0640 SA 综合

8
3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of the carbon cycle.
carbon dioxide
plants animals
decay
death death
dead and
decaying matter
fossilisation
fossil fuels
Fig. 3.1
(a) Fill in the empty boxes in Fig. 3.1, naming the processes involved in the carbon cycle. Choose
words from this list.
You may use each word once, more than once, or not at all.
breathing combustion decomposition
photosynthesis respiration transpiration

[4]
(b) Add an arrow to Fig. 3.1 to show how animals obtain their carbon. [1]
© UCLES 2015 0654/32/M/J/15

9
(c) Explain why an ecosystem needs an external supply of energy from sunlight, but does not
need an external supply of carbon atoms.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Use the idea of the carbon cycle to suggest an explanation for each of the following.
(i) In a deciduous (temperate) forest, the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
falls slightly in spring and summer, and then rises again in the autumn.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cutting down rainforests might lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in
the Earth’s atmosphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Combustion of fossil fuels is more harmful to the environment than combustion of wood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 0654/32/M/J/15 [Turn over

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0654 32
3 (a) (labels, from top left) [4]

photosynthesis;
respiration;
respiration;
combustion;
(b) arrow from plants to animals; [1]
(c) energy, is not recycled / does not circulate / has linear flow / ORA; [1]
(d) (i) more photosynthesis (than respiration and decay) in spring/summer; [2]
more decay/respiration (than photosynthesis) in autumn;
(ii) less photosynthesis ; [2]

which removes CO2 (from atmosphere);
(iii) combustion of fossil fuels increases atmospheric CO2; [max 2]

combustion of wood balanced by (recent) photosynthesis;
combustion of fossil fuels produces SO2 / acid rain;
[Total: 12 marks]
IGCSE – May/June 2014 0654 21
11 (a) A oesophagus ;
B stomach ;
C liver ; [3]
(b) production / secretion of digestive enzymes / insulin secretion / control of blood sugar ; [1]
(c) cannot release digestive enzymes ;

cannot digest food (fully) / pancreas may become digested ; [2]
(d) (i) movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine ;
into the blood ; [2]
(ii) duodenum / ileum / small intestine ;

large intestine (colon / rectum) ; [2]
(iii) assimilation after absorption ;

assimilation is use / uptake of food by cells of the body ; [2]
[Total: 12]
© Cambridge International Examinations 2014

25
11 Fig. 11.1 shows some of the regions of the alimentary canal in a human.
A
C
pancreatic duct
pancreas
small intestine
Fig. 11.1
(a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.
C [3]
(b) State one function of the pancreas.
[1]
(c) In people with cystic fibrosis, the pancreatic duct may become blocked.
Suggest and explain what the effect of this would be.
[2]

26
(d) (i) With reference to the alimentary canal, define the term absorption.
[2]
(ii) Name the parts of the alimentary canal in which there is the most absorption of
sugars,
water. [2]
(iii) Explain how assimilation differs from absorption.
[2]
© UCLES 2014 0654/21/M/J/14

4
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a fetus in the uterus.
placenta
X
Z
uterus wall
fetus Y
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name the structures labelled X and Y.
X ................................................................................................................................................
Y ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Describe the function of the fluid at Z.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Suggest three ways in which the composition of the fetus’s blood changes as it passes
through the placenta.
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2014 0654/32/O/N/14

5
(d) If a pregnant woman smokes, this may reduce the amount of oxygen available to her unborn
baby (fetus).
Name the main component of tobacco smoke that causes this, and explain how it has this
effect.
component ..........................................................
explanation of its effect
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2014 0654/32/O/N/14 [Turn over

Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2014 0654 32
2 (a) X = umbilical cord ;

Y = amnion / amniotic sac ; [2]
(b) protection ;
from mechanical damage / ‘knocks and bumps’ / owtte ; [2]
(c) increased oxygen ;

decreased carbon dioxide ;
increased glucose / nutrients / named nutrient ;
decreased urea / wastes ; [max 3]
(d) carbon monoxide ;

combines with haemoglobin / takes place of oxygen in the blood (cells) ;
reduces oxygen transport in mother’s blood ; [3]
[Total: 10]

14
8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a diagram of a grass flower. Grass is an example of a wind-pollinated plant.
ovary
Fig. 8.1
(i) Name the parts of the flower labelled X and Y.
X ........................................................................................................................................
Y ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe how the following parts of the flower would be different in an insect-pollinated
plant.
petals .................................................................................................................................
pollen .................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Pollen is the male sex gamete in plants.
Name the process which produces gametes.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 0654/42/M/J/17

15
(c) In insect-pollinated plants, pollen is transferred by insects to other plants, which may result in
fertilisation. This is an example of sexual reproduction.
State one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction.
advantage .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) After sexual reproduction, seeds are produced. Seeds are dispersed so that plants can
colonise new areas.
Describe two ways in which seeds can be dispersed by animals.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]

