Madiha Baqai

REG NO: 12258

BBAH

Fundamentals of Management

(Session A):

QUESTION NO: 1 in today’s environment, which is more important to organizations

Efficiency or effectiveness? Explain your choice along with justification.

Answer:
Effectiveness is more competent do right things through effectiveness those activities
that will help you to organize for reach goals. According to my opinion today’s
environment and organization should follow both effectiveness and efficiency in its work
because in every business resources are limited so in today’s era of industry we should
take right decision for our organization & we must use our assets efficiently. But
efficiency is at its best when it gives its participation with effectiveness. Suppose: If
company A & B company has the same target of 100 units of production
CO.A CO. B
Target: 100 unit’s 100 units
Units produced 100 units’ 100 units
Worker used: 50 60
Duration: 6hrs 8hrs
In above Example Company A has produced its units efficiently and effectively as compare to company
B used more worker more & duration for producing same units target.
QUESTION NO: 2

How do system theory and contingency approach make managers better at what they do? Explain
it with the help of explained criticism given by defined approaches.
Answer:
In systems theory, organizations are associated to systems. A system has parts
and subparts where one part is interdependent on another. Manager can apply
systems theory and can do better actions in what he wants to do for his
organization through Process management.On e v e r y l e v e l i n a n
o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s managers to take care its department working where their
main job is to allocate and coordinate work. All the managers and teams
should communicate and help each other so that the organization as
whole be successful. For example, in a call center Customer service center
has three major position unit head, floor manager and agents who are taking
call of customers if agents know the problems which customers are facing
and they do not communicate problem with floor manager than it will effect
customer care service of that organization if customer are unsatisfied than
they will not buy products in future and can give negative feedback which
will make bad reputation in market .so according to the environment mangers
have to change and take decisions for betterment of s organization.

(Session B)
QUESTION NO: 1

Why is decision making often describe as the essence of manager’s job? List down the
characteristics of programmed and non - programmed decisions.

Answer:
Decision making is frequently defined as the essence of a manager's job due to the
element that managers must control and procedure plans. Controlling and starting
plans for workers needs more than following instructions, the manager must mark
his/her own decisions in order to confirm that their sector of the business is
running competently. It’s also defined so because it is used in all 4 managerial
functions which are:
1-Planning 2-Organizing 3- Leading 4-Controlling
Characteristics of programmed decisions are as follows

 Frequent over time and for which an existing set of rules can be established to monitor the
process.
 Directorial level is lower levels
  goals are set and clear and specific
 Information is freely accessible,
 penalties are minor
Characteristics of non-programmed decisions are as follows:
 Regularity is new and unusual
 Type of decision is poorly structured
 Goals are unclear
 Data is not accessible and has uncertain channels,
 Time for resolution is comparatively long
 Finally the Foundation of the resolution are concentrated on finding and creativity.

QUESTION NO: 2

Answer:
Strategic Plans
Occasionally used to refer to a main activity that should be undertaken as a result of the strategic enquiry,
a locating report (statement) for the whole company or for every product, program or service. The generic
term for example, a strategy, objective or issue.

Example:
We have to achieve the target of 100% of service level on the end of the November for our call center.
Service level is increase by 20% and now it is 95% from the date of 21-11-2020.

Operational Plans
An operational plan can be explain as a plan ready by a section of an organization that
noticeably describes activities it will take to care the strategic goals and plans of high
management.
Example:
 New machine that functions fast and more efficiently.
 
Long Term Plans:
Long-term planning typically involves establishing goals that you expected to achieve five or
more years ahead. This is especially important when significant internal change is required to
maintain competitive advantages.
Example:
Your long-term planning might be to achieve your degree MBA program. This could take some
years, want to take class in upcoming month might be a short-term goal.
Short Term Plans:
A short-range goal is a result you want to complete in 12 months or less. Short-range objectives
support businesses meet continuing objectives, making them a vital element of any business
judgment. 
Example:
Getting good numbers and Passing my test online

Directional plans:
A Directional Plan begins broad business objectives and general way. It is a plan that makes
over-all guidelines for a process
Example:
If the manager suppose cut costs by 20% to increase revenue by 25% in the next 10 months. I
might calculate a directional plan for refining profits by 12-20% over the next six months.
 
Specific plans:
Those plans which are well-defined and consent no room for clarification are called specific
plans. Specific plan own   specific definite objectives and do not contain uncertainty.
Example:
A firm   manager who pursues to increase her firm's sales by 30% over a given 12
month’s period might establish specific measures, these actions epitomize specific plans.
 
Single Use plans:
A single-use plan is meaning is to solve single specific problem and then be thrown away that
problem, and these plans ensure that in future this specific problem will not come
Example:
An example of this plan can be a firm campaign advertisement for the launch of a new product.

