Brief Geometry

Brief Geometry Course for SAT I, SAT II, ACT, GMAT & GRE Copyright © 2019 All Rights
9 All Rights Reserved - Emil Leznik
Contents
1) Exact conversion of degrees into radians. p. 9
2) Exact conversion of radians into degrees. p. 9
3) Property of supplementary angles. (1 property) p. 9
4) Property of complementary angles. (1 property) p. 9
5) Property of vertical angles. (1 property) p. 9
6) The relationship between angles at two parallel lines and secant
line. (1 formula) p. 9
7) Properties of parallel and semi secant lines. (6 cases) p. 10
8) Property of the angle and its secant parallel lines. (1 property) p. 11
9) Determination of the angle between the clockhands. (1 formula) p. 11
10) The sum of all interior angles in a polygon. (5 cases) p. 12
11) Exterior angle property of the triangle. (1 property) p. 13
12) Properties of the angle and opposite side. (2 properties) p. 13
13) Triangle inequality. (3 inequalities) p. 13
14) Properties of the triangle medians (side bisectors). (5 properties) p. 14
15) Properties of the triangle heights. (3 properties) p. 15
16) Properties of the right triangle. (9 properties) p. 16
17) Equilateral (regular) triangle. (10 formulas) p. 21
18) Property of triangles area with the same height. p. 22
19) Properties of the triangle midline. (2 properties) p. 22
20) Trigonometric functions of the right triangle. (4 cases) p. 23
21) Values of the trigonometric functions in standard angles. p. 23
22) Positive and negative rotation of angles. p. 24
23) Angle of full rotation. p. 25
24) Properties of “-” inside trigonometric functions. p. 25
25) Properties of “-” inside inverse trigonometric functions p. 25
26) Properties of angles difference in trigonometric functions. p. 26
27) Relationship between trigonometric functions in terms of 90 . p. 26
28) Relationship between angles for sine in terms of 180 . p. 26
3
Copyright © 2019 All Rights Reserved - Emil Leznik Brief Geometry Course for SAT I, SAT II, ACT, GMAT & GRE
Brief Geometry Course for SAT I, SAT II, ACT, GMAT & GRE Copyright © 2019 All Rights Reserved - Emil Leznik
29) Relationship between arcsin(a) and arcos(a). p. 26
30) Relationship between arctan(a) and arccot(a). p. 26
31) Signs of trigonometric functions in quadrants. p. 27
32) Finding value of trigonometric function at non-standard angle. p. 27
33) Main trigonometric ratios of angles. p. 28
34) Trigonometry formulas. p. 29
35) Cosine rule. (6 formulas) p. 32
36) Sine rule. (1 formula) p. 32
37) Similarity of triangles. (2 cases) p. 33
38) Triangle area formulas. (8 formulas) p. 33
39) Property of the tangent line and radius at the point of tangency.
(1 property) p. 36
40) Properties of the two tangent lines drawn from a common point to
opposite sides of the circle. (2 properties) p. 37
41) Property of the angles inscribed into the circle. (1 property) p. 37
42) Properties of the central angle of the circle. (2 properties) p. 38
43) Properties of the inscribed angles that lean on the same arc.
(2 properties) p. 38
44) Property of the inscribed angle that leans on the diameter.
(1 property) p. 39
45) Properties of the inscribed and central angles with the same base arc.
(2 properties) p. 40
46) Additional properties of the arcs. (10 properties) p. 41
47) Circle formulas. (2 formulas) p. 44
48) Circle arc length formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45
49) Circular sector area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45
50) Circular segment area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45
51) Ring area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 46
52) Circle inscribed in a figure. p. 46
53) Circle circumscribed about a figure. p. 48
4
54) Condition for the inscribed circle into any quadrilateral.

p.
(1 condition) 49
55) Condition for the circumscribed circle about any quadrilateral.
(1 condition) p. 50
56) Properties of the radius, diameter or segment, which is
perpendicular to the chord and is drawn from the center of the circle.
(3 cases) p. 50
57) Property of the two intersected chords. (1 property) p. 51
58) Property of the two secant lines. (1 property) p. 51
59) Property of the tangent and secant lines. (1 property) p. 51
60) Property of the segment of the tangent line drawn to the two
tangent circles. (1 property) p. 52
61) Properties of the n-sided polygon. (5 properties) p. 52
62) Parallelogram and its properties. (4 properties) p. 53
63) Formulas for the parallelogram. (6 formulas) p. 54
64) Rectangle and its properties. (4 properties) p. 55
65) Formulas for the rectangle. (6 formulas) p. 56
66) Square and its properties. (4 properties) p. 57
67) Formulas for the square. (6 formulas) p. 58
68) Rhombus and its properties. (4 properties) p. 58
69) Formulas for the rhombus. (13 formulas) p. 60
70) Kite and its properties. (3 properties) p. 62
71) Formulas for the kite. (2 formulas) p. 63
72) Properties of the trapezoid midline. (2 properties) p. 64
73) Formulas for the trapezoid. (4 formulas) p. 64
74) Formulas for the regular hexagon. (6 formulas) p. 65


75) Standard vector a . p. 65
76) Determination of the vector coordinates according to its initial and
terminal points. (2 cases) p. 66
77) Vector magnitude. (1 formula) p. 66

 
78) Dot product of the two vectors a and b . (2 formulas) p. 66
5
79) Condition of the two perpendicular (orthogonal) vectors.
(1 condition) p. 67
80) Condition of the two parallel (collinear) vectors. (1 condition) p. 67

 
81) Angle between the vectors a and b . (2 formulas) p. 67

82) Unit vector of the vector a . (1 property) p. 67
83) Zero vector. (2 properties) p. 67
84) Vector expression in terms of unit vectors. p. 68

 
85) Triangle law of the vector addition a and b . p. 69
 
86) Parallelogram law of the vector addition a and b . p. 70
 
87) Triangle law of the vector subtraction a and b . p. 70
88) Midpoint of the segment. (2 formulas) p. 71
89) Length of the segment. (3 formulas) p. 71
90) Equations of the circle. (2 formulas) p. 72
91) The shortest distance from the exterior point to the circumference.
(1 formula) p. 73
92) Area of the triangle formed between the line y  mx  c and the
coordinate axes. (1 formula) p. 73
93) Distance between the point P(x1; y1) and line ax + by + c = 0.
(1 formula) p. 73
94) Distance between the point P(x1; y1; z1) and plane ax  by  cz  d  0 .
(1 formula) p. 74
95) Formulas for the cylinder. (5 formulas) p. 74
96) Formulas for the cone. (6 formulas) p. 75
97) The relationship between the cone and circular sector. (1 formula) p. 75
98) Formulas for the sphere and ball. (2 formulas) p. 76
99) Formulas and ratios in the n-sided prism. (10 formulas) p. 76
100) Formulas for any type of the prism. (2 formulas) p. 77
101) Formula of the volume for some solid shapes in terms of its cross
section area and depth. (1 formula) p. 79
102) Formulas for the solid rectangle. (8 formulas) p. 80
6
103) Formulas for the cube. (8 formulas) p. 81
104) Cross section of the cube. (1 formula) p. 81
105) Formulas and ratios in the n-sided pyramid. (8 formulas) p. 82
106) Formulas for any type of the pyramid. (3 formulas) p. 82
107) Formulas for the tetrahedron. (10 formulas) p. 84
108) Square base pyramid. (2 formulas) p. 85
109) Rectangle base pyramid. (2 formulas) p. 85
110) Formula for the triangular pyramid with perpendicular to each other
lateral edges. (1 formula) p. 85
111) Conic sections. Ellipse. (8 properties) p. 86
112) Conic sections. Hyperbola. (8 properties) p. 89
113) Conic sections. Parabola. (5 properties) p. 91
114) Review of conics eccentricity. (5 properties) p. 92
7
8
1) Exact conversion of degrees into radians.

π
For exact conversion of degrees into radians, degrees must be multiplied by .
180
2) Exact conversion of radians into degrees.