0654/42 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
8(a)(i) X anther ; 2
Y stigma ;
8(a)(ii) petals larger / brightly coloured ; 2

pollen larger / fewer / rougher surface ;
8(b) meiosis ; 1
8(c) advantage max 2

genetic variation ;
disadvantage
two parents needed ;
fertilisation is random / mutations can occur ;
take more, time / energy ;
8(d) attach to animals, coat / fur / hair ; max 2

eaten by animals, dispersed in faeces ;
AVP ;
© UCLES 2017 Page 7 of 10

10 (a) (i) (pupil) reflex; [1]
(ii) (change in) light; [1]
(b) (i) motor/effector (neurone); [1]
(ii) relay/connector (neurone); [1]
(c) damage to retina; [1]
[Total: 5]

21
10 When a bright light is shone into a person’s eye, the pupil of the eye gets smaller. This is shown in
Fig. 10.1.
light shone
into the eye
large pupil small pupil
Fig. 10.1
(a) The response shown in Fig. 10.1 is rapid and automatic.
(i) Give the name for a response of this type.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the stimulus that brings about this response.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The pupil response depends on nerve cells (neurones).
Sensory neurones carry nerve impulses from receptors in the eye towards the central nervous
system.
Name the types of nerve cell that
(i) carry nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles in the eye,
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) connect one nerve cell to another in the central nervous system.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest what would happen if a person’s eye failed to respond to a bright light in this way.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

15
8 The pupil reflex to light is an example of a reflex action.
(a) The letters below represent different parts of a reflex action pathway.
A CNS (central nervous system)

B effector
C motor neurone
D receptor
E sensory neurone
(i) Put the letters in the correct order to show the reflex action pathway. Two have been
done for you.
D A
[1]
(ii) Suggest why the nerve impulses travel to the brain rather than to the spinal cord during
the pupil reflex.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

16
(b) The size of the pupil in the eye changes in response to light.
This is an example of a reflex action.
Fig. 8.1 shows a photograph of an eye in bright light conditions.
Fig. 8.1
(i) Describe and explain the changes to the eye that occur when a person goes from bright
light back to normal light conditions.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain why the pupil reflex is described as a reflex action.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Nocturnal animals are active at night.
Suggest one way that the eyes of nocturnal animals may differ from animals that are active
during the day.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 0654/41/M/J/17

Cambridge IGCSE – May / June 2015 0654 22
7 (a) ovary ; [1]
(b) (i) oviduct / fallopian tube ; [1]
(ii) prevents egg reaching uterus / sperm cannot reach egg / prevents fertilisation / sperm
cannot enter fallopian tube ; [1]
(c) (i) chemical substance produced by gland ;

carried in the blood ;
affects / alters activity of target organs ;
destroyed in liver ; [max 3]
(ii) ovary labelled on Fig. 7.1 ; [1]
[Total: 7]

16
7 Fig. 7.1 shows the female reproductive system.
Fig. 7.1
(a) Name the part of the female reproductive system in which the female gametes are produced.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Name the tubes labelled W.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Infertility in women can sometimes be caused by the tubes W becoming blocked. Explain
why this would lead to infertility.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The female reproductive system produces hormones.
(i) Define a hormone.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) On Fig. 7.1, use a label line to name and identify the part that produces hormones. [1]
© UCLES 2015 0654/22/M/J/15

0654/41 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
1(a)(i) A – prostate gland ; 2

B – urethra ;
1(a)(ii) ‘X’ on testicle ; 1
1(b)(i) reduction division ; max 2

chromosome number halved ;
from diploid to haploid ;
1(b)(ii) egg bigger / sperm smaller ; max 2

egg non-motile / sperm, motile ;
only sperm has tail / ORA ;

egg contains X chromosome and male contains X or Y chromosome ;
1(b)(iii) fertilisation ; 1
2(a) 2; 1
2(b)(i) number of protons ; 2

in one atom (of an element) / in the nucleus ;
2(b)(ii) mass number of sodium is 23 and mass number of hydrogen is 1; max 2

sodium (nucleus) contains neutrons and protons ;
protons and neutrons have same mass ;
12 (neutrons) and 11 (protons) and hydrogen has 1 proton ;
2(c) 2,8,2 ; 1
2(d) chlorine ; 2
Cl2 ;
© UCLES 2017 Page 2 of 12

2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a diagram of the male reproductive system.
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B in Fig. 1.1.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Draw an X on Fig. 1.1 to show where sperm are made. [1]
(b) Meiosis is the process that produces gametes. A sperm is the male sex gamete.
(i) Define the term meiosis.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2017 0654/41/O/N/17

3
(ii) Describe two differences between a male gamete and a female gamete in humans.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Name the term used to describe the fusion of the male gamete and female gamete.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

24
11 (a) State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration.
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) State how anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration in terms of
(i) substances reacting,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) amount of energy released.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Explain why anaerobic respiration of yeast is important in the brewing of beer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2015 0654/33/M/J/15

