Objective:

To understand the fundamentals of digital data acquisition using LabVIEW software

a) Write a LabVIEW program to monitor temperature in real time
b) Write a LabVIEW program to measure and save N samples of temperature for period of time
To determine the unsteady heat transfer coefficient for cross flow of air over a heated cylindrical rod.
To develop a correlation between Nusselt number and Reynolds number for the cross flow of air over a
heated cylindrical tube.
Abstract:
The purpose of the exercise is to provide you with some information using the LabVIEW automated data
collection, computer-based test. You will be measuring the internal temperature of the grapes or
something similar as the performance of time as it is placed in a glass of ice water. Using the collected
data, you will determine the duration of the temperature fluctuations.
Introduction:
The purpose of the exercise is to give you some experience using LabVIEW for automatic, computer-
based data collection from an experiment. You will be measuring the internal temperature of a grape or
similar object as a function of time as it is plunged into a glass of ice water. Using the collected data, you
will determine the time constant of the heat transfer dynamics that model the temperature drop.
National Instruments' LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a powerful
software framework for data collection, instrument management, data analysis, and data presentation.
LabVIEW, which runs on Windows PCs, Sun SPAR stations, and Apple Macintosh computers, uses a
graphical programming language (G language) instead of the traditional C programming language.
Virtual Instruments, or simply VIs, are LabVIEW graphical applications that have a Front Panel and a
Block Diagram. The Front Panel has a range of controls and indicators, while the Block Diagram has a
number of features. The functions (icons) are wired within the Block Diagram, which depicts the data
flow. In comparison, a typical programme, such as one written in the C programming language, is
executed in the order in which the instructions are written. LabVIEW is a framework that combines data
collection, interpretation, and presentation into a single package. LabVIEW supports IEEE-488 (GPIB)
and RS-232 protocols, as well as other D/A and A/D and digital I/O interface boards, for collecting data
and manipulating instruments. The Research Library provides a wide range of tools for signal processing,
filtering, statistical analysis, and linear algebra operations, among other things. For data exchange
between the server and the client, LabVIEW often supports the TCP/IP protocol. Active X Control in
LabVIEW v.5 allows the user to control a Web Browser object.
PROCEDURE
1. Insert the element in the heater and switch on the heater.
2. Adjust the throttle opening to 100% and turn the fan on.
3. Record the air inlet temperature °C (use a thermometer), and the pitot tube reading.
4. Read and record the thermocouple temperature using the LabVIEW program 'monitor
temperature vi' from the desktop. Double click the program monitor temperature vi.
5. The run the program by clicking the arrow sign shown at the top left corner of the program.
6. When the temperature of the element reaches 60-70 °C, replace the element in the
working section.
7. Stop the program by clicking stop button as seen in the front panel. give a file name
when prompted and save this file
 8. Read and record temperature using the LabVIEW program 'Collect data for N
Samples vi' from the desktop to obtain a good cooling curve.
9. Double click 'Collect data for N Samples vi'
10. Enter number of samples 3000
11. Enter Sample rate 10 ( so that you collect data for 300 seconds)
At the end, when prompted, save the data by giving file name.
12. Repeat the entire experiment (steps 2 through 5) for different openings of the throttle
valve (40%, 60%, 80%). Select settings randomly.