180
For exact conversion of radians into degrees, radians must be multiplied by .
π
3) Property of supplementary angles. (1 property)
α and β – supplementary angles.
αβ = 180
4) Property of complementary angles. (1 property)
α and β – complementary angles.
α + β= 90
5) Property of vertical angles. (1 property)
α and β – vertical angles.
αβ
6) The relationship between angles at two parallel lines and secant line. (1 formula)
a and b – parallel lines.
с – secant line.
α+β  180
9
7) Properties of parallel and semi secant lines. (6 сases)

case I : a  b
α1  α2  β
case II: a  b
α1  α2  β1  β2
case III: a  b
α1  α2  α 3 = β1  β2
case IV: a  b
x αβ
10
case V: a  b
αβγ  360
case VI: a  b
x αβ  180
8) Property of the angle and its secant parallel lines. (1 property)
α – angle.
а, b, c – parallel lines a  b  c .
m x

n y
9) Determination of the angle between the clockhands. (1 formula)
11  М  60  H
α  , where α is the angle between the clockhands,
2
М – number of minutes, H – number of hours.
If α  180 
 360  α is the angle between the clockhands.
Value of the angle between the clockhands must vary from 0 till 180 inclusive !
11
10) The sum of all interior angles in a polygon. (5 cases)
I. Тriangle
α1  α2  α 3  180 
II. Quadrilateral
α1 + α2 + α 3 + α 4 = 360 
III. Pentagon
α1 + α2 + α 3 + α 4 + α5 = 540 
IV. Hexagon
α1 + α2 + α 3 + α 4 + α5 + α 6 = 720 
V. α1 + α2 +...+ αn = 180  n  2

– the total sum of all interior angles in any n–sided
polygon.
12
11) Exterior angle property of the triangle. (1 property)
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two interior angles that are not supplementary to
this one.
α – exterior angle of the triangle.
x, y – interior angles of the triangle, not supplementary to α.
α xy
The total sum of any n–sided polygon’s exterior angles is equal to 360 .
12) Properties of the angle and opposite side. (2 properties)
I. The smallest side of a triangle is always opposite to the smallest angle.
II. The largest side of a triangle is always opposite to the largest angle.
α min
– triangle’s smallest angle.
amin – triangle’s smallest side.
α max
– triangle’s largest angle.
amax – triangle’s largest side.
13) Triangle inequality. (3 inequalities)
a, b, c – triangle sides.
bc abc
ac b ac
ab  c  ab
If any of the above shown inequalities are not performed, it means that such triangle does not exist !
13
14) Properties of the triangle medians (side bisectors). (5 properties)
I.
AA1 , BB1 , CC1 – medians.
AK BK CK 2
  
KA1 KB1 KC1 1
II.
BD – median.
1
A ABD  ABCD   A ABC
2
III.
AE, BF – medians.
A1  A2  A 3  A 4
IV.
AF, BD, CE – medians.
1
A AEK  AEBK  ABFK  AFCK  A CDK  ADAK   A ABC
6
V.
2
АК, ВК, СК are part from each of the
3
corresponding medians of the triangle.
1
A ABK  ABCK  A ACK   A ABC
3
14
15) Properties of the triangle heights. (3 properties)
I. 3 heights can be drawn in any type of triangle and they will intersect at only one point P
(triangle orthocenter).
Depending on the triangle type its heights intersection point can be:
1 st case: Inside of triangle – acute triangle.
ha , hb , hc – internal heights drawn to the corresponding

sides of the triangle.
Point Р is inside of the triangle.
2 nd case: At the vertex of right angle – right triangle.
ha , hb – heights (legs).
hc – internal height drawn to the hypotenuse.
Point Р is at the vertex of right angle.
3 rd case: Outside of triangle – obtuse triangle.
ha , hb – external heights.
hc – internal height.
Point Р is outside of the triangle.
15
II. The relationship between the heights.
1) a  ha  b  hb  c  hc – main property of the heights.
1 1 1
2) ha : hb : hc  : : – length of triangle heights are inversely proportional to the length of their
a b c
corresponding sides.
1 1 1 1
3)    – the relationship between the triangle heights and radius of the inscribed
ha hb hc r
circle.
III. The smallest height is drawn to the largest side of triangle.
The largest height is drawn to the smallest side of triangle.
16) Properties of the right triangle. (9 properties)
I. Pythagoras’ Theorem.
Hypotenuse squared is always equal to the sum of two legs squared.
c2  a2  b2 – Pythagoras’ Theorem.
c a2  b2 – length of the hypotenuse.
a2  c2  b2 or a c2  b2 – length of the first leg.
b2  c2  a2 or b c2  a2 – length of the second leg.
16
Standard Pythagoras’ Numbers
II. Properties of height drawn to the hypotenuse.
с – hypotenuse.
h – height drawn to the hypotenuse.
а – leg.
m – leg а projection to the hypotenuse с.
b – leg.
n – leg b projection to the hypotenuse с.
1) h c  ab
2) h2  m  n
3) a2  c  m
4) b2  c  n
1 1 1
5)  
a2 b2 h2
17
Height drawn to the hypotenuse divides the right triangle into the three similar triangles.
α β 90 α β 90 α β 90

A C P  CB P  A B C – the figures’ similarity is based on the
equality of corresponding angles.
α β 90 α β 90
AC CP AP
1) A C P  CB P   
CB BP CP
α β 90 α β 90
AC CP AP
2) A C P  A B C   
AB BC AC
α β 90 α β 90
CB BP CP
3) CB P  A B C   
AB BC AC
III. Property of the right triangle with angle measures of 30 , 60 and 90 .
a, b – legs.
с – hypotenuse.
1) Leg, which is opposite to 30° is 3 times less than the other leg.
b
a
3
2) Leg, which is opposite to 30° is 2 times less than the hypotenuse.
c
a
2
3) Leg, which is opposite to 60° is 3 times more than the other leg.
b  3 a
3
4) Leg, which is opposite to 60° is times the hypotenuse.
2
3
b c
2
18
IV. Property of the isosceles right triangle with angle measures of 45° , 45° and 90 .
a – leg.
с – hypotenuse.
1) Both legs of the isosceles right triangle are 2 times less than the hypotenuse.
c
a
2
2) The hypotenuse of the isosceles right triangle is 2 times more than both its legs.
c  2 a
V. Median (side bisector) of the right triangle drawn to the hypotenuse is equal to its half
and to the radius of circumscribed circle about this triangle.
c
m
2
AB
m  OA  OB  OC  R
2
In this case there are two equal in area measure, isosceles, but not congruent to each other
triangles: AOC and BOC .
1
A AOC  ABOC   A ABC
2
19
VI. Center of the circumscribed circle about right triangle is always at the midpoint of the
hypotenuse.
Diameter of the circle is equal to the hypotenuse.
Radius of the circle is equal to the half of hypotenuse and also to the median (side bisector)
drawn to the hypotenuse.
АВ=с – hypotenuse.
Point О – midpoint of the hypotenuse and also the center

of circumcscribed circle about right triangle.
D – diameter of the circumcscribed circle about

right triangle.
R – radius of the circumcscribed circle about right

triangle.
m – median (side bisector) drawn to the hypotenuse.
D=AB
AB
R m
2
D c AB
mR   
2 2 2
VII. Radius of the inscribed circle in a right triangle is determined according to the following
formulas:
a, b – legs.
с – hypotenuse.
r – radius of the inscribed circle in a right triangle.
abc ab
r or r 
2 abc
VIII. Area of the right triangle is equal to the half of its legs’ product.
a, b – legs.
ab
A
2
20
IX. If the circle is inscribed in a right triangle then the area of the triangle is equal to the
product of hypotenuse parts formed by point of tangency of the circle.
p, q – hypotenuse parts.
A  pq
17) Equilateral (regular) triangle. (10 formulas)
а – side of the equilateral triangle.
h (b, m) – height, angle bisector and median (side

bisector) of the equilateral triangle, which can be
drawn from any vertex of triangle.
r – radius of the inscribed circle in an equilateral

triangle.
R – radius of the circumscribed circle about equilateral

triangle.
P – perimeter of the equilateral triangle.
A – area of the equilateral triangle.
1) P  3a 3 a
6) h
2
3  a2
2) A
4 a 3 a
7) r or r 
2 3 6
3  h2
3) A
3 a 3 a
8) R or R 
3 3
4) A  3 3  r2
9) R  2r
3 3  R2
5) A
4 3
10) h  r R or h  3  r or h  R
2
21
18) Property of triangles area with the same height.
If two or more triangles have the same height then ratio of their areas is the same as the ratio of their
bases.
h – height, which is the same for triangles ABD, DBC and ABC.
I. A ABD : ADBC : A ABC  AD : DC : AC
A ABD AD
II. 
ADBC DC
A ABD AD
III. 
A ABC AC
ADBC DC
IV. 
A ABC AC
19) Properties of the triangle midline. (2 properties)
I. The midline of triangle is parallel to the third side.
ma
II. The midline of triangle is equal to the half of the third side.
a
m
2
Triangle PQC is similar to triangle ABC and always twice less than it.
Area of triangle PQC is 4 times less than the area of triangle ABC.
A ABC
APQC 
4
22
20) Trigonometric functions of the right triangle. (4 cases)
I. For angle α :
а – adjacent leg.
b – opposite leg.
II. For angle β:

b – adjacent leg.
а – opposite leg.
I. Cos (cosine) of the angle is the ratio of adjacent leg to hypotenuse.
a b
cos α  cos β
c c
II. Sin (sine) of the angle is the ratio of opposite leg to hypotenuse.
b a
sin α  sin β 
c c
III. Tan (tangent) of the angle is the ratio of opposite leg to adjacent leg.
b a
tan α  tan β 
a b
IV. Cot (cotangent) of the angle is the ratio of adjacent leg to opposite leg.
a b
cot α  cot β 
b a
21) Values of the trigonometric functions in standard angles.
0 / 360 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270°

