Cancer system Uses camouflage

Impairs immune Looks like self to avoid

What: abnormal cell transformation system responses immune system
surveilance
Why: Genetic Mutation of cellular dna – brain
of the cell
Nursing responsibilities
Factor Normal Cancer
Cytoplasm- Large Small A. Primary – promote and prevent!
maintains shape - Focused on health teaching
and structure of
cell Risk factors:
Nuclei/Nucleolus Single Multiple
- house of dna - Non Modifiable
Cell division Limited Rapid
Cell Yes No  Genetic – greatest risk factor to
differentiation- cancer
determines  Gender
function of the  Race
cell
 Age
Miotic cell 2 Multiple
- Modifiable
division daughter daughter cells
cells A. Physical – chronic inflammation
Function Specific No (chronic gastritis, chronic uti, c.
function/worsens cystitis, c. bronchitis), sunlight
B. Chemical – smoking – early
effect is vasodilation; later
Types of Cancer
effect is vasoconstriction,
A. Neoplasia- new growth alcohol, asbestos from ship
B. Neoplasm- new vascularization building, silica from miners and
glassworks, cfcs from hairspray
Benign Malignant and freon, asphalt, wood and
Encapsulated Non-capsulated cement dust, paint thinner
Non-metastatic Metastatic C. Diet – high fat, low fiber diet,
May cause death Usually causes death
preservatives, processed,
With borders Borderless
smoked
D. Lifestyle – stress, sedentary
Metastasis- ability to spread (active lifestyle- 20-30
mins/day)
Lymphatic Hematogenous E. Bacteria/Virus – h. pylori, hpv,
Tumor enters lymph Via bloodstream hiv, epsteinbarr virus/ kissing
channel through the
disease – leads to lymphoma
interstitial fluid
Lodges in the lymph Attracts fibrin, Health Teaching- warning signs of cancer- early
node- wastes, satellite platelets, and clotting symptoms
center of immune factors  C- change in bowel/bladder habits
 - Bowel Ca- alternating constipation
and diarrhea, pencil shaped stool
 A – sore that doesn’t heal
- Sore took 3mos to heal is not
cancer
 U – unusual bleeding/discharge
- If clear discharge, it’s not normal
 T – thickening/lumps
- Painless lumps not peashaped
(prone to testicular ca) – report
 I – indigestion prone to gastric ca,
dysphagia risk for esophageal ca
 O – obvious change in wart – basal cell, if
mole, melanoma
 N – nagging (irritating) cough/hoarseness –
laryngeal ca
- Dry cough is not ca, only if it is
irritating
 U – unexpected anemia (it’s normal if there
is an explanation why there is anemia)
 S – sudden wt loss

Secondary level of nursing- screening,

diagnostics, and treatment
 Screening tests
- Breast cancer
o Self breast exam use the
circular method (most
convenient way, outer to
inner)
o Wedge – ob – most
accurate
o Ginagawa 5-7 days after
mens, if irreg or
menopausal check same
day each month (either 1st
day or bday)
o Nursing considerations:
during shower, sitting,
standing