Fig 1 Sampling Calculator

Fig 2 Closed loop control system

Signal conditioning is often applied to the Controller Output in order to provide the necessary signal
level or power to the Actuator. If the Actuator is a motor, the signal conditioning block may be a power
amplifier that produces enough power to run the motor. The use of negative feedback is important for a
control system's proper operation. Take a look at how the ON/OFF control scheme in Fig. 1b works. The
temperature control system mentioned in this paper's goal is to control air conditioning (cooling).
Assume the Controller is turned off (VCO = 0V) and no cooling is given. In the operating point has moved
to the bottom of the hysteresis curve. As a result, the temperature rises and the VPV rises as well. Since
VSP does not shift, the error signal VE = VSP VPV is decreasing. VE continues to fall until it equals VE
(MIN). At this stage, the controller (VCO = +5V) turns on and drives the actuator (in this case, a fan) to
provide cooling. Since VPV is decreasing, the Error signal is now increasing. It will continue to rise until
VE = VE (MAX). The Controller then turns off, turning off the fan, and the loop begins again. The dead
band is the difference between VE(MAX) and VE(MIN). The range of the Error signal in which the
controller is either ON or OFF is known as the Error signal range. Within this range, the Process Variable
is not controlled. The dead band is needed because the system will otherwise oscillate between ON and
OFF operating states. The aim of this article is to explain a prototype that simulates the operation of a
large temperature control system. The cooling is provided by a fan as the actuator. The controller's work
is implemented using the LabVIEW graphical language, which will be discussed in the following parts.

Labview Implemetations:
Easy VIs, Intermediate VIs, and Advanced VIs are the three types of data acquisition VIs available in
LabVIEW. The most common VI operations are performed by easy VIs. Since the configuration
complexity is built into the VI symbol, they are easy to use. Some of the Intermediate VIs are commonly
included in these icons, which are made up of the Advanced VIsAdvanced VIs are the most powerful and
flexible programming blocks for all data acquisition Vis, with the most programming power and
versatility. Immediate single point input and waveform input are two analogue data acquisition options.
Data is collected one point at a time while using the immediate single point input option. The software
time delay, which is usually u, is used to time the acquisition of the data points. The hardware clock,
which is activated to direct the acquired data points quickly and accurately, provides the timing. The
acquired data is temporarily placed in the memory buffer before the data acquiring VI can access it. Two
Easy VIs are used in the temperature control application mentioned in this article. The Sample Channel
for AI. While AO Update Channel is active, vi is used to acquire data from Analog Input Channels 0 and 1.
To monitor the fan's operation, vi sends 0 V or +5 V to D/A channel 0. LabVIEW and the DAQ board
driver are additional software needed to operate the temperature control VI mentioned here (NI-DAQ).

Results:
VIs are the name for all programmes written in the LabVIEW setting. A Front Panel and a Block Diagram
are included in each VI. The Front Panel has a variety of controls and indicators, while the Block Diagram
has a variety of functions and other VIs that are interconnected. As shown on the front panel of the
temperature regulation VI.Two Waveform Charts and other items can be found on the Front Panel. The
error signal (the difference between the set point and the process variable) is displayed on the top
Waveform Chart, while the VCO, or Controller status, is displayed on the bottom Waveform Chart. The
recessed box with two digital controls is one of the other items inside the Front Panel. The operator
enters the Set Point (VSP) value and the scaling factor (TCalibrate) to convert the temperature sensor
output from millivolts to degrees Fahrenheit. The current temperature is measured by the
thermometer, and the Controller condition is shown by the cooling indicator (ON orOFF). The Run/Stop
switch is the final item on the Front Panel, and it is used to start and stop the machine.
 Fig 3 the front panel of temp controller