π π π π π 3π
0 / 2π
6 4 3 2 2
3 1 2 1
cos 1 = 0 -1 0
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3
sin 0 = 1 0 -1
2 2 2 2
1 3
tan 0 = 1 3 – 0 –
3 3
1 3
cot – 3 1 = 0 – 0
3 3
23
22) Positive and negative rotation of angles.
Rotation of angle is positive if angle was rotated anticlockwise.
Rotation of angle is negative if angle was rotated clockwise.
24
23) Angle of full rotation.
2 π  360 – one angle of full rotation;
4 π  720 – two angles of full rotation;
6 π  1080 – three angles of full rotation;

.....
2 π  n  360  n – n angles of full rotation.
If value of angle measure is more than 360 , then all contained angles of full rotation must be excluded !
24) Properties of “–” inside trigonometric functions.
I. sin ( − x ) =− sin x – odd function.
II. cos ( − x ) =
cos x – even function.
III. tan ( − x ) =− tan x – odd function.
IV. cot ( − x ) =− cot x – odd function.
25) Properties of “–” inside inverse trigonometric functions.
I. arcsin ( − x ) =− arcsin ( x )
or
sin 1
 x   sin x
1
II.  
arccos  x  π  arccos x  
or
cos 1
 x  π  cos x1
III. arctan   x   arctan x
or
 
tan1  x   tan1 x  
IV. arccot  x   π  arccot x

or
cot 1
 x  π  cot x1
25
26) Properties of angles difference in trigonometric functions.
I.   
sin x  y   sin y  x 
II.   
cos x  y  cos y  x 
III. tan  x  y   tan  y  x
IV.   
cot x  y   cot y  x 
27) Relationship between trigonometric functions in terms of 90 .
I. 
sin x  cos 90  x
II. cos x  sin 90  x

III. tan x  cot 90  x


IV. cot x  tan 90  x


28) Relationship between angles for sine in terms of 180 .

sinx  sin 180  x 
29) Relationship between arcsin(a) and arcos(a).
π
 
arcsin a  arccos a 
2
or
π
 
sin1 a  cos 1 a 
2
30) Relationship between arctan(a) and arccot(a).
π
 
arctan a  arccot a 
2
or
π
 
tan1 a  cot 1 a 
2
26
31) Signs of trigonometric functions in quadrants.
Each of trigonometric functions either positive or negative in corresponding quadrant.
Functions, which are not shown on the graph are negative in corresponding quadrants.
32) Finding value of trigonometric function at non–standard angle.
To find the value of trigonometric function at non–standard angle it is necessary to:
1) exclude all contained angles of full rotation (if they exist);
2) express non–standard angle in terms of 90° , or 180 , or 270 , or 360 and corresponding acute
angle.
As well as it is necessary to take into account sign of original function in corresponding quadrant and
also that 90 and 270 change sin to cos, cos to sin, tan to cot and cot to tan.
180 and 360 don’t change function.
27
33) Main trigonometric ratios of angles.
π  π 
I. sin   α   cos α II. cos   α    sin α
2  2 
π  π 
sin   α   cos α cos   α   sin α
2  2 
 
sin π  α   sin α  
cos π  α   cos α
 
sin π  α  sin α  
cos π  α   cos α
 3π   3π 
sin   α    cos α cos   α   sin α
 2   2 
 3π   3π 
sin   α    cos α cos   α    sin α
2  2 
 
sin 2 π  α  sin α  
cos 2 π  α  cos α
 
sin 2 π  α   sin α  
cos 2 π  α  cos α
π  π 
III. tan   α    cot α IV. cot   α    tan α
 2   2 
π  π 
tan   α   cot α cot 
 2  α   tan α
2   
 
tan π  α  tan α  
cot π  α  cot α
 
tan π  α   tan α  
cot π  α   cot α
 3π   3π 
tan   α    cot α cot   α    tan α
2  2 
 3π   3π 
tan   α   cot α cot   α   tan α
2  2 
 
tan 2 π  α  tan α  
cot 2 π  α  cot α
 
tan 2 π  α   tan α  
cot 2 π  α   cot α
28
34) Trigonometry formulas.
I. Standard trigonometric formulas. (14 formulas)
1) 1 (the relationship between the sine and cosine at the same angle x).
sin2 x + cos2 x =
sin2 x= 1 − cos2 x ⇒ sin x =± 1 − cos2 x
cos2 x= 1 − sin2 x ⇒ cos x =± 1 − sin2 x
sin x
2) tan x =
cos x
x 1 − cos x sin x
tan
3) = =
2 sin x 1 + cos x
cosx
4) cot x =
sin x
x 1 + cosx sin x
cot
5) = =
2 sin x 1 − cos x
6) 1 (tangent and cotangent are reciprocal functions at the same angle x).
tan x ⋅ cotx =
1
tan x =
cotx
1
cot x =
tan x
2
7) tan x + cot x =
sin2x
8) tan x − cot x =−2 ⋅ cot 2x
1
9) sec x =
cos x
1
10) csc x = ( csc x = cosec x ).
sin x
1
11) 1 + tan2 x = (the relationship between the tangent and cosine at the same angle x).
cos2 x
1
tan
= 2
x −1
cos2 x
1
cos2 x =
1 + tan2 x
or
1 + tan2 x =
sec2 x
1
12) 1 + cot2 x = (the relationship between the cotangent and sine at the same angle x).
sin2 x
1
cot
= 2
x −1
sin2 x
1
sin2 x =
1 + cot2 x
or
1 + cot x =
csc2 x
2
tan2 x
13) sin2 x = (the relationship between the sine and tangent at the same angle x).
1 + tan2 x
cot2 x
14) cos2 x = (the relationship between the cosine and cotangent at the same angle x).
1 + cot2 x
29
II. Double angle formulas. (4 formulas)

2 ⋅ tan x 2 ⋅ cot x
1) sin2 x =⋅
2 sinx⋅ cosx = =
1 + tan2 x 1 + cot2 x
1 − tan2 x cot2 x − 1 cot x − tan x

2) cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 2 ⋅ cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 ⋅ sin2 x = = =
1 + tan2 x cot2 x + 1 cot x + tan x
2 ⋅ tan x
3) tan2x =
1 − tan2 x
cot2 x − 1
4) cot 2x =
2 ⋅ cot x
III. Half angle formulas. (4 formulas)

x 1 − cos x x
1) sin2 = ⇒ 1 − cos x =2 ⋅ sin2
2 2 2
x 1 + cos x x
2) cos2 = ⇒ 1 + cos x =2 ⋅ cos2
2 2 2
x 1 − cos x
3) tan2 =
2 1 + cos x
x 1 + cos x
4) cot2 =
2 1 − cos x
IV. Trigonometric functions of angles addition and subtraction. (8 formulas)
1) sin ( x + y=
) sin x ⋅ cos y + sin y ⋅ cos x
2) sin ( x − y=
) sin x ⋅ cos y − sin y ⋅ cos x
3) ) cos x ⋅ cos y − sin x ⋅ sin y
cos ( x + y=
4) cos ( x − y=
) cos x ⋅ cos y + sin x ⋅ sin y
tan x + tan y
5) tan ( x + y ) =
1 − tan x ⋅ tan y
tan x − tan y
6) tan ( x − y ) =
1 + tan x ⋅ tan y
cot y ⋅ cot x − 1
7) cot ( x + y ) =
cot y + cot x
cot y ⋅ cot x + 1
8) cot ( x − y ) =
cot y − cot x
30
V. Addition and subtraction of trigonometric functions. (8 formulas)

x+y x−y
1) sin x + sin y =
2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos
2 2
x−y x+y
2) sin x − sin y =
2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos
2 2
x+y x−y
3) cos x + cos y =
2 ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
2 2
x−y x+y
4) cos x − cos y =−2 ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
2 2
sin ( x + y )
5) tan x + tan y =
cos x ⋅ cos y
sin ( x − y )
6) tan x − tan y =
cos x ⋅ cos y
sin ( y + x )
7) cot x + cot y =
sin y ⋅ sin x
sin ( y − x )
8) cot x − cot y =
sin y ⋅ sin x
VI. Product of trigonometric functions. (3 formulas)

1
1) sinx⋅ cosy = ⋅ sin ( x − y ) + sin ( x + y ) 
2 
1
2) cos x ⋅ cos y = ⋅ cos ( x − y ) + cos ( x + y ) 
2 
1
3) sin x ⋅ sin y = ⋅ cos ( x − y ) − cos ( x + y ) 
2 
VII. Additional angle formulas. (4 formulas)
1) a ⋅ sin x + b ⋅ cos x= a2 + b2 ⋅ sin ( x + φ )
2) a ⋅ sin x − b ⋅ cos x= a2 + b2 ⋅ sin ( x − φ )
3) a ⋅ cos x + b ⋅ sin x= a2 + b2 ⋅ cos ( x − φ )
4) a ⋅ cos x − b ⋅ sin x= a2 + b2 ⋅ cos ( x + φ ) , where a and b are real numbers, φ is an
b
additional angle for which φ = tan−1   .
 a
31
VIII. Additional trigonometric equalities. (14 equalities)
( cos x + sin x )
2
1) 1 + sin2x
=
( cos x − sin x )
2
2) 1 − sin2x
=
3 ⋅ ( cos x + sin x ) − ( cos x + sin x )

