribution, though this may also be
expressed using the present simple or future simple)
Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers
How to write research objectives

Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers

Contoh artikel
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Some common pitfalls in
writing an Introduction
• Providing unnecessary background
information (telling the reader what
they already know or what they do not
need to know),
• Exaggerating the importance of the
work,
• Failing to make clear what research
questions this paper is trying to answer.
 Materials and Methods

➢ Describes how the results were generated

➢ It should be sufficiently detailed
➢ Not require explicit step-by-step
Methods
instructions but rather references to prior
publications
A good methods should describe

➢ What was done

➢ How it was done,
➢ Justify the experimental design
➢ Statistical considerations, such as
sampling plans and analysis methods
used, should be explained
 Contents of Methods?

❖ Description of the site

❖ Description of the surveys or experiments done

❖ Description of the laboratory methods, start from

the simplest to the more complex ones

❖ Description of the statistical methods used

How should I structure the Methods?
The Methods section should answer most of the following questions,
obviously depending on your discipline:
• What / Who did I study? What hypotheses was I testing?
• Where did I carry out this study and what characteristics did this location have?
• How did I design my experiment / sampling and what assumptions did I make?
• What variable was I measuring and why?
• How did I handle / house / treat my materials / subjects? What kind of care / precautions
were taken?
• What equipment did I use (plus modifications) and where did this equipment come from
(vendor source)?
• What protocol did I use for collecting my data?
• How did I analyze the data? Statistical procedures? Mathematical equations? Software?
• What probability did I use to decide significance?
• What references to the literature could I give to save me having to describe something in
detail?

Wallwork. 2011. English for Writing Research Papers

Some common pitfalls in writing
Materials and Methods

➢ Method sections are often overly brief and lacking

in detail
➢ Treating the method as a chronological history of
what happened
How to Handle Qualitative Data Analysis

• Used for any non-numerical data collected as part

of evaluation
- observations
- interviews
- analysis of written documents
(document sources)
- focus groups transcripts
- diaries
Computer help for Qualitative Data Analysis

• Software Packages to help you organize data

• Search, organize, categorize, and annotate
textual and visual data
• Help you to visualize the relationships among
data
• Example: NVivo