The Block Diagram is a graphical programme that depicts the temperature control operation's data flow.
Unlike a high-level language programme, such as the C language, where instructions are executed in the
order that they are written, the execution of a LabVIEW Page 4.356.6 VI is solely dependent on data
flow: a specific object within the Block Diagram can only execute if data is accessible or if data is not
available. Every node that has the data continues the execution. Figure 4 depicts the details of the Block
Diagram that can be used to illustrate the ON/OFF controller's action, while Figure 3 depicts the ON/FF
Controller's hysteresis as the Error signal differs between –2o F and +2o F. The procedure starts with a
search to see whether the Controller is turned on or off. VI 2 (AI) is used to do this. C1 returns either
TRUE or FALSE as a result. If TRUE, the controller is turned off; if FALSE, the controller is turned on. VI 2
gets its data from Device 1's Channel 1. (DAQ Board number). As previously mentioned, analogue input
Channel 1 is physically connected to DAC output Ch. 0, which controls the fan's operation. Thus, we can
decide if the Controller is ON or OFF by checking the DAC output Ch. 0. This will position the operating
point of the Controller on either the lower or upper segment of the hysteresis loop.
V1, M1, and S1 evaluate the Error signal's value at this stage (VE). The temperature sample is taken by
V1 from the analogue input Ch. 0, which is connected to the temperature sensor.
S1 subtracts this value from the Front Panel digital control Set Point (VSP) after M1 multiplies the
temperature sample by the scaling factor (TCalibrate). The Error signal is the end product. The Controller
must decide if the fan should be turned on or off. Nested Boolean Case structures are used to enforce
this decision-making method. The hysteresis loop in Fig. 4 should be followed by the reader. The True
frame of Boolean Case 1 will be executed if the output from Comparator C1 is TRUE. The Controller must
be turned off, and its operating point in Figure 4 is on the lower segment of the hysteresis loop. The next
step is to see if the Error signal is higher than –2o F. This is achieved within Boolean Case 1's True frame.
The True frame of Boolean Case is greater than –2o F if the Error signal is greater than –2o F. However,
+5V (ON) -2 0V (OFF) +2 Ve Vco Page 4.356.7 +2 Ve Vco Page 4.356.7 +2 Ve Vco Page 4. The False frame
of Boolean Case 2 outputs +5v to turn on the fan if the error signal is equal to or less than –2o F. The
Controller must be ON if C1 output is FALSE. If the Error signal is less than +2o F, comparer C3 in the
False frame of Boolean Case 1 tests it. If TRUE, Boolean Case 3's True frame outputs +5 V to keep the fan
running. The While Loop, which is activated by the RUN/STOP switch on the Front Panel, is used for this
operation. The While Loop is activated as long as the switch is in the RUN place since its terminal
equivalent in the Block Diagram outputs a TRUE to the condition terminal; a FALSE disables the While
Loop This procedure is performed using the While Loop, which is triggered by the RUN/STOP switch on
the Front Panel. Since its terminal counterpart in the Block Diagram outputs a TRUE to the condition
terminal when the switch is in the RUN position, the While Loop is active as long as the switch is in the
RUN position; a FALSE disables the While Loop. As long as the While Loop is activated, the code inside
the loop is executed repeatedly.

Fig 4 The block diagram of monitoring system

Fig 5 block diagram output

In a cross flow exchanger, a fluid flows perpendicularly to a heated or cooled tube or tube
bank. The rate of heat transfer from the element to air is given by (Newton's law of cooling).
 Q = hA(T-TA) (1)
where
Q = rate of heat transfer BTU/hr, W
A = surface area of the element ft2 or m2
h = heat transfer coefficient BTU/hr.ft2 .oF or W/m2.oK
o
T = temperature of the element F or °C
o
TA = temperature of air F or °C

In a period of time dt the fall in temperature dT is given by:

- Q dt = m C dT (2)
where
m = mass of element
C = heat capacity of element
t = time
Combining equations (1) and (2) and eliminating Q gives:
- dT/(T-TA) = (hA / mC) dt (3)

Integrating,
ln(T-TA) – ln(To-TA) = - (hA/mC)t (4)

where To is the element temperature at time t=0

This equation suggests that plot of ln (T-TA) against t should yield a straight line of slope
(- hA/mC). Since the other factors in this expression are known, the heat transfer coefficient may
be calculated.

Dimensional analysis shows that the Nusselt number is a function of Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers:
Nu = h d/k = f(Re, Pr) (5)

where
h = as defined in equation (1)
d = as defined under element specifications later
k = thermal conductivity of air, Btu/hr.ft.oF or W/m.oC
In practice, the Prandtl number is practically constant for gases under quite a wide range
of conditions and the rate of heat transfer is effectively a function of Reynolds number.
Nu = a R eb (6)
where
a and b are constants which should be found from experimental data.

The following equation can be written for a pitot tube.