11 (a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

(one mark for correct formulae, one mark for balanced equation) ; ; [2]
(b) (i) does not use oxygen ; [1]
(ii) releases less energy ; [1]
(c) produces alcohol / ethanol ;

produces carbon dioxide / makes “fizzy” / AW ; [2]
[Total: 6]

Cambridge IGCSE – May / June 2015 0654 22
12 (a) incisor ; [1]
(b) (structure) larger ;

two roots ;
flatter ;
[max 2 for structure]
(function) grinding / crushing ;
T1 for biting ; [max 3]
(c) breaks into small pieces ;

(so) easier to swallow ;
more surface area for enzyme action ; [max 2]
(d) removes plaque / bacteria ;

removes sugar / food remnants ;
which encourage bacteria ;
removes / neutralises acid ; [max 2]
(e) flossing ;
avoiding sugary / sticky foods ;
avoiding snacks between meals ;
mouthwash ;
fluoride ;
regular dental checks / professional cleaning / sealing ; [max 2]
[Total: 10]

25
12 Fig. 12.1 shows the human skull, seen from the side.
T1
T2
Fig. 12.1
(a) Name the type of tooth labelled T1.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how tooth T2 is different from tooth T1 in its structure and in its function.
structure ....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
function .....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Explain why it is important to chew food that we eat.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Explain how regular brushing of the teeth helps to prevent tooth decay.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Apart from brushing the teeth, state two other ways in which tooth decay can be prevented.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................... [2]
Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2016 0654 33
4(a) capillary ; 3
lacteal ;
epithelium ;
4(b) increased surface area ; 2

for absorption ;
4(c)(i) nutrients absorbed less (efficiently) / loss of weight / AVP ; 1
4(c)(ii) eat small amounts frequently / eat easily digested or absorbed foods / eat nutrient-dense foods ; 1
Total: 7
© UCLES 2016
9
4 The small intestine has many villi on its internal surface. Fig. 4.1 shows the structure of a villus.
.......................................
.......................................
.......................................
Fig. 4.1
(a) Complete the labels to identify the structures on Fig. 4.1. [3]
(b) Describe the importance of the shape of the villi in the function of the digestive system.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A person develops a condition in which the villi of the small intestine become reduced in size.
(i) Suggest how the person would be affected by this change in size of villi.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest how the person should change their diet.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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8

3 Fig. 3.1 shows part of the carbon cycle.

breathing combustion decomposition

photosynthesis respiration transpiration

© UCLES 2015 0654/32/M/J/15

© UCLES 2015 0654/32/M/J/15 [Turn over

3 (a) (labels, from top left) [4]

(b) arrow from plants to animals; [1]

(ii) less photosynthesis ; [2]

(iii) combustion of fossil fuels increases atmospheric CO2; [max 2]

(c) cannot release digestive enzymes ;

(ii) duodenum / ileum / small intestine ;

(iii) assimilation after absorption ;

© Cambridge International Examinations 2014

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B and C.

(b) State one function of the pancreas.

Suggest and explain what the effect of this would be.

© UCLES 2014 0654/21/M/J/14 [Turn over

(iii) Explain how assimilation differs from absorption.

© UCLES 2014 0654/21/M/J/14

2 Fig. 2.1 shows a fetus in the uterus.

(a) Name the structures labelled X and Y.

(b) Describe the function of the fluid at Z.

© UCLES 2014 0654/32/O/N/14

explanation of its effect

© UCLES 2014 0654/32/O/N/14 [Turn over

2 (a) X = umbilical cord ;

(c) increased oxygen ;

(d) carbon monoxide ;

© Cambridge International Examinations 2014

(i) Name the parts of the flower labelled X and Y.

(b) Pollen is the male sex gamete in plants.

Name the process which produces gametes.

© UCLES 2017 0654/42/M/J/17

State one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction.

Describe two ways in which seeds can be dispersed by animals.

© UCLES 2017 0654/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

8(a)(ii) petals larger / brightly coloured ; 2

8(c) advantage max 2

8(d) attach to animals, coat / fur / hair ; max 2

© UCLES 2017 Page 7 of 10

10 (a) (i) (pupil) reflex; [1]

(ii) (change in) light; [1]

(b) (i) motor/effector (neurone); [1]

(ii) relay/connector (neurone); [1]

(c) damage to retina; [1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

large pupil small pupil

(a) The response shown in Fig. 10.1 is rapid and automatic.

(i) Give the name for a response of this type.

(ii) State the stimulus that brings about this response.

(b) The pupil response depends on nerve cells (neurones).

Name the types of nerve cell that

© UCLES 2015 0654/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

8 The pupil reflex to light is an example of a reflex action.

A CNS (central nervous system)

© UCLES 2017 0654/41/M/J/17 [Turn over

This is an example of a reflex action.

Fig. 8.1 shows a photograph of an eye in bright light conditions.

(ii) Explain why the pupil reflex is described as a reflex action.

(c) Nocturnal animals are active at night.

© UCLES 2017 0654/41/M/J/17

7 (a) ovary ; [1]

(b) (i) oviduct / fallopian tube ; [1]