3
3) cos3 x + sin3 x =
2
3 ⋅ ( cos x − sin x ) − ( cos x − sin x )

3
4) cos3 x − sin3 x =
2
1
5) cos4 x + sin4 x = 1 − ⋅ sin2 2x
2
6) cos4 x − sin4 x =
cos 2x
3
7) cos6 x + sin6 x = 1 − ⋅ sin2 2x
4
 1 
8) cos6 x − sin=
6
x cos 2x ⋅  1 − ⋅ sin2 2x 
 4 
9) sin2 x − sin2= x sin ( x − y ) ⋅ sin ( x + y )

y cos2 y − cos2=
10) cos2 x − sin2= x cos ( x − y ) ⋅ cos ( x + y )

y cos2 y − sin2=
 π
11) sin x + cos x =2 ⋅ sin  x +
 4 
 π
12) sin x − cos x =2 ⋅ sin  x −
 4 
 π
13) cos x + sin x =2 ⋅ cos  x −
 4 
 π
14) cos x − sin x =2 ⋅ cos  x +
 4 
35) Cosine rule. (6 formulas)
b2 + c2 − a2
a2  b2  c2  2  b  c  cos α ⇒ cos α =
2⋅b⋅c
a2 + c2 − b2
b2  a2  c2  2  a  c  cos β ⇒ cos β =
2⋅a⋅c
a2 + b2 − c2
c2  a2  b2  2  a  b  cos γ ⇒ cos γ =
2⋅a⋅b
36) Sine rule. (1 formula)
a b c
   2  R , where R is the radius of the
sin α sin β sin γ
circumscribed circle about triangle.
32
37) Similarity of triangles. (2 cases)
I. Case for the plane.
a2 b2 c2 height2 angle bisec tor2 median2 r2 R 2 P2

        k , where k is the ratio of
a1 b1 c1 height1 angle bisec tor1 median 1 r1 R1 P1
similarity.
A2
 k2
A1
II. Case for the space.
V2
 k3
V1
38) Triangle area formulas. (8 formulas)

I.
a – triangle side.
ha – height drawn to the side а.
1
A  a  ha – the formula is true for any type of the
2
triangle.
a  ha  b  hb  c  hc – property of the triangle

heights.
II.
а, b – triangle sides.
α – angle between the sides а and b.
1
A  a  b  sin α – the formula is true for
2
any type of the triangle.
33
III. Heron formula.
а, b, с – triangle sides.
abc
p – triangle half – perimeter.
2
    
A  p p  a  p  b  p  c  – the formula is true
for any type of the triangle.
IV.
R – radius of the circumscribed circle about triangle.
ab c
A – the formula is true for any type of the
4R
triangle.
V.
abc
p – triangle (polygon) half – perimeter.
2
r – radius of the inscribed circle into triangle (polygon).
A  p  r – the universal formula is true for any type of

the polygon (triangle, quadrilateral, pentagon,
hexagon, etc.)
34
VI.
а, b – legs.
с – hypotenuse.
hc – height, drawn to the hypotenuse.
ab
A – the formula is true only for the right triangle.
2
1
A  c  hc – the formula is true for any type of the
2
triangle.
VII.
The given formulas are true only for the isosceles right triangle !
а – leg.
с – hypotenuse.
h – height, drawn to the hypotenuse.
a2
A
2
c2
A
4
A  h2
35
VIII.
The given formulas are true only for the equilateral triangle !
а – equilateral triangle side.
h – height, angle bisector and the median (side bisector)

of equilateral triangle.
r – radius of the inscribed circle in an equilateral triangle.
R – radius of the circumscribed circle about equilateral

triangle.
A – equilateral triangle area.
3  a2
A
4
3  h2
A
3
A  3 3  r2
3 3  R2
A
4
39) Property of the tangent line and radius at the point of tangency. (1 property)
Radius and tangent line at the point of tangency are always perpendicular to each other.
а – tangent line.
ОК – radius (R).
 
OK R  a
36
40) Properties of the two tangent lines drawn from a common point to opposite sides
of the circle. (2 properties)
If two tangent lines are drawn from a common point to opposite sides of the circle, the segments
formed between the common point and the points of tangencies are equal to each other.
SA, SB – tangent lines.
b – secant line.
SA  SB
Bisector angle b of the formed angle is always the secant line, which passes through the circle center.
α
ASO  BSO 
2
41) Property of the angles inscribed into the circle. (1 property)
ABC – angle inscribed into the circle.
Point В – vertex of the inscribed angle.
BA and BC – sides of the inscribed angle (chords).
 or AnC
AC  – base arc, on which inscribed angle ABC is leaned on.
The degree measure of the inscribed angle is always twice less than the degree measure of the
corresponding arc.
The radian measure of the inscribed angle is always twice less than the radian measure of the
corresponding arc.

AnC
ABC 
2
37
42) Properties of the central angle of the circle. (2 properties)
AOB – central angle of the circle.
Point O – vertex of the central angle (center of the circle).
OA and OB – sides of the central angle (radii R).
 or AnB
AB  – base arc, on which central angle AOB is leaned on.
The degree measure of the central angle is always equal to the degree measure of the corresponding
arc.
The radian measure of the central angle is always equal to the radian measure of the corresponding arc.
α 
AnB
β 
AmB
43) Properties of the inscribed angles that lean on the same arc. (2 properties)
I property:
All angles inscribed into the circle that lean on the same arc and are directed to the same side are equal
to each other.
 and are directed

ABC  ADC  AEC – angles inscribed into the circle that lean on the same arc AC
to the same side.
38
II property:
All angles inscribed into the circle that lean on the same arc and are directed to the opposite sides are 180
in sum.
 and are
ABC and AKC are the angles inscribed into the circle that lean on the same arc AC
directed to the opposite sides.
ABC  AKC  180
44) Property of the inscribed angle that leans on the diameter. (1 property)
The angle inscribed into the circle that leans on the ends of the diameter is always equal to 90 .
ACB  90 MQN  90 PKT  90 and PRT  90
39
45) Properties of the inscribed and central angles with the same base arc. (2 properties)
I property:
If inscribed and central angles lean on the same arc and are directed to the same side, the inscribed
angle is twice less than the corresponding central angle.
AOB  and are

ACB  – central angle AOB and inscribed angle ACB lean on the same arc AB
2
directed to the same side.
Degree measure of the arc is always twice more than the corresponding degree measure of inscribed
angle.
Radian measure of the arc is always twice more than the corresponding radian measure of inscribed
angle.
  2  PQT
PnT
II property:
If inscribed and corresponding to it central angle lean on the same arc and are directed to the opposite
sides, the inscribed angle is equal to the difference 180 and half of the central angle.
AOC  , but
AKC  180  – central angle AOC and inscribed angle AKC lean on the same arc AC
2
are directed to the opposite sides.
40
46) Additional properties of the arcs. (10 properties)
I. Property of the triangle inscribed into the circle and tangent line drawn through the one
of triangle vertex.
II. Property of the angle between tangent and secant lines with the common point laid on
the circle.
AB – tangent line.
AC – secant line.

AnC
BAC 
2
III. Property of the angle between tangent and secant lines, not passing through the circle
center with the common point laid out of the circle.
АВ – tangent line.
АD – secant line, not passing through the circle

center.
  BmC
BnD 
BAD 
2
41
IV. Property of the angle between tangent and secant lines, passing through the circle
center with the common point laid out of the circle.
АВ – tangent line.
AD – secant line, passing through the circle

center.

BAD  90  BmC
V. Property of the angle between two tangent lines with the common point laid out of the
circle.
AВ, AС – tangent lines.
  BmC
BnC 

BAC  180  BmC or BAC 
2
VI. Property of the angle between two secant lines with the common point laid out of the
circle.
АВ, АС – secant lines.
  PmQ
BnC 
BAC 
2
42
VII. Property of the angles between two intersecting chords.
AB, CD – chords.
  BnC
AmD 
AED 
2
  BkD
AfC 
BED 
2
VIII. Property of the two opposite angles inscribed into the circle.
MAN  MBN  180
AMB  ANB  180
IX. Property of the two opposite arcs.
  AnB
AmB   360
43
X. Property of the equal chords.

In the circle the equal chords subtend the equal arcs.
  CkD
AB  CD  EF  AmB   EnF

47) Circle formulas. (2 formulas)
1) C  2 π  R or C  π  D
R – circle radius.
D – circle diameter.
C – circumference (circle length, circle perimeter).
π  D2
2) A π  R2 or A 
4
R – circle radius.
D – circle diameter.
A – circle area
44
48) Circle arc length formulas. (2 formulas)
π R  α
 , if α  degree measure of the arc (central angle).
lAB
   180


R  α , if α  radian measure of the arc (central angle).
49) Circular sector area formulas. (2 formulas)
 π  R2  α
 , if α  degree measure of the arc (central angle).