 Standing Plans:
Standing plans are plans made to use repeatedly.  It is use for long duration of time.
Example:
Any organization policies will be consider as standing plans

  Real goals:
Real goal are target which an organization is working for whole year, firm plan with their
employees. It is about risk of that firm

Example:
“Increase employee productivity”. It is assumed that the manager has all necessary resources,
which could include funds to hold regular educational meetings and agreements from related
authorities.
 
  Stated Goals:
A stated goal is what the company conditions to the public as the official duty. Furthermore,
stated goals are official reports of what an organization states and what it wants its stakeholders
to trust its goals are.
Example:
An organization manager goal is “delivering inspiration and innovation to every employee to
work smartly and hardly for organization.

  Strategic Goals:
A strategic goal is a long-term, and main objective for a firm, Strategies help to function business
effectively and set some innovative goals, when organization make strategic goals, they straight
recognize what they see as the result of their organization efforts.
Example:
Examples include improvement of level of satisfaction of customer, Customer Delivery time, try
to Increase in new customers. Reduction the number of product returns.

Financial Goals:
It is particular future financial wants. Some financial goals you might save money to send your
children to college or schools, or managing your finances to purchase desire car or home.
 
Example:
I’m starting a new business to purchase a new home for my mother
Section C:

Q. 1 what is a HOLACRACY?
 
Answer:
When Zappos’ Tony Hsieh in 2012 decided that the Internet shoe retailer would adopt a new non-
hierarchical management called Holacracy, he prepared what many authoritative people wouldn’t
consider for a second: He gave up authority. (Or, at least, his title.)
A holacracy is a system for managing a company where there are no assigned roles and
employees have the flexibility to take on various tasks and move between teams spontaneously.
Moreover, it is an organizational system with no job titles, no managers, and no top-down
hierarchy with upper, middle, or lower levels where decisions can get hung up according to
requirements.
The holacracy concept was dreamed up by Brian Robertson, the founder of a Pennsylvania
software start-up. Its name comes from the Greek word holos, a single, autonomous, self-
sufficient unit that’s also reliant on on a greater unit.
 
 
Q.2 what benefits do you see to an organization where there are no job titles, no managers, and
no hierarchy?
 
Answer:
 Zappos was the major and well known company to adopt Holacracy, a system that avoids
job titles and the traditional command-and-control method, the method leans on the idea
that persons within company are allowed when there’s no authorized “boss,” and when
everyone is working on the way to a common goal.
 Without titles or a hierarchy, anybody can initiate a project and implement creative ideas.
 Yet, trusting individuals who perhaps know the details of the job better than any manager
to work.
 Carefully, artistically, and professionally is good as long as there is a method to keep
values on high point.
 Zappos believes in the power of the individual and has created a highly successful
 Organization (which is now part of Amazon) that’s known for its zany culture, where
corporate Values are matched with individual values and where “weirdness and humility”
are celebrated.
 
When used properly, organizations can expect holocracy to:
o Encourage employee assignation
o Change rapidly to developing market conditions
o Progress transparency
o Make an atmosphere that appeals the most talented employees
o Give able employees more opportunities to show and develop their valuable skills
for organization
 o Develop office morale
o Make more accountability

Q. 3 what challenges does a HOLACRATIC approach have?

 
Answer:
When I well-read about Holacracy, I thought the initiative will directly become general in the
business world. But I was not right. It did develop popular but not in the way I predict it,  it faced
some issues:
 
 Holacracy doesn’t Give You a Step by Step Guide on how to run Your Company.
 In Holacracy you can’t boss around. You can’t reorganize a department when you want
to and you can’t even set the sales target for next month.
 Old habits are hard to get rid of. If you want to adopt Holacracy in your business, you
must accept the fact that old habits die hard.
 In Holacracy, everyone holds multiple roles and are accountable for each one.
 
 Instead of focusing on people, one of the core ideas of Holacracy is to focus on roles. This
means that you do away with corporate politics.
 
 
Q. 4 Discuss why you would or would not like to work in an organization like this.
 
Answer:
Once Zippos CEO Tony Hsieh declared that his 1,500 person company was about to adopt a
“holacracy” model, many people were left questioning what the heck holacracy even is.
According to Holacracy. One, this “boss free” business philosophy attentions on a less planned
system with roles, as opposite to concrete job representations, and on self-organization and
decided teams that essence on specific goals.
According to my observation there are three problems that could stand up in a holacracy:

No: 1
Who makes the strong choices in tough times?
The actual problem with holacracy arises when operations drive south. The ideas
after holacracy work dreamily when things are successively easily and there’s sufficient
resources to go around. But it may very well reason problems when the time comes to make a
tough choice.

No: 2
Who holds slackers responsible?
Regrettably, not everyone has the ability to self-regulate on the job, particularly slackers. Every
organization has them, people who simply don’t contribute towards their job 100%
No: 3
  It’s not likely to work everywhere?
The holacracy model that runs excessive in your home office full of programmers won’t go over
so well in your unfriendly manufacturing plants. This model may work sound at some stages and
be a disaster at some point.

THANK YOU…………..