V = [2gwh/A]1/2 (7)
where
V = velocity upstream of working section (m/s)
A, W = density of air and water, respectively (kg/m3)
h = pitot tube reading, m

The apparatus consists of a Perspex working section through which air may be drawn by
a centrifugal fan. Perspex rods may be inserted into the working section with their axes at right
angles to the direction of flow, thus simulating a typical cross-flow heat exchanger of the type
used in many branches of engineering.
One of the spaces provided in the working section for the rods is occupied by an element
consisting of a rod of pure copper approximately 10 cm in length. Arrangements are made for
heating this element in isolation from the working section, replacing it in the section and then
recording its rate of cooling as indicated by a thermocouple embedded at its center.
The centrifugal fan discharges through a graduated throttle valve. Adjusting this throttle
valve regulates the air velocity through the apparatus.
Specifications of the Element
m = 0.1093 kg (mass)
C = 380 J/kg oC (specific heat or heat capacity)
d = 0.0124 m (diameter)
A = 0.00404 m2 (surface area)
o
T = C (temperature)
1-
T-TA
Sol: 28-25=3 C
2-
V=Qt.V=Qt.

Substituting known values yields

V=(5.00L1min)(75y)(1m3103L)(5.26×105(miny)=2.0×105m3
3-
The Reynolds Number is found from the equation,
4-

5- Calculate the Nusselt number

Nu=C(Re)^m(Pr)^n=h*d/K

6-table
 UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSDER (CROSS-FLOW HEAT TRANSFER)
Data Sheet
Group: Date:
Inlet Temperature:

Throttle Throttle Throttle Throttle

Opening Opening Opening Opening
25% 50% 75% 100%
Pitot tube Pitot tube Pitot tube Pitot tube
reading reading reading reading
h, mm H2O h, mm H2O h, mm H2O h, mm H2O

Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp

(sec) (oC) (sec) (oC) (sec) (oC) (sec) (oC)
1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25
2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29
3 27 3 29 3 31 3 33
4 28 4 31 4 34 4 37
5 29 5 33 5 37 5 41
6 30 6 35 6 40 6 45
7 31 7 37 7 43 7 49
8 32 8 39 8 46 8 53
9 33 9 41 9 49 9 57

Instructor’s Signature: ___________________ Date: ______________

7- Plot ln Nu vs. ln Re
Fig 6 block diagram output
 Fig 7 Sampling time

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSDER (CROSS-FLOW HEAT TRANSFER)

Data Sheet
Group: Date:
Inlet Temperature:
6-table
Throttle Throttle Throttle Throttle
Opening Opening Opening Opening
25% 50% 75% 100%
Pitot tube Pitot tube Pitot tube Pitot tube
reading reading reading reading
h, mm H2O h, mm H2O h, mm H2O h, mm H2O

Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp

 (sec) (oC) (sec) (oC) (sec) (oC) (sec) (oC)
1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25
2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29
3 27 3 29 3 31 3 33
4 28 4 31 4 34 4 37
5 29 5 33 5 37 5 41
6 30 6 35 6 40 6 45
7 31 7 37 7 43 7 49
8 32 8 39 8 46 8 53
9 33 9 41 9 49 9 57

Instructor’s Signature: ___________________ Date: ______________

Conclusion & Discussion:

In this lab research, we are concentrating on the cooling task and have been given a project to complete
the design and implementation of the heating control using the G language.Checking the temp from
opening of throttle.The aim of this article is to explain a prototype that simulates the operation of a
large air conditioning system. The system performs admirably under the constraints of its architecture
and physical configuration.The cooling rate achieved by this application was calculated to be about 1
minute. Since it is based on a variety of factors, including the volume to be co-ordinated, a definite
decision has not been made.

Bibliography :
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3)Graphical Programming by G. W. Johnson, McGraw Hill, 1994.
4)LabVIEW Data Acquisition VI Reference Manual, National Instruments.
5) LabVIEW for Windows User Manual, National instruments.
6)LabVIEW Function Reference Manual, National Instruments.
7)LabVIEW for Windows Tutorial, National Instruments.
8)LabVIEW Getting Started with LabVIEW for Windows, National Instruments.
9)Industrial Control Electronics by J. Webb and K. Greshock, 2nd Ed., Merrill, 1993.
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