  360

A AOB

R2  α
 , if α  radian measure of the arc (central angle).
 2
50) Circular segment area formulas. (2 formulas)
R2  πα 
 
  sin α  , if α  degree measure of the arc (central angle).
2  180 

A segment  A   A  AOB 
AOB
R2


2  
 α  sin α , if α  radian measure of the arc (central angle).
45
51) Ring area formula. (2 formulas)
OA – larger circle radius (R).
OC – smaller circle radius (r).
Aring  π  R2 − π  r2 or Aring  π  R 2
 r2  – ring
area.
AB
= R − r – ring width.
52) Circle inscribed in a figure.
Circle is called inscribed in a figure if it touches all figure sides.
I. Circle can be inscribed into any triangle.
Circle center is located at the intersection of triangle angle bisectors.
II. Circle cannot be inscribed into a parallelogram.
III. Circle cannot be inscribed into a rectangle.
46
IV. Circle can be inscribed into any square.
Circle center is located at the intersection of square diagonals.
V. Circle can be inscribed into any rhombus.
Circle center is located at the intersection of rhombus diagonals.
VI. Circle can be inscribed into a trapezoid if the sum of bases is equal to the sum of lateral sides.
AD  BC  AB  CD
VII. Circle can be inscribed into any regular polygon.
Circle center is located at the intersection of polygon diagonals.
47
53) Circle circumscribed about a figure.

Circle is called circumscribed about a figure if it passes through all figure vertices.
I. Circle can be circumscribed about any triangle.
Circle center is located at the intersection of perpendicular side bisectors.
II. Circle cannot be circumscribed about parallelogram.
III. Circle can be circumscribed about any rectangle.
Circle center is located at the intersection of rectangle diagonals.
48
IV. Circle can be circumscribed about any square.
Circle center is located at the intersection of square diagonals.
V. Circle cannot be circumscribed about rhombus.
VI. Circle can be circumscribed about a trapezoid if it is an isosceles one.
AB  CD
VII. Circle can be circumscribed about any regular polygon.
Circle center is located at the intersection of polygon diagonals.
54) Condition for the inscribed circle into any quadrilateral. (1 condition)
To inscribe a circle into any quadrilateral, the sums of the two opposite sides of quadrilateral must be
equal to each other.
ab  cd
49
55) Condition for the circumscribed circle about any quadrilateral. (1 condition)
To circumscribe a circle about any quadrilateral, the sums of the two opposite angles must be equal to 180 .
α1  α2  180
β1  β2  180
56) Properties of the radius, diameter or segment, which is perpendicular to the chord
and is drawn from the center of the circle. (3 cases)
If radius, diameter or segment drawn from the circle center is perpendicular to the chord, the point
of intersection is the midpoint of the chord.
I сase: R  AB
АВ – chord.
ОС – circle radius (R).
R  AB  AK  KB
II сase: D  AB
АВ – chord.
MN – circle diameter (D).
D  AB  AK  KB
III сase: OK  AB
АВ – chord.
ОК – segment drawn from the circle center.
OK  AB  AK  KB
50
57) Property of the two intersected chords. (1 property)
AB, CD – chords.
AK  KB  CK  KD
58) Property of the two secant lines. (1 property)
SB, SD – secant lines.
SB  SA  SD  SC
59) Property of the tangent and secant lines. (1 property)
SA – tangent line.
SC – secant line.
SA2  SC  SB
51
60) Property of the segment of the tangent line drawn to the two tangent circles.
(1 property)
AB  2  r  R
l – tangent line drawn to the two tangent circles.

m – secant line drawn through the centers of two tangent circles.
AB – part of the tangent line which is enclosed between points of tangencies with circles.
61) Properties of the n–sided polygon. (5 properties)
I. The sum of all interior angles of the n–sided polygon is equal to 180  (n–2).
II. The sum of all exterior angles of the n–sided polygon is equal to 360 .
III. From one vertex of n–sided polygon can be drawn n–3 diagonals.
IV. If from one vertex are drawn all possible diagonals, then n–sided polygon will be divided into n–2
triangles.
V. The total number of diagonals in n–sided polygon is equal to 

n n  3 .
2
52
62) Parallelogram and its properties. (4 properties)
1) Parallelogram’s opposite angles are equal, but angles adjacent to one side are 180 in sum.
α  β  180 
2) Diagonals of the parallelogram are not equal to each other.
They intersect and the intersection point is the midpoint of these diagonals.
d1 , d2 – parallelogram diagonals.
d1
АО=ОС=
2
d2
ВО=ОD=
2
d1  d2
3) One diagonal of the parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
ABC ACD
1
A ABC  A ACD   A ABCD
2
4) Two diagonals of the parallelogram divide the whole parallelogram into four triangles with equal
areas, but different dimensions.
AOB COD
BOC AOD
1
A ABO  ABCO  A CDO  A ADO   A ABCD
4
53
63) Formulas for the parallelogram. (6 formulas)
a, b – parallelogram sides.
1) 
d12  d22  2  a2  b2  – the relationship between the parallelogram diagonals and its sides.
2) 
P  2 a  b  – parallelogram perimeter.
3) A  a  ha or A  b  hb – parallelogram area.
a, b – parallelogram sides.
ha – height drawn to the side а.
hb – height drawn to the side b.
a  ha  b  hb – parallelogram heights property.
4) A  a  b  sin α – parallelogram area.
а, b – parallelogram sides.
α – angle between the sides of parallelogram.
1
5) A  d  d  sin γ – universal formula of area, which is true for any type of the quadrilateral.
2 1 2
γ – angle between the diagonals.
54
1
6) A AED  A ABE  A CDE   A ABCD
2
Point Е – random point on the side ВС.
64) Rectangle and its properties. (4 properties)
1) Rectangle angles are the right ones, i.e. equal to 90 .
2) Rectangle diagonals are equal to each other and their intersection point is the midpoint of these
diagonals.
d – rectangle diagonal.
d
AO  BO  CO  DO 
2
AC=BD=d
3) One diagonal of the rectangle divides it into two congruent triangles.
ABC ACD
1
2
55
4) Two diagonals of the rectangle divide the whole rectangle into four triangles with equal areas, but
different dimensions.
ABO CDO
ADO BCO
1
4
65) Formulas for the rectangle. (6 formulas)
а, b – rectangle sides.
d – rectangle diagonal.
γ – angle between the diagonals.
1) d2  a2  b2 – the relationship between the diagonal and rectangle sides.
2) 
P  2 a  b  – rectangle perimeter.
3) A  a  b – rectangle area.
1 2
4) A  d  sin γ – rectangle area.
2
5) r – the circle cannot be inscribed into the rectangle.
d
6) R , where R is the radius of the circumscribed circle about rectangle.
2
56
66) Square and its properties. (4 properties)
1) Square sides are equal to each other and all the angles are the right ones, i.e. equal to 90 .
2) Square diagonals are equal to each other and also are the bisectors of its angles.
They intersect at the right angle and the intersection point is the midpoint of these diagonals.
d – square diagonal.
AC  BD
d
AO  BO  CO  DO 
2
AC  BD  d
3) One diagonal of the square divides it into two equal triangles.
ABC ACD – isosceles right triangles.
1
2
57
4) Two diagonals of the square divide the whole square into four congruent triangles.
ABO BCO CDO ADO
1
4
67) Formulas for the square. (6 formulas)
a – square side.
d – square diagonal.
1) d  2  a – the relationship between the diagonal and square side.
2) P  4  a – square perimeter.
3) A  a2 – square area.
d2
4) A – square area.
2
a
5) r – radius of the inscribed circle into the square.
2
a 2 a
6) R or R  – radius of the circumscribed circle about
2 2
the square.
68) Rhombus and its properties. (4 properties)
1) Opposite angles of the rhombus are equal, but angles adjacent to one side are 180 in sum.
αβ  180
58
2) The diagonals of the rhombus are not equal to each other, but are the bisectors of its angles.
They intersect at the right angle and the intersection point is the midpoint of these diagonals.
d1 , d2 – rhombus diagonals.
d1  d2
d1  d2
d1
AO  OC 
2
d2
BO  OD 
2
3) One diagonal divides the rhombus into two congruent triangles.
ABC ADC – isosceles triangles.
1
A ABC  A ADC   A ABCD
2
4) Two diagonals of rhombus divide the whole rhombus into four congruent triangles.
ABO BCO CDO ADO
1
4
The largest diagonal of rhombus always comes out from the vertex of acute angle.
The smallest diagonal of rhombus always comes out from the vertex of obtuse angle.
α – rhombus acute angle.
dmax – largest rhombus

diagonal.
β – rhombus obtuse angle.
dmin – smallest rhombus

diagonal.
The circle can be inscribed into any rhombus.
The circle cannot be circumscribed about the rhombus.
59
69) Formulas for the rhombus. (13 formulas)
a – rhombus side.
d1 , d2 – rhombus diagonals.
h – rhombus height.
α – angle between the sides.
r – radius of the inscribed circle.
1) d12 + d22 =4 ⋅ a2 – the relationship between diagonals and rhombus side.
2) P= 4 ⋅ a – rhombus perimeter.
3) A  a  h – rhombus area.
4) A  a2  sin α – rhombus area.
1
5) A  d  d – rhombus area.
2 1 2
60
6) A  p  r – universal formula of the polygon area, which is true for any type of the polygon, where A is
the polygon area, р is half–perimeter of the polygon and r is the radius of the inscribed circle in a polygon.
7) d1  d2  4  a  r – the relationship between the diagonals, side and radius of the inscribed circle in a
rhombus.
8) a  sin α  2  r – the relationship between the angle and radius of the inscribed circle in a rhombus.
d1  d2
9) h  – the relationship between the height and diagonals of rhombus.
d12  d22
β
10) d1  2  a  sin
2
– the relationship between the diagonal, opposite angle β and rhombus side.
α
11) d2  2  a  sin
2
– the relationship between the diagonal, opposite angle α and rhombus side.
h
12) r – the relationship between the radius of the inscribed circle and rhombus height.
2
d1  d2
13) r – the relationship between the radius of the inscribed circle and rhombus diagonals.
2  d12  d22
61
70) Kite and its properties. (3 properties)
I. Kite has two pairs of the adjacent sides (next to each other) that are the same length.
II. Kite has only one pair of two equal angles, which are opposite to each other and are between the
sides that are different lengths.
Another pair of the two opposite to each other angles are not equal.
III. Diagonals of the kite are not equal to each other and intersect at the right angle.
The longer diagonal of a kite bisects the shorter one, thus the intersection point is a midpoint only
for the shorter diagonal.
The longer diagonal also bisects a pair of the opposite angles.
d1 , d2 – kite diagonals.
d1 ⊥ d2
d1
AO
= OC
=
2
BO ≠ OD
62
71) Formulas for the kite. (2 formulas)
a , b – kite sides.
d1 , d2 – kite diagonals.
1)
P =2 ⋅ ( a + b ) – kite perimeter.
2)
1
A= ⋅ d ⋅ d – kite area.
2 1 2
63
72) Properties of the trapezoid midline. (2 properties)
I. The midline of a trapezoid is parallel to its two bases.
mab
II. The midline of a trapezoid is equal to the half sum of its bases.
ab
m
2
73) Formulas for the trapezoid. (4 formulas)
a, b – trapezoid bases.
h – trapezoid height.
m – trapezoid midline.
ab
1) m – trapezoid midline.
2
ab
2) A  h – trapezoid area.
2
3) A  m  h – trapezoid area.
4) A
1
 d  d  sin
2 1 2
γ – universal formula of area, which is true for any type of the quadrilateral.
d1 , d2 – diagonals of the trapezoid.
γ – angle between the trapezoid diagonals.
64
74) Formulas for the regular hexagon. (6 formulas)
а – hexagon side.
1) dmin  3  a – regular hexagon shortest diagonal.
2) dmax  2  a – regular hexagon largest diagonal.
3) P  6  a – regular hexagon perimeter.
3 3  a2
4) A – regular hexagon area.
2
3 a
5) r – radius of the inscribed circle into the regular hexagon.
2
6) R  a – radius of the circumscribed circle about the regular hexagon.

75) Standard vector a .
A standard vector is a vector in standard position, which means a vector with initial point at the origin in
the Cartesian coordinate system.

a – standard vector.
65
76) Determination of the vector coordinates according to its initial and terminal points.
(2 cases)
Case I:


B x2 ; y2  – terminal point of vector AB .


A x1 ; y1  – initial point of vector AB .


AB  x2  x1 ; y2  y1  – vector with initial point at А and terminal point at В.
Case II:


B x2 ; y2  – initial point of vector BA .


A x1 ; y1  – terminal point of vector BA .


BA  x1  x2 ; y1  y2  – vector with initial point at В and terminal point at А.
 
In both cases finally will be found standard vector AB (case I) or standard vector BA (case II).
77) Vector magnitude. (1 formula)


Vector a  x; y   is given.
    
a  x2  y2 – magnitude of vector a (norm of vector a , absolute value of vector a , length of vector a ).
 
78) Dot product of the two vectors a and b . (2 formulas)
 
Two vectors a  x1 ; y1  and b  x2 ; y2  are given.
   x  x2  y1  y2
 1  
a  b     , where α is an angle between the vectors a and b .
 a  b  cos α

66
79) Condition of the two perpendicular (orthogonal) vectors. (1 condition)

 
 
To make vectors a and b perpendicular to each other it is necessary for the dot product of two
 
vectors a and b to be equal to 0.
x1  x2  y1  y2  0 – perpendicular condition of the two vectors on the plane.
80) Condition of the two parallel (collinear) vectors. (1 condition)

 
  
To make vectors a and b parallel to each other it is necessary for the coordinates of two vectors a

and b to be in the same ratio.
x1 y1
  k – parallel condition of the two vectors on the plane.
x2 y2
 
81) Angle between the vectors a and b . (2 formulas)
 

Two vectors a x1 ; y1  
and b x2 ; y2  are given.
x1  x2  y1  y2
cos α   
ab
 
x  x  y  y   
α  cos 1  1 2  1 2  , where α is an angle between the vectors a and b .
 ab 
 

82) Unit vector of the vector a . (1 property)

Vector a  x; y is given.
  x y


ea    ;   – unit vector of the vector a .
a a
 
83) Zero vector. (2 properties)
Zero vector is a vector in which the terminal point coincides with the initial point.

0  0;0 
Zero vector length is equal to 0.
0 0
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84) Vector expression in terms of unit vectors.
Every vector can be expressed in terms of two (plane case) or three (space case) unit vectors.
I. Case for the plane.


i  1;0 


j  0;1 
   

a  x; y   a  x i  y  j
II. Case for the space.


i  1;0;0 


j  0;1;0 


k  0;0;1 
    

a  x; y; z   a  x i  y  j  zk
68
 
85) Triangle law of the vector addition a and b .
 
I. Choose any of the two vectors as the first one (for example: a is the first vector and b is the second one).
II. Place the second vector’s tail on the head of the first one.
III. Draw a new vector from the tail of the first one to the head of the second one.
 
This new vector is called the “resultant” which represents the sum of the two vectors a and b .
  
s  ab
This rule is usually called “Nose–to–Tail”.
    
s  abcd
69
 
86) Parallelogram law of the vector addition a and b .
 
I. Choose any of the two vectors as the first one (for example: a is the first vector and b is the second one).
II. Place the second vector’s tail so that it coincides with the tail of the first one.
III. Complete a parallelogram by drawing parallel lines to each of the vectors.
IV. Draw a new vector (diagonal of parallelogram) which comes out from the concided points of the two tails.
 
This vector is called the “resultant” which represents the sum of the two vectors a and b .
  
s  ab
 
87) Triangle law of the vector subtraction a and b .
I. Place the subtrahend (second) vector’s tail on the tail of the minuend (first) one.
II. Draw a new vector from the head of the subtrahend (second) to the head of the minuend (first) one.
 
This vector is called the “resultant” which represents the subtraction of the two vectors a and b .
  
d ab
70
88) Midpoint of the segment. (2 formulas)
Two points A  x1 ; y1  and B  x2 ; y2  are given.
Points А and В are the segment ends.
Point С is the midpoint of the segment AB.
x1  x2
x0  – x–coordinate of the midpoint.
2
y1  y2
y0  – y–coordinate of the midpoint.
2
89) Length of the segment. (3 formulas)
Two points A  x1 ; y1  and B  x2 ; y2  are given.
x   y 
2 2
dAB  1  x2 1  y2 – distance between the points A and B, i.e. the length of the segment AB.
If points A  x1 ; c and B  x2 ; c are on the same horizontal level (i.e. these points are on the
horizontal line y = c) the distance between them is determined according to the following formula:
dAB  x1  x2
71
If points A a; y1  and B a; y2  are on the same vertical level (i.e. these points are on the
vertical line x = a) the distance between them is determined according to the following formula:
dAB  y1  y2
90) Equations of the circle. (2 formulas)
Any circle with the center at the point O(a; b) and radius R can be written as the following equation:
x  a  y  b
2 2
 R2
Circle equation with the center at the coordinate origin О(0;0) and radius R can be written as the
following equation:
x2  y2  R 2
72
91) The shortest distance from the exterior point to the circumference. (1 formula)
x  a  y  b  
2 2
 R 2 – circle with center at the point O a;b and radius R is given.
The shortest distance between point Р and circumference is:
m  a  n  b is the distance between point P m;n and circle

2 2
PQ  dPO  R , where dPO 
center O a;b , R is circle radius.
92) Area of the triangle formed between the line y  mx  c and the coordinate axes.
(1 formula)
c2
A
2 m
93) Distance between the point P(x1; y1) and line ax + by + c = 0. (1 formula)
P(x1; y1)
ax + by + c = 0 (line with slope).
ax1 + by1 + c
d= – distance between the point P(x1; y1) and line ax + by + c = 0.
a2 + b2
73
94) Distance between the point P(x1; y1; z1) and plane ax + by + cz + d = 0.
(1 formula)
ax + by + cz + d = 0 (equation of the plane).
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d

d=
a2 + b2 + c2
95) Formulas for the cylinder. (5 formulas)
r – cylinder base radius.
h – cylinder height.
1) Abase  π  r2 – cylinder base area.
2) Alateral  2  π  r  h – cylinder lateral (side) area.
3) A surface  Alateral  2  Abase – cylinder surface area.
4) V  π  r2  h – cylinder volume.
5) A cross sec tion  2  r  h – cylinder cross section area.
74
96) Formulas for the cone. (6 formulas)
l – cone slant height.
r – cone base radius.
h – cone height.
1) l2  r2  h2 – the relationship between the cone

slant height, radius and height.
2) Abase  π  r2 – cone base area.
3) Alateral  π  r  l – cone lateral (side) area.
4) A surface  Alateral  Abase – cone surface area.
1
5) V  π  r2  h – cone volume.
3
6) A cross sec tion  r  h – cone cross section area.
97) The relationship between the cone and circular sector. (1 formula)
R – radius of the sector.
α – degree measure of the sector.
l – slant height of the formed cone, which is also radius of the circular sector.
r – radius of the cone base.
Rα
r – the relationship between the cone and circular sector from which it was formed.
360
75
98) Formulas for the sphere and ball. (2 formulas)
R – sphere (ball) radius.
1) A surface  4  π  R 2 – sphere (ball) surface area.
4
2) V   π  R 3 – sphere (ball) volume.
3
99) Formulas and ratios in the n–sided prism. (10 formulas)
I. 2 bases.
II. n lateral (side) faces.
III. Total n+2 faces.
IV. One base has n vertices.
V. Total 2 ⋅ n vertices.
VI. One base has n edges.
VII. n lateral (side) edges.
VIII. Total 3 ⋅ n edges.
IX. From one vertex can be drawn only n–3 prism diagonals.
X. Total can be drawn n ⋅ (n–3) prism diagonals
76
100) Formulas for any type of the prism. (2 formulas)
Right triangular prism Slanted triangular prism
Right quadrilateral prism Slanted quadrilateral prism
77
Right hexagonal prism Slanted hexagonal prism
h – prism height.
Abase – prism base area.
Alateral – prism lateral (side) area.
1) A surface  Alateral  2  Abase – prism surface area.
2) V  Abase  h – prism volume.
78
101) Formula of the volume for some solid shapes in terms of its cross section area and
depth.
d – solid shape depth .
A cross section – area of one of parallel faces (cross section).
V  A cross section  d – solid shape volume.
79
102) Formulas for the solid rectangle. (8 formulas)
а – solid rectangle base length.
b – solid rectangle base width.
с – solid rectangle height.
d1 – solid rectangle base diagonal.
d2 – solid rectangle diagonal.
1) Abase  a  b – solid rectangle base area.
2) 
Alateral  2  a  c  b  c – solid rectangle lateral (side) area.
3)  
A surface  2  a  c  b  c  a  b – solid rectangle surface area.
4) V  a  b  c – solid rectangle volume.
5) d12  a2  b2 – the relationship between the base diagonal, length and width.
6) d22  a2  b2  c2 – the relationship between the solid rectangle diagonal, length, width and height.
7) r – sphere (ball) cannot be inscribed into the solid rectangle.
d2
8) R – radius of the circumscribed sphere (ball) about the solid rectangle.
2
80
103) Formulas for the cube. (8 formulas)
a – cube edge.
d1 – diagonal of any face.
d2 – cube diagonal.
1) Abase  a2 – cube base area.
2) Alateral  4  a2 – cube lateral (side) area.
3) A surface  6  a2 – cube surface area.
4) V  a3 – cube volume.
5) d1  2  a – diagonal of any face.
6) d2  3  a – cube diagonal.
a
7) r – radius of the inscribed sphere (ball) into the cube.
2
3 a
8) R – radius of the circumscribed sphere (ball) about the cube.
2
104) Cross section of the cube. (1 formula)
а – edge of the cube.
d1 – diagonal of the base.
d2 – diagonal of the cross section (diagonal of the cube).
B1B2 D2D1 – cross section of the cube (rectangle).
A cross sec tion  a  d1 – cube cross section area.
81
105) Formulas and ratios in the n–sided pyramid. (8 formulas)
I. 1 base.
II. n lateral (side) faces.
III. Total n+1 faces.
IV. One base has n vertices.
V. Total n+1 vertices.
VI. One base has n edges.
VII. n lateral (side) edges.
VIII. Total 2 ⋅ n edges.
106) Formulas for any type of the pyramid. (3 formulas)
Triangular pyramid Quadrilateral pyramid
82
Hexagonal pyramid
h – pyramid height.
Abase – pyramid base area.
Alateral face 1 – 1 st lateral (side) face area.
Alateral face 2 – 2 nd lateral (side) face area.
Alateral face 3 – 3 rd lateral (side) face area.
.....
th
Alateral face n – n lateral (side) face area.
1) Alateral  Alateral 1  Alateral 2  Alateral 3  .....  Alateral n – pyramid lateral (side) area.
2) A surface  Alateral  Abase – pyramid surface area.
1
3) V   Abase  h – pyramid volume.
3
83
107) Formulas for the tetrahedron. (10 formulas)
а – tetrahedron edge.
h – tetrahedron height.
q – tetrahedron apothem.
Point О – the center of both circles inscribed and

circumscribed about the tetrahedron base.
rcircle – radius of the inscribed circle into the tetrahedron

base.
rsphere (ball) – radius of the inscribed sphere (ball) into the

tetrahedron.
R circle – radius of the circumscribed circle about the

tetrahedron base.
R sphere (ball) – radius of the circumscribed sphere (ball)

about the tetrahedron.
3  a2
1) Abase  – tetrahedron base area.
4
3 3  a2
2) Alateral  – tetrahedron lateral (side) area.
4
3) A surface  3  a2 – tetrahedron surface area.
2  a3
4) V – tetrahedron volume.
12
6 a
5) h – tetrahedron height.
3
a
6) rcircle  – radius of the inscribed circle into the tetrahedron base.
2 3
6 a
7) rsphere (ball)  – radius of the inscribed sphere (ball) into the tetrahedron.
12
a
8) R circle  – radius of the circumscribed circle about the tetrahedron base.
3
6 a
9) R sphere (ball)  – radius of the circumscribed sphere (ball) about the tetrahedron.
4
10) h  rsphere (ball)  R sphere (ball) – the relationship between the height and radii of the spheres (balls) inscribed and
circumscribed about the tetrahedron.
84
108) Square base pyramid. (2 formulas)
a – pyramid base edge.
l – pyramid lateral (side) edge.
d – pyramid base diagonal.
1) d = a 2 – the relationship between the diagonal and

edge of the pyramid base.
2
 d
2) =l2   + h2 – the relationship between lateral (side)
2
edge, base diagonal and pyramid height.
109) Rectangle base pyramid. (2 formulas)
a – pyramid base length.
b – pyramid base width.
l – pyramid lateral (side) edge.
d – pyramid base diagonal.
1) d=
2
a2 + b2 – the relationship between diagonal,
length and width of the pyramid base.
2
 d
2) =l2   + h2 – the relationship between lateral (side)
2
edge, base diagonal and pyramid height.
110) Formula for the triangular pyramid with perpendicular to each other lateral edges.
(1 formula)
a, b, c – lateral (side) edges of the pyramid.
Point S – pyramid vertex .
1
V  a  b  c – pyramid volume.
6
85
111) Conic sections. Ellipse. (8 properties)
An ellipse is the set of all points whose distances from the two given points (foci) sum to a constant 2a.
The center of an ellipse is (h, k), that is an intersection of its major and minor axes.
Ellipse has 2 types of orientation.
If the larger denominator in an equation of an ellipse is under the x–term, the ellipse has X–orientation.
X–orientation:
( x − h) (y − k)
2 2
I. The standard equation of an ellipse is + 1 , where a2 > b2 .

=
a2 b2
II. The center of an ellipse is (h, k).
III. The major axis of an ellipse is parallel to the x–axis.
IV. The vertices of an ellipse are (h–a, k) and (h+a, k), the endpoints of the major axis.
So, the major axis is 2a units long.
V. The minor axis of an ellipse is parallel to the y–axis.
VI. The endpoints of the minor axis are (h, k–b) and (h, k+b).
So, the minor axis is 2b units long.
VII. The foci of an ellipse are on the major axis.
Each focus is at a distance of=c a2 − b2 from the center, so the foci are at (h–c, k) and (h+c, k).
VIII. Ellipse area is A = π⋅a⋅b .
86
If the larger denominator in an equation of an ellipse is under the y–term, the ellipse has Y–orientation.
Y–orientation:
(y − k) ( x − h)
2 2
I. The standard equation of an ellipse is + 1 , where a2 > b2 .

=
a2 b2
II. The center of an ellipse is (h, k).
III. The major axis of an ellipse is parallel to the y–axis
IV. The vertices of an ellipse are (h, k–a) and (h, k+a), the endpoints of the major axis.
So, the major axis is 2a units long.
V. The minor axis of an ellipse is parallel to the x–axis.
VI. The endpoints of the minor axis are (h–b, k) and (h+b, k).
So, the minor axis is 2b units long.
VII. The foci of an ellipse are on the major axis.
Each focus is at a distance of=c a2 − b2 from the center, so the foci are at (h, k–c) and (h, k+c).
VIII. Ellipse area is A = π⋅a⋅b .
Note, that an ellipse with a = b is a circle whose equation is ( x − h) + ( y − k ) =

2 2
r2 , where r is the radius
of the circle.
87
Eccentricity of an ellipse.
c
Measure which shows how “squashed” is ellipse called eccentricity = , where c is the distance from
a
the center to a focus and a is the distance from the center to a vertex.
Thus, the eccentricity of an ellipse is greater than 0 and less than 1 since c < a.
So, the closer c is to the center, the more circular the ellipse is.
If the eccentricity is 0, it is not squashed at all and so remains a circle.
88
112) Conic sections. Hyperbola. (8 properties)
A hyperbola is the set of all points whose distances from two the given points (foci) differ by a constant 2a.
A hyperbola has two halves and each half has a vertex and sides that are asymptotic to a pair of
interesting lines (asymptotes).
The center of a hyperbola is (h, k), that is an intersection of its transverse and conjugate axes.
Hyperbola has 2 types of orientation.
If the x–term of the equation is positive, then hyperbola has an X–orientation, and the hyperbola opens left
and right.
X–orientation:
( x − h) (y − k)
2 2
I. The standard equation of a hyperbola is − 1 , where x–term is positive.

=
a2
b 2
II. The center of a hyperbola is (h, k).
III. The transverse axis of a hyperbola is parallel to the x–axis.
IV. The vertices of a hyperbola are (h – a, k) and (h + a, k), the endpoints of the transverse axis.
So, the transverse axis is 2a units long.
V. The conjugate axis of a hyperbola is parallel to the the y–axis.
VI. The endpoints of the conjugate axis are (h, k – b) and (h, k +b), and they are not on the hyperbola.
So, the conjugate axis is 2b units long.
VII. The foci of a hyperbola are on the transverse axis.
Each focus is at a distance of=c a2 + b2 from the center, so the foci are at (h – c, k) and (h + c, k).
b
VIII. The equations of the hyperbola asymptotes are y − k =±
a
( x − h) .
89
If the y–term of the equation is positive, then hyperbola has an Y–orientation, and the hyperbola opens up
and down.
Y–orientation:
(y − k) ( x − h)
2 2
I. The standard equation of a hyperbola is − 1 , where y–term is positive.

=
a2 b2
II. The center of a hyperbola is (h, k).
III. The transverse of a hyperbola is parallel to the y–axis.
IV. The vertices of a hyperbola are (h, k – a) and (h, k + a), the endpoints of the transverse axis.
So, the transverse axis is 2a units long.
V. The conjugate axis of a hyperbola is parallel to the x–axis.
VI. The endpoints of the conjugate axis are (h – b, k) and (h + b, k), and they are not on the hyperbola.
So, the conjugate axis is 2b units long.
VII. The foci of a hyperbola are on the transverse axis.
Each focus is at a distance of=c a2 + b2 from the center, so the foci are at (h, k – c) and
(h, k + c).
a
VIII. The equations of the hyperbola asymptotes are y − k =±
b
( x − h) .
90
Eccentricity of a hyperbola.
c
Measure which shows how “elongated” is hyperbola called eccentricity = , where c is the distance
a
from the center to a focus and a is the distance from the center to a vertex.
Thus, the eccentricity of a hyperbola is greater than 1 since c > a.
So, the farther c is from a, the more elongated the hyperbola is.
113) Conic sections. Parabola. (5 properties)
A parabola is the set of all points that are equidistant from a given point (focus) and a given line (directrix).
The “center” of a parabola is its vertex.
The center (vertex) of a parabola is (h, k).
Parabola has 2 types of orientation.
X–orientation:
when p>0 when p<0
(y − k) = 4 ⋅ p ⋅ ( x − h) .
2
I. The standard equation of a parabola is
II. Parabola opens to the right when p>0 or to the left when p<0.
III. The dirextrix of a parabola is parallel to the y–axis and equation is x = h – p.
IV. The focus of a parabola is ( h + p, k ) .
91
Y–orientation:
when p > 0 when p < 0
( x − h) = 4 ⋅ p ⋅ (y − k) .
2
I. The standard equation of a parabola is
II. Parabola opens up when p>0 or down when p<0.
III. The directrix of a parabola is parallel to the x–axis and equation is y= k − p .
IV. The focus of a parabola is ( h, k + p ) .
Eccentricity of a parabola.
The eccentricity of a parabola is always 1, because the parabola is the set of points which are equidistant
to a focus and directrix.
114) Review of conics eccentricity. (5 properties)
I. The eccentricity of a circle is zero.

II. The eccentricity of an ellipse which is not circle is greater than 0 but less 1.
III. The eccentricity of a parabola is 1.
IV. The eccentricity of a hyperbola is greater than 1.
V. The eccentricity of a line is infinite.
92

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Brief Geometry Course for SAT I, SAT II, ACT, GMAT & GRE Copyright © 2019 All Rights

9 All Rights Reserved - Emil Leznik

1) Exact conversion of degrees into radians. p. 9

2) Exact conversion of radians into degrees. p. 9

3) Property of supplementary angles. (1 property) p. 9

4) Property of complementary angles. (1 property) p. 9

5) Property of vertical angles. (1 property) p. 9

6) The relationship between angles at two parallel lines and secant

7) Properties of parallel and semi secant lines. (6 cases) p. 10

8) Property of the angle and its secant parallel lines. (1 property) p. 11

9) Determination of the angle between the clockhands. (1 formula) p. 11

10) The sum of all interior angles in a polygon. (5 cases) p. 12

11) Exterior angle property of the triangle. (1 property) p. 13

12) Properties of the angle and opposite side. (2 properties) p. 13

13) Triangle inequality. (3 inequalities) p. 13

14) Properties of the triangle medians (side bisectors). (5 properties) p. 14

15) Properties of the triangle heights. (3 properties) p. 15

16) Properties of the right triangle. (9 properties) p. 16

17) Equilateral (regular) triangle. (10 formulas) p. 21

18) Property of triangles area with the same height. p. 22

19) Properties of the triangle midline. (2 properties) p. 22

20) Trigonometric functions of the right triangle. (4 cases) p. 23

21) Values of the trigonometric functions in standard angles. p. 23

22) Positive and negative rotation of angles. p. 24

23) Angle of full rotation. p. 25

24) Properties of “-” inside trigonometric functions. p. 25

25) Properties of “-” inside inverse trigonometric functions p. 25

26) Properties of angles difference in trigonometric functions. p. 26

27) Relationship between trigonometric functions in terms of 90 . p. 26

28) Relationship between angles for sine in terms of 180 . p. 26

29) Relationship between arcsin(a) and arcos(a). p. 26

30) Relationship between arctan(a) and arccot(a). p. 26

31) Signs of trigonometric functions in quadrants. p. 27

32) Finding value of trigonometric function at non-standard angle. p. 27

33) Main trigonometric ratios of angles. p. 28

34) Trigonometry formulas. p. 29

35) Cosine rule. (6 formulas) p. 32

36) Sine rule. (1 formula) p. 32

37) Similarity of triangles. (2 cases) p. 33

38) Triangle area formulas. (8 formulas) p. 33

opposite sides of the circle. (2 properties) p. 37

41) Property of the angles inscribed into the circle. (1 property) p. 37

42) Properties of the central angle of the circle. (2 properties) p. 38

44) Property of the inscribed angle that leans on the diameter.

46) Additional properties of the arcs. (10 properties) p. 41

47) Circle formulas. (2 formulas) p. 44

48) Circle arc length formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45

49) Circular sector area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45

50) Circular segment area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 45

51) Ring area formulas. (2 formulas) p. 46

52) Circle inscribed in a figure. p. 46

53) Circle circumscribed about a figure. p. 48

54) Condition for the inscribed circle into any quadrilateral.

55) Condition for the circumscribed circle about any quadrilateral.

56) Properties of the radius, diameter or segment, which is

57) Property of the two intersected chords. (1 property) p. 51

58) Property of the two secant lines. (1 property) p. 51

59) Property of the tangent and secant lines. (1 property) p. 51

tangent circles. (1 property) p. 52

61) Properties of the n-sided polygon. (5 properties) p. 52

62) Parallelogram and its properties. (4 properties) p. 53

63) Formulas for the parallelogram. (6 formulas) p. 54

64) Rectangle and its properties. (4 properties) p. 55